Microorganisms最新文献

{"title":"Socioeconomic and Eco-Environmental Drivers Differentially Trigger and Amplify Bacterial and Viral Outbreaks of Zoonotic Pathogens.","authors":"Payton Phillips, Negin Nazari, Sneha Dharwadkar, Antoine Filion, Benedicta Essuon Akaribo, Patrick Stephens, Mekala Sundaram","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030621","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The frequency of infectious disease outbreaks and pandemics is rising, demanding an understanding of their drivers. Common wisdom suggests that increases in outbreak frequency are driven by socioeconomic factors such as globalization and urbanization, yet, the majority of disease outbreaks are caused by zoonotic pathogens that can be transmitted from animals to humans, suggesting the important role of ecological and environmental drivers. Previous studies of outbreak drivers have also failed to quantify the differences between major classes of pathogens, such as bacterial and viral pathogens. Here, we reconsider the observed drivers of a global sample of 300 zoonotic outbreaks, including the 100 largest outbreaks that occurred between 1977 and 2017. We show that socioeconomic factors more often trigger outbreaks of bacterial pathogens, whereas ecological and environmental factors trigger viral outbreaks. However, socioeconomic factors also act as amplifiers of viral outbreaks, with higher case numbers in viral outbreaks driven by a larger proportion of socioeconomic factors. Our results demonstrate that it is useful to consider the drivers of global disease patterns in aggregate due to commonalities that cross disease systems. However, our work also identifies important differences between the driver profiles of bacterial and viral diseases in aggregate.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945676/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenic <i>Blastocystis</i> from Drinking Well and Coastal Water in Guinea-Bissau (West Africa).","authors":"Sara Gomes-Gonçalves, Ana Machado, Adriano Bordalo, João R Mesquita","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030620","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study provides the first comprehensive investigation of <i>Blastocystis</i> sp. contamination in the drinking well and coastal water sources in Guinea-Bissau, a region grappling with severe water quality challenges. Of the forty-five water samples analyzed (34 well and 9 coastal water sources), <i>Blastocystis</i> sp. was detected in five (11%, 95% CI: 3.71-24.05) of the wells, which serve as a critical and primary drinking source for local communities. The detection of human-associated <i>Blastocystis</i> sp. subtype (ST)2 and ST3 raises concerns about the potential of fecal contamination as a transmission route for <i>Blastocystis</i> sp., underscoring the public health risks associated with an inadequate WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) infrastructure. These findings highlight the urgent need for improved water management and further research on waterborne parasitic infections in resource-limited settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from <i>Prunus yedoensis</i> and Their Antifungal Activity Against Wood Decay Fungi.","authors":"Misong Kim, Manh Ha Nguyen, Sanggon Lee, Wonjong Han, Minyoung Kim, Hyeongguk Jeon, Jinheung Lee, Sangtea Seo, Namkyu Kim, Keumchul Shin","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030617","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030617","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endophytic fungi play a vital role in protecting and promoting the growth of their host plants. The diversity of fungal endophytes has been documented across different host plant species and varies depending on factors such as the species of the host, ecological conditions, and the health status of the plant. We isolated endophytic fungi from <i>Prunus yedoensis</i> trees with different decay rates. A total of 31 species were isolated from decayed trees, while 33 species were obtained from healthy trees. The number of endophytic fungi exhibiting antifungal activities against wood decay fungi was higher in healthy trees, with 10 species showing activity compared to only 1 species from decayed trees. Endophytic fungus <i>Fusarium acuminatum</i> (BEN48) had the highest inhibition rates against <i>Trametes versicolor</i>, <i>Ganoderma gibbosum</i>, and <i>Vanderbylia fraxinea</i>. Heating conditions did not significantly affect the inhibitory ability of the culture filtrate from BEN48 on wood decay fungi. At 50% concentration, the inhibitory abilities of the culture filtrates against <i>Trametes versicolor</i>, <i>Ganoderma gibbosum</i>, and <i>Vanderbylia fraxinea</i> were 96.5%, 64.1%, and 92.7%, respectively. The inhibitory effects against <i>Trametes versicolor</i> decreased at concentrations of 30% and 10%, resulting in inhibition rates of 83.7% and 50.8%, respectively. For <i>Ganoderma gibbosum</i>, the inhibition rate reduced to 52.6% at 30% concentration and 24.5% at 10% concentration. For <i>Vanderbylia fraxinea</i>, there was no significant difference between the 30% and 10% concentrations, and the inhibition rates for both concentrations were high, measuring 89.9% and 88.8%, respectively. Hence, <i>Fusarium acuminatum</i> (BEN48) has promise as a biocontrol agent for managing wood decay fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946607/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Specific