Microorganisms最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of Biofilm Formation and Anti-Inflammatory Response of a Probiotic Blend in a Cultured Canine Cell Model.","authors":"Nicholas L F Gallina, Nicole Irizarry Tardi, Xilin Li, Alvin Cai, Mandy J Horn, Bruce M Applegate, Lavanya Reddivari, Arun K Bhunia","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gut dysbiosis and an inflamed bowel are growing concerns in mammals, including dogs. Probiotic supplements have been used to restore the natural microbial community and improve gastrointestinal health. Biofilm formation, antimicrobial activities, and immunological responses of probiotics are crucial to improving gut health. Thus, we tested a commercial probiotic blend (LabMAX-3), a canine kibble additive comprising <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i>, <i>Lacticaseibacillus casei</i>, and <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> for their ability to inactivate common enteric pathogens; their ability to form biofilms; epithelial cell adhesion; and their anti-inflammatory response in the Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line. Probiotic LabMAX-3 blend or individual isolates showed a strong inhibitory effect against <i>Salmonella enterica</i>, <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>, enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i>. LabMAX-3 formed biofilms comparable to <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. LabMAX-3 adhesion to the MDCK cell line (with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pretreatment) showed comparable adhesion and biofilm formation (<i>p</i> < 0.05) to <i>L. casei</i> ATCC 334 used as a control. LabMAX-3 had no cytotoxic effects on the MDCK cell line during 1 h exposure. The interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) ratio of LabMAX-3, compared to the <i>L. casei</i> control, showed a significant increase (<i>p</i> < 0.05), indicating a more pronounced anti-inflammatory response. The data show that LabMAX-3, a canine kibble supplement, can improve gastrointestinal health.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal Apoptosis-Related Proteins.","authors":"Longjie Li, Chunmei Du","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a crucial role in the development and homeostasis maintenance of multicellular organisms. Apoptosis is a form of PCD that prevents pathological development by eliminating damaged or useless cells. Despite the complexity of fungal apoptosis mechanisms being similar to those of plants and metazoans, fungal apoptosis lacks the core regulatory elements of animal apoptosis. Apoptosis-like PCD in fungi can be triggered by a variety of internal and external factors, participating in biological processes such as growth, development, and stress response. Although the core regulatory elements are not fully understood, apoptosis-inducing factor and metacaspase have been found to be involved. This article summarizes various proteins closely related to fungal apoptosis, such as apoptosis-inducing factor, metacaspase, and inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, as well as their structures and functions. This research provides new strategies and ideas for the development of natural drugs targeting fungal apoptosis and the control of fungal diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of Alfalfa Leaf Traits and Rhizosphere Fungal Communities to Compost Application in Saline-Sodic Soil.","authors":"Tian-Jiao Wei, Guang Li, Yan-Ru Cui, Jiao Xie, Zheng-Wei Liang, Fa-Chun Guan, Zhong-He Li","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil salinization is considered a major global environmental problem due to its adverse effects on agricultural sustainability and production. Compost is an environmentally friendly and sustainable measure used for reclaiming saline-sodic soil. However, the responses of the physiological characteristics of alfalfa and the structure and function of rhizosphere fungal communities after compost application in saline-sodic soil remain elusive. Here, a pot experiment was conducted to explore the effect of different compost application rates on soil properties, plant physiological traits, and rhizosphere fungal community characteristics. The results showed that compost significantly increased soil nutrients and corresponding soil enzyme activities, enhanced leaf photosynthesis traits, and ion homeostasis compared with the control treatment. We further found that the rhizosphere fungal communities were dominated by <i>Sodiomyces</i> at the genus level, and the relative abundance of pathogenic fungi, such as <i>Botryotrichum</i>, <i>Plectosphaerella</i>, <i>Pseudogymnoascus</i>, and <i>Fusarium,</i> declined after compost application. Moreover, the α-diversity indexes of the fungal community under compost application rates of 15% and 25% significantly decreased in comparison to the control treatment. The soil SOC, pH, TP, and TN were the main environmental factors affecting fungal community composition. The leaf photosynthetic traits and metal ion contents showed significantly positive correlations with <i>Sodiomyces</i> and <i>Aspergillus</i>. The fungal trophic mode was dominated by Pathotroph-Saprotroph-Symbiotroph and Saprotroph. Overall, our findings provide an important basis for the future application of microbial-based strategies to improve plant tolerance to saline-alkali stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In-Vitro</i> Antimicrobial Activities of Grape Seed, Green Tea, and Rosemary Phenolic Extracts Against Liver Abscess Causing Bacterial Pathogens in Cattle.","authors":"Harith M Salih, Raghavendra G Amachawadi, Qing Kang, Yonghui Li, Tiruvoor G Nagaraja","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liver abscesses, which occur in finishing cattle, are of significant economic concern to the feedlot industry. The causative agents include both <i>Fusobacterium necrophorum</i> subspecies (<i>F. necrophorum</i> and <i>F</i>. <i>funduliforme</i>), <i>Trueperella pyogenes</i> (<i>T. pyogenes</i>), and <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serotype