Microorganisms最新文献

{"title":"Increased Expression of AbcA Efflux Pump Accelerated Resistance Development from Tolerance to Resistance Against Oxacillin in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>.","authors":"Xiaohui Yu, Miaomiao Liu, Pilong Liu, Zehua Hao, Lili Zhao, Xin Zhao","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13051140","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13051140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial tolerance, especially in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>), may arise under intermittent antibiotic regimens and act as a stepping stone toward resistance development. However, the transition from tolerance to resistance and its contributing factors remain poorly understood. This study explores the role of the efflux pump gene <i>abcA</i> in this process. <i>abcA</i> mutants (overexpression, knockout, and complementation) were constructed via homologous recombination. These strains were subjected to 21 cycles of intermittent exposure to oxacillin at 20× MIC, and the resistance evolution was monitored. Spontaneous mutation frequencies and survival abilities in these mutants were also measured to determine their involvement in resistance development. The <i>abcA</i> overexpression mutant exhibited a faster development of resistance compared to the wildtype strain. Conversely, the <i>abcA</i> knockout mutant maintained susceptibility to oxacillin, with no significant changes in the relative MIC. Increased mutation frequency and enhanced survival were observed in the overexpression strain, whereas both were reduced in the knockout. <i>abcA</i> overexpression significantly accelerated the development of oxacillin resistance in <i>S. aureus</i> by promoting spontaneous mutations and bacterial survival. Disrupting <i>abcA</i> may offer a novel strategy to prevent the evolution of antibiotic resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113836/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Temporal Trends of Mortality Due to Tuberculosis in Brazil: Tracing the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic's Effect Through a Bayesian Approach and Unmasking Disparities.","authors":"Reginaldo Bazon Vaz Tavares, Dulce Gomes, Thaís Zamboni Berra, Yan Mathias Alves, Antônio Carlos Vieira Ramos, Marcela Antunes Paschoal Popolin, André da Silva Abade, Nathalia Zini, Ariela Fehr Tártaro, Josilene Dália Alves, Fernanda Bruzadelli Paulino da Costa, Maria Eduarda Pagano Pelodan, Beatriz Fornaziero Vigato, Daniele de Moraes Pinheiro, Juliana Queiroz Rocha de Paiva, Clara Ferreira de Souza, Ricardo Alexandre Arcêncio","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13051145","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13051145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted tuberculosis (TB) control, increasing mortality and potentially worsening disparities. This study aimed to analyze the temporal trends of TB mortality in Brazil and to trace the COVID-19 pandemic's effect using a Bayesian approach, focusing on nationwide data. An ecological study of TB deaths recorded in the Mortality Information System (SIM) from 2012 to 2022 was conducted. Trends and percentage changes in the mortality were estimated. A Bayesian Structural Time Series model combined with an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model was used to assess the pandemic's effect on TB. A total of 51,809 TB deaths were identified, with a mortality rate of 2.27 per 100,000. Higher rates were found among the elderly (6.86), indigenous populations (5.58), and black individuals (4.21). The Bayesian model estimated a 9.9% (CI 8.8-11%) increase in TB mortality due to COVID-19. The Midwest region showed the highest increase (30%, 25-35%). Females experienced a greater post-pandemic monthly increase (2.80%) in mortality than males (0.72%). The Bayesian analysis revealed a significant rise in TB mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic, with notable disparities affecting females, the elderly, the indigenous, and the black populations. These findings highlight the pandemic's long-term impact on TB and stress the need for equity-focused, data-driven public health responses in Brazil.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114275/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the Language of Intestinal Microbiota Associated with Sepsis, Organ Failure, and Mortality in Patients with Alcohol-Related Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF): A Pioneer Study in Latin America.","authors":"Paula Alejandra Castaño-Jiménez, Tonatiuh Abimael Baltazar-Díaz, Luz Alicia González-Hernández, Roxana García-Salcido, Ksenia Klimov-Kravtchenko, Jaime F Andrade-Villanueva, Kevin Javier Arellano-Arteaga, Mayra Paola Padilla-Sánchez, Susana Del Toro-Arreola, Miriam Ruth Bueno-Topete","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13051138","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13051138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ACLF is a severe stage of liver cirrhosis, characterized by multiple organ failure, systemic inflammation, and high short-term mortality. The intestinal microbiota (IM) influences its pathophysiology; however, there are currently no