Detection of African Swine Fever Virus Variants: Novel Quadplex Real-Time PCR Assay with Internal Control.","authors":"Lihua Wang, Yuzhen Li, Xirui Zhang, Rachel Madera, Homer Pantua, Aidan Craig, Nina Muro, Danqin Li, Jamie Retallick, Franco Matias Ferreyra, Quang Lam Truong, Lan Thi Nguyen, Jishu Shi","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030615","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious and lethal viral disease, continues to devastate the global swine industry. The emergence of ASF virus (ASFV) variants with varying genomic deletions poses significant challenges for ASF control. This study presents a novel, sensitive, and reliable quadplex real-time PCR assay for detecting ASFV variants lacking key genes (<i>I177L</i>, <i>EP402R</i>, and <i>MGF360-14L</i>), either individually or in combination. The assay targets conserved regions within these genes, ensuring broad coverage of diverse ASFV genotypes. A porcine <i>beta-actin</i> (<i>ACTB</i>) internal control was incorporated to minimize false-negative results. Optimization and evaluation using spike-in tests demonstrated high sensitivity, with a limit of detection (LOD) ranging from 1 to 10 plasmid copies or 0.1 TCID₅₀ of ASFV isolates per reaction. No cross-reactivity was observed when testing serum samples from pigs infected with other common swine viruses. Further validation across a diverse panel of samples, including those from naturally ASFV-infected field pigs (<i>n</i> = 54), experimentally ASFV-infected pigs (<i>n</i> = 50), PBS-inoculated pigs (<i>n</i> = 50), ASFV-free field pigs (<i>n</i> = 100), and feral pigs (<i>n</i> = 6), confirmed 100% specificity. This robust assay provides a valuable tool for rapid and accurate ASF surveillance and control efforts, facilitating the timely detection and mitigation of outbreaks caused by emerging ASFV variants.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946822/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Long-Term Heavy Metal Exposure on the Species Diversity, Functional Diversity, and Network Structure of Oral Mycobiome.","authors":"Jia Li, Shuwei Pei, Lu Feng, Jiangyun Liu, Qiwen Zheng, Xingrong Liu, Ye Ruan, Weigang Hu, Li Zhang, Jingping Niu, Tian Tian","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030622","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oral fungal homeostasis is closely related to the state of human health, and its composition is influenced by various factors. At present, the effects of long-term soil heavy metal exposure on the oral fungi of local populations have not been adequately studied. In this study, we used inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to detect heavy metals in agricultural soils from two areas in Gansu Province, northwestern China. ITS amplicon sequencing was used to analyze the community composition of oral buccal mucosa fungi from local village residents. Simultaneously, the functional annotation of fungi was performed using FUNGuild, and co-occurrence networks were constructed to analyze the interactions of different functional fungi. The results showed that the species diversity of the oral fungi of local populations in the soil heavy metal exposure group was lower than that of the control population. The relative abundance of <i>Apiotrichum</i> and <i>Cutaneotrichosporon</i> was higher in the exposure group than in the control group. In addition, <i>Cutaneotrichosporon</i> is an Animal Pathogen, which may lead to an increased probability of disease in the exposure group. Meanwhile, there were significant differences in the co-occurrence network structure between the two groups. The control group had a larger and more stable network than the exposure group. Eight keystone taxa were observed in the network of the control group, while none were observed in that of the exposure group. In conclusion, heavy metal exposure may increase the risk of diseases associated with <i>Apiotrichum</i> and <i>Cutaneotrichosporon</i> infection in the local populations. It can also lead to the loss of keystone taxa and the reduced stability of the oral fungal network. The above results illustrated that heavy metal exposure impairs oral fungal interactions in the population. This study extends our understanding of the biodiversity of oral fungi in the population and provides new insights for further studies on the factors influencing oral fungal homeostasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Microbiological Performance and Potential Clinical Impact of New Rapid Molecular Assays for the Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections.","authors":"Mateo Tićac, Tanja Grubić Kezele, Maja Abram, Marina Bubonja-Šonje","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030616","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030616","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bloodstream infection (BSI) is a critical medical emergency associated with a high mortality rate. Rapid and accurate identification of the causative pathogen and the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing are crucial for initiating appropriate antimicrobial therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a new rapid PCR Molecular Mouse System (MMS) for the identification of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) and GNB resistance genes directly from a positive blood culture (BC). The validation of these rapid multiplex assays was carried out in