Lubbock (S. Lubbock). Tylosin, a macrolide antibiotic, is supplemented in the feed to reduce liver abscesses. However, due to the concern with emergence of antimicrobial resistance, the antimicrobial activities of the plant-based phenolic compounds could be an antibiotic alternative to control liver abscesses. We investigated the inhibitory activities of phenolic compounds extracted from grape seed, green tea, and rosemary on liver-abscess-causing bacterial pathogens. Total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically. Anaerobic Brain-Heart Infusion broth (for <i>Fusobacterium</i>) and Muller-Hinton broth (for <i>S. enterica</i> and <i>T. pyogenes</i>) with phenolic extracts at 0, 0.1, 1, and 2 mg/mL were prepared. Growth was measured at 0, 12, 24 and 48 h by determining bacterial concentrations. A micro-broth dilution method was used to quantify the inhibition. Grape seed and green tea phenolics inhibited growth of both <i>Fusobacterium</i> subspecies, <i>T. pyogenes</i> and <i>S. enterica</i>. Green tea at 1 mg/mL concentration was more effective in inhibiting the growth of <i>Fusobacterium</i> when compared to grape seed and rosemary. Green tea at 2 mg/mL was more effective than at 1 mg/mL against <i>Salmonella</i>. The inhibitory effect was dose-dependent, which was consistent across all strains within the same bacterial species. The phenolic extracts were inhibitory against <i>T. pyogenes</i> with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 6.25 to 12.5 µg/mL. Among the phenolic extracts tested, green tea showed the most potent activity, suggesting its strong potential as a natural alternative to conventional antibiotics. Plant-based phenolic compounds supplemented in the feed may have the potential to control liver abscesses.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into Nitrogen-Associated Protein 50 (NAP50) as a Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase in Dinoflagellates.","authors":"Lu Tang, Nora Fung-Yee Tam, Winnie Lam, Thomas Chun-Hung Lee, Steven Jing-Liang Xu, Fred Wang-Fat Lee","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrogen-associated protein 50 (NAP50) is an abundant plastid protein with an unknown function identified in <i>Alexandrium affine</i> (Dinophyceae). No progress has been made in discovering the function of NAP50 since its first characterization in 2009. The present study is a continuation of work on the predicted function of NAP50. The results show that the NAP50 gene lacks introns but contains abundant base substitutions, consistent with the characteristics of dinoflagellate nuclear genes. The NAP50 protein is found to be widely expressed in dinoflagellate lineages through bioinformatics analysis and Western blotting, suggesting that NAP50 is not exclusive to <i>Alexandrium</i>, which differs from previous understandings. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that NAP50 belongs to the tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (TDP) family; however, it is structurally distinct from the TDP2 that is present in some dinoflagellate species. The three-dimensional structure and biological functions of NAP50 are predicted using deep learning algorithms. Based on evolutionary relationships and functional predictions, NAP50 may play a role in repairing plastid DNA damage and potentially contribute to the transcription of plastid genes in dinoflagellates.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of Cigarette Butts: Biodegradation of Cellulose Acetate by Rot Fungi and Bacteria.","authors":"Rodrigo Morales-Vera, Javiera Cantillana, Félix Arto-Paz, Camila Hernández, Alex Echeverría-Vega, Cristian Valdés","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study demonstrated the biodegradation of two different brands of cigarette butts (CBs), which are primarily composed of cellulose acetate, by four distinct microorganisms. These included the white rot fungus <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i>, the brown rot fungus <i>Lentinus lepideus</i>, and the bacteria <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas putida</i>. After 31 days of treatment, weight loss measurements revealed a mass loss of 24-34%, where <i>B. cereus</i> exhibited the greatest efficacy in terms of mass loss for both brands of CBs. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed changes in the surface of the CBs, attributable to structural wear and material breakdown, indicating effective biodegradation by the evaluated microorganisms. Furthermore, the analyses confirmed changes in the surface of the CBs, attributable to structural wear and material breakdown, indicating effective biodegradation by the evaluated microorganisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial Basis for Suppression of Soil-Borne Disease in Crop Rotation.","authors":"Boxi Wang, Shuichi Sugiyama","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effect of crop rotation on soil-borne diseases is a representative case of plant-soil feedback in the sense that plant disease resistance is influenced by soils with different cultivation histories. This study examined the microbial mechanisms inducing the differences in the clubroot (caused by <i>Plasmodiophora brassicae</i> pathogen) damage of Chinese cabbage (<i>Brassica rapa</i> subsp. <i>pekinensis</i>) after the cultivation of different preceding crops. It addresses two key questions in crop rotation: changes in the soil bacterial community induced by the cultivation of different plants and the microbial mechanisms responsible for the disease-suppressive capacity of Chinese cabbage. Twenty preceding crops from different plant families showed significant differences in the disease damage, pathogen density, and bacterial community composition of the host plant. Structural equation modelling revealed that the relative abundance of four key bacterial orders in Chinese cabbage roots can explain 85% and 70% of the total variation in pathogen density and disease damage, respectively. Notably, the relative dominance of Bacillales and Rhizobiales, which have a trade-off relationship, exhibited predominant effects on pathogen density and disease damage. The disease-suppressive soil legacy effects of preceding crops are reflected in compositional changes in key bacterial orders, which are intensified by the bacterial community network.