Microorganisms最新文献

{"title":"Vertical Distribution and Drivers of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Agricultural Soil Irrigated with Livestock Wastewater.","authors":"Ming Shang, Yongchao Gao, Liwen Zheng, Lei Ji, Jianhua Du, Xue Kong, Hui Wang, Feng Shi, Hailun Wang, Jianhui Liu, Xiaodong Yang, Zeyu Wang","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030610","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Livestock wastewater reuse could be a potential source for the distribution of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in agricultural soil. In this study, soil samples were collected from different depths (0-60 cm) of farmland that has been subjected to long-term application of livestock wastewater. The vertical distribution of antibiotics, bacterial communities, and ARGs were assessed to identify the driving factors that could potentially influence the distribution of ARB and ARGs. The results demonstrated distinguished distributions of antibiotics along the soil depths, with tetracyclines (TCs) mainly found in the top 10 cm of the soil (0.11-0.31 μg/kg), while quinolones (QNs), sulfonamides (SAs), and macrolides (MLs) were detected in all 60 cm of soil depth (0.01-0.22 μg/kg). The selection pressure of antibiotics to microorganisms led to the proliferation of ARB, especially tetracycline-resistant bacteria and erythromycin-resistant bacteria. In terms of the distribution/abundance of ARGs, <i>novA</i> and <i>tetA</i> (58) were relatively higher in 0-10 cm surface soil, while <i>vanRM</i> and <i>vanRF</i> were mainly detected in the deeper soil. Different ARGs may have the same host bacteria, which lead to the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria, such as <i>Ilumatobacter</i> sp., <i>Aggregatilinea</i> sp., <i>Rhabdothermincola</i> sp., and <i>Ornithinimicrobium</i> sp. Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and moisture content (MC) could affect the distribution and proliferation of ARB and were found negatively correlated with most of the ARGs except <i>macB</i>. Therefore, it is potentially possible to eliminate/inhibit the spread of ARGs by adjusting these soil parameters. These findings provide insights into the distribution and dissemination of antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs in agricultural practices of livestock wastewater irrigation and provide effective mitigation strategies to ensure the safe use of livestock wastewater in agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946449/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Etiology and Oral Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of the First Urinary Tract Infection Episode in Infants Under 6 Months of Age: A 17-Year, Retrospective, Single-Center Study in Italy.","authors":"Francesca Bagnasco, Francesca Lorenzini Ceradelli, Alessio Mesini, Carolina Saffioti, Erica Ricci, Chiara Russo, Marcello Mariani, Elisabetta Ugolotti, Emanuela Caci, Debora Contu, Elisa Tavella, Alessia Cafaro, Giorgio Piaggio, Enrico Verrina, Roberto Bandettini, Elio Castagnola","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030607","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030607","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in children, and the antibiotic susceptibility in the youngest patients remains poorly understood. This study aimed to describe the distribution of uropathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility, focusing on oral formulations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from the first microbiological isolation, between January 2007 and December 2023, at Istituto Gaslini, in young infants (aged <6 months), were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We isolated 2473 infants' first pathogen, with a median age in the sample of 2.8 months and 62.6% male. A total of 2498 bacterial isolates were identified, of which 88.8% were Gram-negative and 11.2% were Gram-positive. <i>Escherichia coli</i> (53%) was the most frequent isolate, followed by <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (12.3%) and <i>Enterococcus</i> spp. (9.6%). No significant differences were observed between males and females, but infants younger than 3 months exhibited a significantly different pathogen distribution compared to older infants. The pathogen distribution showed significant changes before and after 2015, with a marked increase in <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> isolates post-2015. <i>Escherichia coli</i> showed increases in resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate and ciprofloxacin after 2015.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong><i>Escherichia coli</i> remains the most common uropathogen; however, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> has not only shown a high prevalence but also significant resistance, particularly in recent years.