Microorganisms最新文献

{"title":"Pathogenicity of <i>Citrobacter freundii</i> Causing Mass Mortalities of <i>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</i> and Its Induced Host Immune Response.","authors":"Anting Chen, Qieqi Qian, Xiaoyu Cai, Jia Yin, Yan Liu, Qi Dong, Xiaojian Gao, Qun Jiang, Xiaojun Zhang","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12102079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Citrobacter freundii</i> is an opportunistic pathogen of freshwater aquatic animals, which severely restricts the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. In this study, a dominant strain, named FSNM-1, was isolated from the hepatopancreas of diseased <i>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</i>. This strain was identified as <i>C. freundii</i> based on a comprehensive analysis of its morphological, physiological, and biochemical features and molecular identification. Challenge experiments were conducted to assess the pathogenicity of <i>C. freundii</i> to <i>M. rosenbergii</i>. The results showed that the FSNM-1 strain had high virulence to <i>M. rosenbergii</i> with a median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 1.1 × 10⁶ CFU/mL. Histopathological analysis revealed that <i>C. freundii</i> infection caused different degrees of inflammation in the hepatopancreas, gills, and intestines of <i>M. rosenbergii</i>. The detection of virulence-related genes revealed that the FSNM-1 strain carried colonization factor antigen (<i>cfa1</i>, <i>cfa2</i>), ureases (<i>ureG</i>, <i>ureF</i>, <i>ureD</i>, <i>ureE</i>), and outer membrane protein (<i>ompX</i>), and virulence factor detection showed that the FSNM-1 strain had lecithinase, amylase, lipase, gelatinase, and hemolysin activities but did not produce protease and DNase activities. To investigate the immune response of <i>M. rosenbergii</i> to <i>C. freundii</i>, the expression levels of <i>ALF3</i>, <i>MyD88</i>, <i>SOD</i>, <i>proPO</i>, <i>TRAF6</i>, and <i>TNF</i> immune-related genes were monitored at different points of time in the hepatopancreas, gills, intestines, and hemocytes of <i>M. rosenbergii</i> after infection. The results demonstrated a significant upregulation in the expression levels of the <i>ALF3</i>, <i>MyD88</i>, <i>SOD</i>, <i>proPO</i>, <i>TRAF6</i>, and <i>TNF</i> genes in <i>M. rosenbergii</i> at the early stage of <i>C. freundii</i> infection. This study highlights <i>C. freundii</i> as a major pathogen causing mass mortality in <i>M. rosenbergii</i> and provides valuable insights into its virulence mechanisms and the host's immune response.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11509833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142504094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of <i>swnH1</i> Gene Function of Endophytic Fungus <i>Alternaria oxytropis</i> OW 7.8 on Its Swainsonine Biosynthesis.","authors":"Dan Li, Xinlei Zhao, Ping Lu, Yu Min","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12102081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The <i>swnH1</i> gene in the endophytic fungus <i>Alternaria oxytropis</i> OW 7.8 isolated from <i>Oxytropis glabra</i> was identified, and the gene knockout mutant Δ<i>swnH1</i> was first constructed in this study. Compared with <i>A. oxytropis</i> OW 7.8, the Δ<i>swnH1</i> mutant exhibited altered colony and mycelium morphology, slower growth rate, and no swainsonine (SW) in mycelia, indicating that the function of the <i>swnH1</i> gene promoted SW biosynthesis. Five differential expressed genes (DEGs) closely associated with SW synthesis were identified by transcriptomic analysis of <i>A. oxytropis</i> OW 7.8 and Δ<i>swnH1</i>, with <i>sac</i>, <i>swnR</i>, <i>swnK</i>, <i>swnN,</i> and <i>swnH2</i> down-regulating. Six differential metabolites (DEMs) closely associated with SW synthesis were identified by metabolomic analysis, with P450, PKS-NRPS, saccharopine, lipopolysaccharide kinase, <i>L</i>-PA, α-aminoadipic, and <i>L</i>-stachydrine down-regulated, while <i>L</i>-proline was up-regulated. The SW biosynthetic pathways in <i>A. oxytropis</i> OW 7.8 were predicted and refined. The results lay the foundation for in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways of SW synthesis in fungi and provide reference for future control of SW in locoweeds, which would benefit the development of animal husbandry and the sustainable use of grassland ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510667/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142504239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"My Early Years of Yeast Mitochondrial Genetics.","authors":"Ian G Macreadie","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12102077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There have been massive technological advances in molecular biology and genetics over the past five decades. I have personally experienced these advances and here I reflect on those origins, from my perspective, studying yeast mitochondrial genetics leading up to deciphering the functions of the mitochondrial genome. The yeast contributions commenced in the middle of the last century with pure genetics, correlating mutants with phenotypes, in order to discover genes, just like the early explorations to discover new lands. The quest was to explore the mitochondrial genome and find its genes and their products. It was most fortunate that DNA sequencing technologies became available in the late 1970s, and laboratories were restructured enormously to keep pace with the emerging technologies. There were considerable costs in equipping laboratories, purchasing ultracentrifuges and restriction endonucleases, and undertaking DNA sequencing; additionally, workers required special safety gear.