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic and Transcriptomic Comparison Between Invasive Non-Typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> and Non-Invasive Isolates.","authors":"Tongyao Shang, Qiuli Chen, Weina Shi, Yue Wang, Ye Feng","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Invasive non-typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> (iNTS) poses a significant threat to global public health. <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Enteritidis and Typhimurium are the primary serovars responsible for both invasive diseases and gastroenteritis. This study aims to investigate the genomic and transcriptomic differences between isolates associated with these contrasting clinical presentations. We retrieved genomes of <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis and <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium from Enterobase, utilizing blood and stool isolates as representatives for iNTS and non-iNTS, respectively. An indistinguishable phylogenetic relationship was revealed between the blood and stool isolates for both serovars. Few genes were specifically identified in iNTS. Random forest and principal coordinates analysis permitted moderate discrimination between the two sources of isolates based on overall genome content. Notably, the blood isolates of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium displayed an elevated level of antimicrobial resistance and genome degradation compared to stool isolates. Meanwhile, transcriptome sequencing identified few genes that were differentially expressed between blood and stool isolates. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis did not effectively differentiate the expression profile of iNTS from non-iNTS. In summary, few genes could serve as reliable biomarkers to distinguish iNTS and non-iNTS at either the genomic or transcriptomic level. Nevertheless, iNTS has indeed accumulated subtle genomic differences from non-iNTS, which might contribute to invasiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling Emerging Opportunistic Fish Pathogens in Aquaculture: A Comprehensive Seasonal Study of Microbial Composition in Mediterranean Fish Hatcheries.","authors":"Dimitrios Skliros, Maria Kostakou, Constantina Kokkari, Maria Ioanna Tsertou, Christina Pavloudi, Haris Zafeiropoulos, Pantelis Katharios, Emmanouil Flemetakis","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The importance of microbial communities in fish hatcheries for fish health and welfare has been recognized, with several studies mapping these communities during healthy rearing conditions and disease outbreaks. In this study, we analyzed the bacteriome of the live feeds, such as microalgae, rotifers, and <i>Artemia</i>, used in fish hatcheries that produce Mediterranean species. Our goal was to provide baseline information about their structure, emphasizing in environmental putative fish pathogenic bacteria. We conducted 16S rRNA amplicon Novaseq sequencing for our analysis, and we inferred 46,745 taxonomically annotated ASVs. Results showed that incoming environmental water plays a significant role in the presence of important taxa that constitute presumptive pathogens. Bio-statistical analyses revealed a relatively stable bacteriome among seasonal samplings for every hatchery but a diverse bacteriome between sampling stations and a distinct core bacteriome for each hatchery. Analysis of putative opportunistic fish pathogenic genera revealed some co-occurrence correlation events and a high average relative abundance of <i>Vibrio</i>, <i>Tenacibaculum</i>, and <i>Photobacterium</i> genera in live feeds, reaching a grand mean average of up to 7.3% for the hatchery of the Hellenic Center of Marine Research (HCMR), 12% for Hatchery A, and 11.5% for Hatchery B. Mapping the bacteriome in live feeds is pivotal for understanding the marine environment and distinct aquaculture practices and can guide improvements in hatchery management, enhancing fish health and sustainability in the Mediterranean region.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arsenic Enhances the Degradation of Middle-Chain Petroleum Hydrocarbons by <i>Rhodococcus</i> sp. 2021 Under Their Combined Pollution.","authors":"Hongpeng Shi, Chengyan Gong, Meilin Zheng, Yinghao Zhao, Ying Liu, Luyan Ma, Zhipei Liu","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The efficient and green remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) contamination has emerged as a viable strategy for environmental management. Here, we investigated the interaction between arsenic and PH degradation by <i>Rhodococcus</i> sp. 2021 under their combined pollution. The strain exhibited disparate responses to varying concentrations and valences of arsenic. The elevated concentration of arsenic (>100 mg/L) facilitated the degradation of PHs, and there was a positive correlation between arsenic-promoted degradation of PHs and their carbon-chain length. The degradation of PHs changed with arsenic conditions as follows: trivalent arsenic groups > pentavalent arsenic groups > arsenic-free groups (control). Arsenite and arsenate significantly promoted the gene expression of arsenic metabolism and alkane degrading. But unlike arsenite, arsenate also significantly promoted the gene expression of phosphate metabolism. And arsenite promoted the up-regulation of the expression of genes involved in the process of PHs oxidation and fatty acid oxidation. These results highlight the potential of <i>Rhodococcus</i> sp. 2021 in the remediation of combined total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and heavy metal pollution, providing new insights into the green and sustainable bioremediation of combined pollution of organic matters such as PHs and heavy metals/heavy metal-like elements such as arsenic.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}