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Changes of the Endophytic Bacterial Community from Pepper Varieties with Different Capsaicinoids.","authors":"Yuxiang Peng, Xiulan He, Yu Tao, Chi Zhou, Xin Li","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030596","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030596","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Capsaicinoids, the key compounds responsible for pepper pungency, have significant commercial and health value, yet the role of endophytic bacteria in their biosynthesis remains unclear. This study investigated the relationship between endophytic bacterial communities and capsaicinoid content across 100 Capsicum annuum varieties. Two high-capsaicinoid (35.0 and 24.8 mg/g) and two low-capsaicinoid (0.8 and 0.9 mg/g) varieties were selected for 16S rRNA sequencing and microbial analysis. High-capsaicinoid varieties exhibited greater bacterial richness and diversity compared to low-capsaicinoid varieties. Taxonomic profiling revealed distinct community compositions: <i>Enterobacter</i>, <i>Bacteroides</i>, and <i>Escherichia_Shigella</i> were enriched in high-capsaicinoid fruits and positively correlated with capsaicinoid levels, while <i>Chujaibacter</i> and <i>Brochothrix</i> dominated the low-capsaicinoid varieties. Functional annotation highlighted nitrogen-fixing bacteria as more abundant in high-capsaicinoid varieties. Inoculating peppers with isolated <i>Enterobacter</i> strains significantly increased capsaicinoid content, confirming its role in biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate that the pepper genotype shapes endophytic bacterial communities, which in turn influence capsaicinoid production through metabolic- and nitrogen-associated pathways. This study provides foundational insights into microbiome-mediated enhancement of pepper pungency, offering potential strategies for agricultural and industrial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946074/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Pipeline for the Isolation and Cultivation of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria from Hypersaline Environments.","authors":"Petra Tavčar Verdev, Marko Dolinar","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030603","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030603","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microorganisms in high-salinity environments play a critical role in biogeochemical cycles, primary production, and the biotechnological exploitation of extremozymes and bioactive compounds. The main challenges in current research include isolating and cultivating these microorganisms under laboratory conditions and understanding their complex adaptive mechanisms to high salinity. Currently, universally recognized protocols for isolating microalgae and cyanobacteria from salt pans, salterns, and similar natural habitats are lacking. Establishing axenic laboratory cultures is essential for identifying new species thriving in high-salinity environments and for exploring the synthesis of high-value metabolites by these microorganisms ex situ. Our ongoing research primarily focuses on photosynthetic microorganisms with significant biotechnological potential, particularly for skincare applications. By integrating data from the existing literature with our empirical findings, we propose a standardized pipeline for the isolation and laboratory cultivation of microalgae and cyanobacteria originating from aqueous environments characterized by elevated salt concentrations, such as solar salterns. This approach will be particularly useful for researchers working with microorganisms adapted to hypersaline waters.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945091/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Inhibitors Generated in Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates from Group of Acids on the Growth of Strains TG1 and Tuner of <i>Escherichia coli</i>.","authors":"Suelen S Gaspar, Júnia Alves-Ferreira, Patrícia Moniz, Talita Silva-Fernandes, Adriana I R Silvestre, Ivone Torrado, Gaetano R Pesce, Florbela Carvalheiro, Luís C Duarte, Maria C Fernandes","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030605","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Concerns over fossil fuels are of increasing interest in biorefineries that utilize lignocellulosic residues. Besides sugars, inhibitors are formed during biomass pretreatment, including acetic acid (AI) and formic acid (FI), which can hinder microbial fermentation. The TG1 and Tuner strains of <i>Escherichia coli</i> were subjected to various acid concentrations. Samples were taken during fermentation to monitor growth, sugar consumption, biomass yield, and product yield. With increasing AI, the TG1 strain maintained stable growth (0.102 1/h), while xylose consumption decreased, and product formation improved, making it better suited for high-acetic-acid industrial applications. In contrast, the Tuner strain performed better under low-inhibitor conditions but suffered metabolic inhibition at high AI levels, compensating by increasing lactic acid production-an adaptation absent in TG1. However, Tuner showed greater resistance to formic acid stress, sustaining higher growth and ethanol production, whereas TG1 experienced a greater metabolic decline but maintained stable acetic acid output. Both strains experienced inhibition in formic acid metabolism, but TG1 had a higher yield despite its lower overall robustness in formic acid conditions. The use of TG1 for value-added compounds such as ethanol or formic acid may help to avoid the use of chemicals that eliminate acetic acid. Tuner could be used for lactic acid production, especially in hydrolysates with under moderate concentration.