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11509975/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142504071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastic Polymers and Antibiotic Resistance in an Antarctic Environment (Ross Sea): Are We Revealing the Tip of an Iceberg?","authors":"Gabriella Caruso, Maurizio Azzaro, Ombretta Dell'Acqua, Maria Papale, Angelina Lo Giudice, Pasqualina Laganà","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12102083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microbial colonization of plastic polymers in Antarctic environments is an under-investigated issue. While several studies are documenting the spread of plastic pollution in the Ross Sea, whether the formation of a plastisphere (namely the complex microbial assemblage colonizing plastics) may favor the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in this marine environment is unknown yet. A colonization experiment was performed in this ecosystem, aiming at exploring the potential role of plastic polymers as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance. To this end, the biofilm-producing activity and the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of bacterial strains isolated from biofilms colonizing submerged polyvinylchloride and polyethylene panels were screened. The colonization experiment was carried out at two different sites of the Ross Sea, namely Road Bay and Tethys Bay. Most of bacterial isolates were able to produce biofilm; several multidrug resistances were detected in the bacterial members of biofilms associated to PVC and PE (also named as the plastisphere), as well as in the bacterial strains isolated from the surrounding water. The lowest percentage of ARB was found in the PE-associated plastisphere from the not-impacted (control) Punta Stocchino station, whereas the highest one was detected in the PVC-associated plastisphere from the Tethys Bay station. However, no selective enrichment of ARB in relation to the study sites or to either type of plastic material was observed, suggesting that resistance to antibiotics was a generalized widespread phenomenon. Resistance against to all the three classes of antibiotics assayed in this study (i.e., cell wall antibiotics, nucleic acids, and protein synthesis inhibitors) was observed. The high percentage of bacterial isolates showing resistance in remote environments like Antarctic ones, suffering increasing anthropic pressure, points out an emerging threat with a potential pathogenic risk that needs further deepening studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510405/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142504097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Forage Sources on Ruminal Bacteriome and Carcass Traits in Hanwoo Steers During the Late Fattening Stages.","authors":"Ryukseok Kang, Jaeyong Song, Joong Kook Park, Sukjun Yun, Jeong Heon Lee, Jun Sang Ahn, Chaemin Yu, Geonwoo Kim, Jongsik Jeong, Myeong-Gwan Oh, Wanho Jo, Woohyung Lee, Mekonnen Tilahun, Tansol Park","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12102082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined the effects of different forage sources on the ruminal bacteriome, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers during the fattening stage. In Korea, where high-concentrate feeding is common, selecting suitable forage is crucial for sustainable beef production. Fifteen 23-month-old Hanwoo steers, weighing an average of 679.27 ± 43.60 kg, were fed the following five different forage sources: oat hay (OAT), rye silage (RYE), Italian ryegrass (IRS), barley forage (BAR), and rice straw silage (RSS), alongside 1.5 kg of dry matter concentrate daily for five months. Carcass traits were evaluated post-slaughter, and rumen fluid samples were analyzed using full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine the bacteriome composition. The forage source significantly affected the alpha-diversity indices and bacteriome biomarkers linked to the feed efficiency and ruminal fermentation. Differences in the backfat thickness and meat yield index were noted, with alpha-diversity indices correlating with carcass traits. The phylum Planctomycetota, especially the family Thermoguttaceae, was linked to nitrogen fixation in high-protein diets like IRS, while the genus <i>Limimorpha</i> emerged as a biomarker for the meat yield. These findings highlight the importance of forage selection during late fattening to optimize beef production, considering diet and bacteriome shifts.