studies in Latin American populations. Therefore, we analyzed IM and its relationships with sepsis, organ failure, and mortality. In parallel, we quantified serum lipopolysaccharides as a marker of bacterial translocation. Fecal samples from 33 patients and 20 healthy controls (HCs) were obtained. The IMs were characterized by 16S-rRNA amplicon sequencing, the metagenomic functional predictive profiles were analyzed by PICRUSt2, and LPS quantification was performed by ELISA. Patients with ACLF showed significant alterations in alpha and beta diversity compared to the HCs. A strong dominance index accurately predicted 28-day and 90-day mortalities. The IMs showed a polarization toward Proteobacteria associated with increased LPS. The LPS correlated with clinical severity, organ dysfunction, and higher pathogenic taxa. The <i>Klebsiella/Faecalibacterium</i> ratio showed good performance in identifying sepsis (AUROC = 0.83). Furthermore, <i>Morganella</i>, <i>Proteus</i>, and <i>Klebsiella</i> were enriched in patients with multiorgan failure. <i>Lactobacillus</i>, <i>Escherichia</i>/<i>Shigella</i>, <i>Veillonella</i>, and <i>Ruminococcus gnavus</i> exhibited potential in predicting 28- and 90-day mortalities. The IM alterations in ACLF may be useful as clinical biomarkers of poor prognosis, primarily for mortality and sepsis. These findings are representative of western Mexico.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113797/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations of the Fine Structural Changes Associated with Merogony and Gametogony in <i>Eimeria necatrix</i> and Localization of Two Gametocyte Proteins.","authors":"Yu Zhu, Dandan Liu, Lele Wang, Qianqian Feng, Feiyan Wang, Nianyu Xue, Zhaofeng Hou, Jinjun Xu, Junjie Hu, Jianping Tao","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13051135","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13051135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coccidian parasites possess complex life cycles involving asexual proliferation followed by sexual development, producing oocysts that are transmitted from host to host through feces, guaranteeing disease transmission. <i>Eimeria necatrix</i> is a highly pathogenic coccidian causing high mortality in birds. This study examined ultrastructural changes occurring during the third merogony, microgametogenesis, and macrogametogenesis of <i>E. necatrix</i>. The third-generation meront contained eight merozoites, each with coccidian-specific features like conoid, rhoptries, micronemes, and dense granules. Microgametes had a nucleus, mitochondrion, two flagella, and a basal apparatus. Macrogametes surrounded by two membranes (M1 and M2), contained organelles like WFB1, WFB2, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and tubular structures. Oocyst wall formation began with M2 separating from M1 and forming a loose veil around the organism. The WFB1 fused together to form the outer layer of the oocyst wall between M1 and M2, while M4 formed beneath M1. The WFB2 fused with the M4 to discharge its contents external to M4, which fused together to form the inner layer of the oocyst wall. Immunogold electron microscopy co-localization result showed that EnGAM22 localized to WFB1 and the outer wall, while EnGAM59 localized to WFB2 and the inner wall, suggesting they are key structural components of the oocyst wall.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114335/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Genetic Diversity Among <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Isolates Contaminating Donated Milk at a Canadian Human Milk Bank.","authors":"Mathew Gene, Jennifer L Guthrie, Kevin Li, Sarah Teatero, Aimee Paterson, Angel Li, Alain Doyen, Deborah Yamamura, Sarah Khan, Jocelyn A Srigley, Debbie Stone, Deborah L O'Connor, Susan Poutanen, Sharon Unger, Allison McGeer, Nahuel Fittipaldi","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13051136","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13051136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Bacillus cereus</i> poses a persistent challenge for human milk banks (HMBs) due to its ability to survive Holder pasteurization (HoP; 62.5 °C for 30 min). To ensure neonatal safety, any milk found to be contaminated post-HoP must be discarded, which impacts milk supply and adds to the operational demands of HMBs. In this study, we analyzed 688 <i>B. cereus</i> isolates from human milk (pre- and post-HoP), as well as from patient and environmental sources, to investigate human milk contamination by <i>B. cereus</i> at a Canadian HMB. Despite the limited temporal and geographic scope of the collection, the isolates exhibited remarkable genomic diversity, comparable to global <i>B. cereus</i> collections. Phylogenetic analysis at the core genome level revealed no clear clustering by isolate source, suggesting multifactorial pathways of <i>B. cereus</i> contamination. Isolates surviving HoP displayed gene variants linked to sporulation and cell wall integrity, suggesting a potential basis for HoP tolerance. Our findings emphasize that while genomic analyses offer major valuable insights, they alone are insufficient to address the complexities of <i>B. cereus</i> contamination in