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discrepancies in the Diagnosis of Congenital <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Infection Between B1 Gene Semi-Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction and Serological Analyses.","authors":"Akiko Uchida, Kenji Tanimura, Keisuke Shirai, Mariko Ashina, Kazumichi Fujioka, Ichiro Morioka, Miwa Sasai, Masahiro Yamamoto, Hideto Yamada","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030601","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030601","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Congenital <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> (<i>T. gondii</i>) infection, which can be caused by a primary <i>T. gondii</i> infection during pregnancy, results in severe neurological sequelae in affected children. We have been conducting a prospective cohort study since January 2019 on pregnant women who were suspected of having primary <i>T. gondii</i> infection based on serological tests. In this study, congenital infection was diagnosed using semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the B1 gene in the body fluids of newborns. Up until December 2023, forty-one newborns born to mothers suspected of having primary <i>T. gondii</i> infection during pregnancy underwent B1 gene semi-nested PCR tests and anti-<i>T. gondii</i> immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM measurements of their blood samples. Eight newborns showed no clinical symptoms of congenital <i>T. gondii</i> infection; however, they were diagnosed with congenital <i>T. gondii</i> infection according to positive PCR results. However, none of the eight infants eventually exhibited any sign of congenital infection, as their serum samples tested negative for anti-<i>T. gondii</i> IgM and IgG until 12 months of age. Therefore, clinicians should consider discrepancies in the diagnosis of congenital <i>T. gondii</i> infection between PCR tests using body fluids of newborns and serological tests during their infantile period.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946452/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering Useful Microbial Species for Pharmaceutical Applications.","authors":"Amankeldi K Sadanov, Baiken B Baimakhanova, Saltanat E Orasymbet, Irina A Ratnikova, Zere Z Turlybaeva, Gul B Baimakhanova, Aigul A Amitova, Anel A Omirbekova, Gulzat S Aitkaliyeva, Bekzhan D Kossalbayev, Ayaz M Belkozhayev","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030599","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microbial engineering has made a significant breakthrough in pharmaceutical biotechnology, greatly expanding the production of biologically active compounds, therapeutic proteins, and novel drug candidates. Recent advancements in genetic engineering, synthetic biology, and adaptive evolution have contributed to the optimization of microbial strains for pharmaceutical applications, playing a crucial role in enhancing their productivity and stability. The CRISPR-Cas system is widely utilized as a precise genome modification tool, enabling the enhancement of metabolite biosynthesis and the activation of synthetic biological pathways. Additionally, synthetic biology approaches allow for the targeted design of microorganisms with improved metabolic efficiency and therapeutic potential, thereby accelerating the development of new pharmaceutical products. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) plays a vital role in further advancing microbial engineering by predicting metabolic network interactions, optimizing bioprocesses, and accelerating the drug discovery process. However, challenges such as the efficient optimization of metabolic pathways, ensuring sustainable industrial-scale production, and meeting international regulatory requirements remain critical barriers in the field. Furthermore, to mitigate potential risks, it is essential to develop stringent biocontainment strategies and implement appropriate regulatory oversight. This review comprehensively examines recent innovations in microbial engineering, analyzing key technological advancements, regulatory challenges, and future development perspectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944651/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Transcribed Artificial Primary MicroRNA for the Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus Gene Expression in Cultured Cells.","authors":"Creanne Shrilall, Patrick Arbuthnot, Abdullah Ely","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030604","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030604","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Available interventions for the management of chronic hepatitis B (hepB) exhibit limited efficacy and barriers to vaccination against the hepatitis B virus (HBV) have hampered prophylaxis programmes. Development of potent therapeutics capable of functional cure of chronic hepB thus remains a relevant medical objective. RNA interference (RNAi) can be exploited to effect potent and specific silencing of target genes through the introduction of RNA sequences that mimic the natural activators of