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142504144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-Regulation Mechanism of Host p53 and Fos in Transcriptional Activation of ILTV Immediate-Early Gene <i>ICP4</i>.","authors":"Zheyi Liu, Xuefeng Li, Lu Cui, Shufeng Feng, Zongxi Han, Yu Zhang, Shengwang Liu, Hai Li","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12102069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) exhibits a cascade expression pattern of encoded genes, and <i>ICP4</i> is the only immediate-early gene of ILTV, which plays a crucial role in initiating the subsequent viral genes. Therefore, studying the transcriptional regulation mechanism of <i>ICP4</i> holds promise for effectively blocking ILTV infection and spread. Host transcriptional factors p53 and Fos are proven to regulate a variety of viral infections, and our previous studies have demonstrated their synergistic effects in regulating ILTV infection. In this study, we constructed eukaryotic expression vectors for p53 and Fos as well as their specific siRNAs and transfected them into a chicken hepatoma cell line. The results showed that knocking down p53 or Fos significantly inhibited <i>ICP4</i> transcription, while overexpressing p53 or Fos had an opposite effect. A further CoIP and ChIP-qPCR assay suggested p53 and Fos physically interacted with each other, and jointly bound to the upstream transcriptional regulatory region of <i>ICP4</i>. To elucidate the specific mechanisms of p53 and Fos in regulating <i>ICP4</i> transcription, we designed p53 and Fos protein mutants by mutating their DNA binding domains, which significantly reduced their binding ability to DNA without affecting their interaction. The results showed that Fos directly bound to the promoter region of <i>ICP4</i> as a binding target of p53, and the p53-Fos protein complex acted as a transcriptional co-regulator of I<i>CP4</i>. Studying the transcriptional process and regulatory pattern of <i>ICP4</i> is of great significance for understanding the molecular mechanism of ILTV infection, and thus for finding effective methods to control and prevent it.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510328/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142504105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of PCV13 and PPSV23 Vaccination on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Adults with Treated Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Population-Based Study.","authors":"Carlos A Alvarez, Ronald G Hall, Suzy Lin, Aaron R Perkins, Eric M Mortensen","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12102073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>On-time receipt of pneumococcal vaccines is essential in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as immunosuppressive medications increase their risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). However, data regarding the impact of timely administration of these vaccines on the risk of developing IPD are lacking for RA patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess the impact of on-time vaccination for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) 13 and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) 23 in patients treated for RA on the development of IPD using national Veterans Affairs data from 2010 to 2018. Patients > 18 years of age, diagnosed with RA, and newly initiated on RA treatment were included. Pneumococcal vaccine compliance was assessed by measuring on-time receipt of PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccinations. A total of 33,545 patients were included in the cohort. Non-compliance with PCV recommendations was associated with an increased risk of IPD in a multivariable logistic regression model. This finding was consistent whether IPD status was ascertained by International Classification of Diseases coding (OR 2.42, 95%CI 2.14-2.73) or microbiologic data (OR 1.64, 95%CI 1.26-2.14). Providers should actively seek opportunities to provide pneumococcal vaccinations to patients with RA, as their on-time administration is associated with a decreased risk of IPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142516546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Fecal Microbiota Between Adolescents with Early-Onset Psychosis and Adults with Schizophrenia.","authors":"Lucero Nuncio-Mora, Humberto Nicolini, Nuria Lanzagorta, Cynthia García-Jaimes, Fernanda Sosa-Hernández, Vanessa González-Covarrubias, Héctor Cabello-Rangel, Emmanuel Sarmiento, David C Glahn, Alma Genis-Mendoza","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12102071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies of the composition of the gut microbiome have consistently shown that psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia are associated with gut dysbiosis. However, research focusing on adolescents with early-onset psychosis remains limited. This study aimed to characterize the microbial communities and their potential metabolic functions in these populations. We identified that genera <i>Desulfovibrionaceae_Incertae_Sedis</i>, <i>Paraprevotella</i>, and several genera from the Oscillospiraceae family were significantly more abundant in patients with schizophrenia compared