a real hospital setting. A total of 80 BSI episodes were included in our study and the results were compared with culture-based methods. BC samples in which GNB had previously been detected microscopically and which originated from different hospital wards were analysed. The MMS GNB identification assay achieved a sensitivity of 98.7% and a specificity of 100% for the covered pathogens. In one BC sample, <i>Klebsiella aerogenes</i> was identified at the family level (<i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>) with MMS. However, in three polymicrobial samples, MMS identified bacteria that were not detected by culture-based methods (<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>K. aerogenes</i> and <i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i>). MMS also showed excellent overall performance in the detection of GNB resistance markers (100% sensitivity and 100% specificity). The type of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) resistance gene identified correctly with MMS was CTX-M-1/9 (n = 17/20), alone or in combination with SHV-type β-lactamase or with the different types of carbapenemase genes. MMS detected one carbapenemase gene of each type (KPC, NDM and OXA-23) and six OXA-48 genes. In addition, the colistin resistance gene <i>mcr-1</i> was detected in one positive BC with <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>). The time to result was significantly shorter for MMS than for routine culture methods. A retrospective analysis of the patients' medical records revealed that a change in empirical antimicrobial therapy would have been made in around half of the patients following the MMS results. These results support the use of MMS as a valuable complement to conventional culture methods for more rapid BSI diagnosis and adjustment of empirical therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945193/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Engineered Yeast Expressing an Artificial Heavy Metal-Binding Protein Enhances the Phytoremediation of Alum Mine Soils.","authors":"Wenming Wang, Liling Xie, Lin Zhao, Qilin Yu","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030612","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030612","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alum mining leads to significant heavy metal and acid pollution within soils. Phytoremediation is a common strategy used to treat alum mine soils, but its efficiency is frequently compromised by the alum-mining-induced impairment of plant growth. To improve the strength of plants against mine pollution, this study constructed the artificial yeast strain ScHB (heavy metal-binding protein-containing <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>) expressing the de novo designed protein HBGFP (heavy metal-binding green fluorescence protein) and investigated its effect on the phytoremediation of alum mine soils with soil physiochemical assays and heavy metal quantification. This protein was composed of an N-terminal signal peptide, an HB (heavy metal-binding) domain, and a GFP (green fluorescence protein) domain, as well as a C-terminal glycolphosphatidylinositol-anchoring fragment. The exposure of the HBGFP on the ScHB surface increased the growth rate of the yeast cells and enhanced cadmium capture from the cadmium-containing medium. After culturing <i>Medicago sativa</i> in the alum mine soils for 30 days, ScHB remarkably increased the plants' average height from 17.5 cm to 27.9 cm and their biomass from 3.03 g/plant to 4.35 g/plant, as well as increasing the accumulation of antioxidant agents in the plants. Moreover, the ScHB cells strongly improved the soil quality, with an increase in the soil pH values from 5.47 to 6.21 to 6.9, and increased the levels of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and living bacteria. Furthermore, ScHB efficiently improved the plants' abilities to remove soil heavy metals, decreasing the levels of cadmium, lead, chromium, and copper by 90%, 86%, 97%, and 88%, respectively. This study developed a genetic engineering method to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation against pollution from alum mining.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Strains Colonizing the Surface of Biodegradable Polymers.","authors":"Roberta Esposito, Serena Federico, Amalia Amato, Thomas Viel, Davide Caramiello, Alberto Macina, Marco Miralto, Luca Ambrosino, Maria Luisa Chiusano, Mariacristina Cocca, Loredana Manfra, Giovanni Libralato, Valerio Zupo, Maria Costantini","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030609","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030609","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plastics play a key role in every sector of the economy, being used in the manufacturing of products in the fields of health, food packaging, and agriculture. Their mismanagement poses a serious threat to ecosystems and, in general, to human life. For this reason, particular attention has been paid in the last decade to the use of biodegradable polymers (BPs) as an alternative to classic plastics. In this study, we aimed to identify bacterial strains able to colonize the surface of five BPs: poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA), poly(ε-caprolactone), (PCL), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and poly(lactic acid) (PLA). For this experiment, mesocosms were designed ad hoc to mimic the conditions in which the polymers can be found in marine environments: i. suspended in the water column; ii. laying over gravel; and iii. under gravel. Four bacterial samples were taken (3, 4, 10, and 12 months from the start of the experiment) from five BPs incubated in the above-mentioned three conditions. Our results demonstrated that bacteria belonging to the <i>Proteobacteria</i>, <i>Actinobacteria</i>, <i>Firmicutes</i>, <i>Bacillota</i>, <i>Bacteroidota</i>, and <i>Cyanobacteria</i> phyla were the most frequent colonizers of the surfaces of the five polymers under analysis, and could be responsible for their degradation, resulting in the evolution of strategies to degrade plastics through the secretion of specific enzymes.