the pathway. To achieve a therapeutic effect, artificial primary microRNAs (pri-miRNAs) have been used extensively to target various viruses, including HBV. To date artificial pri-miRNAs have exclusively been produced from DNA expression cassettes. Although this achieves impressive silencing, eventual translation of this platform to the clinic is complicated by the requirement for viral vectors to deliver DNA. Consequently, clinical translation has been slow. Recently, the use of in vitro transcribed RNA, specifically to produce mRNA vaccines at industrial scale, has gained significant interest. We therefore sought to evaluate the feasibility of using in vitro transcribed artificial pri-miRNAs for the inhibition of HBV gene expression. Artificial HBV-targeting pri-miR-31 sequences, which are highly effective when expressed in cells from a DNA template, demonstrated modest silencing of viral replication when incorporated into mRNA that was transcribed in vitro. Off-target effects were also observed. Characterisation revealed that intracellular processing of the artificial pri-miRNAs was inefficient and non-specific effects were caused by stimulation of the interferon response. Nevertheless, optimised nuclear delivery of the artificial pri-miRNAs should improve their processing and achieve better anti-hepB efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Archaeal Diversity Revealed Through Massive Data Integration: Uncovering Just Tip of Iceberg.","authors":"Antonios Kioukis, Antonio Pedro Camargo, Pavlos Pavlidis, Ioannis Iliopoulos, Nikos C Kyrpides, Ilias Lagkouvardos","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030598","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030598","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The domain of <i>Archaea</i> has gathered significant interest for its ecological and biotechnological potential and its role in helping us to understand the evolutionary history of <i>Eukaryotes</i>. In comparison to the bacterial domain, the number of adequately described members in <i>Archaea</i> is relatively low, with less than 1000 species described. It is not clear whether this is solely due to the cultivation difficulty of its members or, indeed, the domain is characterized by evolutionary constraints that keep the number of species relatively low. Based on molecular evidence that bypasses the difficulties of formal cultivation and characterization, several novel clades have been proposed, enabling insights into their metabolism and physiology. Given the extent of global sampling and sequencing efforts, it is now possible and meaningful to question the magnitude of global archaeal diversity based on molecular evidence. To do so, we extracted all sequences classified as <i>Archaea</i> from 500 thousand amplicon samples available in public repositories. After processing through our highly conservative pipeline, we named this comprehensive resource the 'Global <i>Archaea</i> Diversity' (GAD), which encompassed nearly 3 million molecular species clusters at 97% similarity, and organized it into over 500 thousand genera and nearly 100 thousand families. Saline environments have contributed the most to the novel taxa of this previously unseen diversity. The majority of those 16S rRNA gene sequence fragments were verified by matches in metagenomic datasets from IMG/M. These findings reveal a vast and previously overlooked diversity within the <i>Archaea</i>, offering insights into their ecological roles and evolutionary importance while establishing a foundation for the future study and characterization of this intriguing domain of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944491/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lentinan Reduces Transmission Efficiency of COVID-19 by Changing Aerodynamic Characteristic of Exhaled SARS-CoV-2 Aerosols in Golden Hamsters.","authors":"Cheng Zhang, Jiaming Li, Huan Cui, Yifei Jin, Zhaoliang Chen, Lei Zhang, Sihui Song, Bing Lu, Zhongyi Wang, Zhendong Guo","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030597","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lentinan (LNT) was found to reduce the aerosol transmission rate between golden hamsters from 100% (9/9) to 44.4% (4/9). The viral loads in the respiratory system, including the nasal turbinate, trachea, and lung, were significantly reduced in the infected golden hamsters that received LNT treatment. Furthermore, the amount of exhaled virus aerosols in hamsters treated with LNT was significantly lower than that in untreated hamsters throughout the entire disease progression. In detail, the amounts of virus-laden particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 5 µm exhibited a significant decreasing trend following LNT treatment. Moreover, the detection rate of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in each stage of the Anderson-6 sampler exhibited a decreasing trend following LNT treatment post-infection. In summary, our findings indicate that LNT therapy represents a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Meanwhile, during the course of treatment, LNT has the potential to reduce viral infectivity in affected individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944727/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}