to non-psychotic individuals, while <i>Dorea</i> showed decreased levels in schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, patients with early-onset psychosis demonstrated a significant reduction in <i>Staphylococcus</i> abundance. Additionally, we observed an increase in <i>Prevotellaceae Leyella</i> and <i>Prevotellaceae Incertae Sedis</i> in patients receiving atypical antipsychotic treatment, along with a rise in the genus <i>Weissella</i> among those treated with sertraline. Conversely, patients on valproate treatment exhibited decreased levels of <i>Desulfovibrionaceae Incertae Sedis</i>, while showing increased levels of <i>Kandleria</i> and <i>Howardella</i>. Functional prediction analysis using PICRUSt2 revealed significant differences in the expression of key enzymes associated with fatty acid metabolism. Gene orthology analysis identified 10 differentially expressed genes in the early-onset psychosis and schizophrenia groups. Our findings underscore the importance of considering dietary factors, pharmacological treatments, and microbial composition in understanding the gut-brain axis in psychiatric disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510430/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142504102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure and Function of Soil Bacterial Communities in the Different Wetland Types of the Liaohe Estuary Wetland.","authors":"Yunlong Zheng, Fangli Su, Haifu Li, Fei Song, Chao Wei, Panpan Cui","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12102075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil bacterial communities play a crucial role in the functioning of estuarine wetlands. Investigating the structure and function of these communities across various wetland types, along with the key factors influencing them, is essential for understanding the relationship between bacteria and wetland ecosystems. The Liaohe Estuary Wetland formed this study's research area, and soil samples from four distinct wetland types were utilized: suaeda wetlands, reed wetlands, pond returning wetlands, and tidal flat wetlands. The structure and function of the soil bacterial communities were examined using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology in conjunction with the PICRUSt analysis method. The results indicate that different wetland types significantly affect the physical and chemical properties of soil, as well as the structure and function of bacterial communities. The abundance and diversity of soil bacterial communities were highest in the suaeda wetland and lowest in the tidal flat wetland. The dominant bacterial phyla identified were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota. Furthermore, the dominant bacterial genera identified included <i>RSA9</i>, <i>SZUA_442</i>, and <i>SP4260</i>. The primary functional pathways associated with the bacterial communities involved the biosynthesis of valine, leucine, and isoleucine, as well as lipoic acid metabolism, which are crucial for the carbon and nitrogen cycles. This study enhances our understanding of the mutual feedback between river estuary wetland ecosystems and environmental changes, providing a theoretical foundation for the protection and management of wetlands.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11509890/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142504226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legionella in Primary School Hot Water Systems from Two Municipalities in the Danish Capital Region.","authors":"Niss Skov Nielsen, Peter Fojan, Rasmus Lund Jensen, Haseebullah Wahedi, Alireza Afshari","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12102074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Legionella contamination in public water systems poses significant health risks, particularly in schools where vulnerable populations, including children, regularly use these facilities. This study investigates the presence of Legionella in the hot water systems from 49 primary schools across two municipalities in the Danish capital region. Water samples were collected from taps in each school, and both first-flush and stabile temperature samples were analysed for Legionella contents. The findings revealed that 97% of schools in Municipality 1 and 100% in Municipality 2 had Legionella in their hot water systems. The content of Legionella colonies was significantly higher in schools in Municipality 1, which was probably because of overall lower water temperatures. At stabile temperatures, 76% and 50% of the schools in the two municipalities exceeded the European Union's recommended limit of 1000 CFU/L. Stabile peripheral water temperatures were achieved after 3 min. Tap water temperatures above 54 °C and central tank temperatures above 59 °C were associated with Legionella contents below 1000 CFU/L. This study highlights the need for more stringent Legionella control procedures in schools, including higher water temperatures and refining Legionella reducing interventions with the addition of regular flow and draining procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142504161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}