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944904/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolomics Provides New Insights into the Mechanisms of <i>Wolbachia</i>-Induced Plant Defense in Cotton Mites.","authors":"Xinlei Wang, Sha Wang, Ali Basit, Qianchen Wei, Kedi Zhao, Feng Liu, Yiying Zhao","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030608","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030608","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endosymbiotic bacteria play a significant role in the co-evolution of insects and plants. However, whether they induce or inhibit host plant defense responses remains unclear. In this study, non-targeted metabolomic sequencing was performed on cotton leaves fed with <i>Wolbachia</i>-infected and uninfected spider mites using parthenogenetic backcrossing and antibiotic treatment methods. A total of 55 differential metabolites were identified, which involved lipids, phenylpropanoids, and polyketides. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed seven significantly enriched metabolic pathways. Among them, flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and ether lipid metabolism showed extremely significant differences. In <i>Wolbachia</i>-infected cotton leaves, the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was significantly up-regulated, including quercetin and myricetin, suggesting that the plant produces more secondary metabolites to enhance its defense capability. Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and sn-glycerol-3-phosphoethanolamine (PE) were significantly down-regulated, suggesting that <i>Wolbachia</i> may impair the integrity and function of plant cell membranes. The downregulation of lysine and the upregulation of L-malic acid indicated that <i>Wolbachia</i> infection may shorten the lifespan of spider mites. At various developmental stages of the spider mites, <i>Wolbachia</i> infection increased the expression of detoxification metabolism-related genes, including gene families such as cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, carboxylesterase, and ABC transporters, thereby enhancing the detoxification capability of the host spider mites. This study provides a theoretical basis for further elucidating the mechanisms by which endosymbiotic bacteria induce plant defense responses and expands the theoretical framework of insect-plant co-evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944673/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Phyllanthus emblica</i>: Phytochemistry, Antimicrobial Potential with Antibiotic Enhancement, and Toxicity Insights.","authors":"Gagan Tiwana, Ian Edwin Cock, Matthew James Cheesman","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13030611","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13030611","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> Linn. (commonly known as Amla or Indian Gooseberry) is commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat respiratory infections, skin disorders, and gastrointestinal issues. The fruit contains an abundance of polyphenols, which contribute to its strong antioxidant properties. The antibacterial activity of fruit extracts derived from <i>P. emblica</i> against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> was determined along with the antibiotic-resistant variants extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) <i>E. coli</i>, methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA), and ESBL <i>K. pneumoniae</i>. Disc diffusion and broth dilution assays were conducted to assess the activity of aqueous, methanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts, with large zones of inhibition of up to 15 mm on agar observed for <i>S. aureus</i> and MRSA. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 158 to 1725 µg/mL were calculated. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of <i>P. emblica</i> were less active against <i>E. coli</i>, ESBL <i>E. coli</i>, <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, and <i>ESBL K. pneumoniae</i>, with the only noteworthy MIC (633 µg/mL) observed for the aqueous extract against <i>K. pneumoniae</i>. Interestingly, a lack of inhibition was observed on agar for any of the extracts against these bacteria. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis identified several notable flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and tannins. Notably, <i>Artemia nauplii</i> bioassays indicated that all extracts were nontoxic. The antibacterial activity and absence of toxicity in <i>P. emblica</i> extracts suggest their potential as candidates for antibiotic development, highlighting the need for further mechanistic and phytochemical investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}