HMBs. Addressing this challenge will require combining genomic tools with robust monitoring systems, improved human milk-handling protocols, and pasteurization strategies better-suited to countering <i>B. cereus</i> resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114557/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Legionella</i> in Hot Water Heat Pump (HWHP) Systems.","authors":"Jodi Brookes, Helena Senior, Rebecca J Gosling, Duncan Smith, Margaret Wade","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13051134","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13051134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is anticipated that by 2028 there will be a significant increase in the use of HWHP systems in Great Britain (GB). Such systems are considered a better, energy-efficient alternative to fossil fuel-based burners and furnaces, as they use electricity. There are concerns that these systems are susceptible to microbial contamination because they hold water at lower temperatures. In particular, the concern is regarding <i>Legionella</i> contamination, as it can potentially cause disease in the general public and those who are maintaining and replacing these systems. Therefore, this review was focused on understanding the potential risk posed by their increased use and maintenance requirements. This review was approached systematically but was not a full systematic review. There were 61 papers that were considered potentially relevant to the research questions. Of these, 40 papers were considered relevant to the topic of <i>Legionella</i> in HWHP and underwent full article assessment and data extraction. The remaining papers were considered useful for background information. The scope of this review established that <i>Legionella</i> are a known risk in hot water systems that can be carried over to HWHP systems, yet there is minimal evidence to suggest that the current control measures are being appropriately applied to reduce the risk of exposure. When considering countrywide legislation and guidance, it appears that the risk is considered lower in single- or multi-family homes that do not require a centralised system. This review included the assessment of information regarding the safety of working with HWHP systems with regards to maintenance and replacement. The authors found a lack of information regarding these safety concerns. This review is among the first to systematically evaluate the risks of <i>Legionella</i> contamination in HWHP systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Short-Term Straw Return and Manure Fertilization on Soil Microorganisms and Soybean Yield in Parent Material of Degraded Black Soil in Northeast China.","authors":"Jiahua Ding, Zhao Li, Jiali Wu, Dalong Ma, Qiang Chen, Jianye Li","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13051137","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13051137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil erosion has caused the loss of black soil and exposed the soil parent material in the cultivated layer of sloping farmland in Northeast China. Straw return (STR) and manure fertilization (MF) are critical measures to improve soil quality and crop yield. However, the effect of STR and MF on the soil properties of the parent material remains unclear. We conducted a 1-year pot experiment in the field using the soil parent material of degraded black soil to evaluate the effects of STR and MF on soil nutrients, microbial community, and soybean yield. We analyzed these effects using two treatments (STR and MF) in three soybean growth stages (seedling, flowering, and maturity) and a control group (CK). The MF treatment had higher α and β diversity of soil microbial than the CK during all soybean growth stages. Similarly, STR had higher soil microbial α diversity at the maturity stage and lower diversity at the seedling stage. Co-occurrence network analysis suggested that STR and MF increased the proportion of positively correlated edges in soil bacterial and fungal networks compared to the CK. Notably, the treatments enriched beneficial taxa, such as <i>Schizothecium</i> (fungi) and <i>Massilia</i> (bacteria), which are associated with organic matter decomposition and nitrogen cycling. STR and MF significantly improved soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and carbon-nitrogen ratio (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that STR and MF directly increased soybean yield. This effect was primarily mediated by the significantly higher soil organic matter, total carbon, total nitrogen, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in the treatments than in the CK (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In summary, STR and MF improved soil fertility and soil microbial community diversity of degraded black soil. This study provides scientific methods to improve the fertility of degraded black soil and increase soybean production in the short term.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113669/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut Microbiota and Lipid Metabolism in Bullfrog Tadpoles: A Comparative Study Across Nutritional Stages.","authors":"Zhilong Wang, Pengxiang Liu, Jun Xie, Huirong Yang, Guangjun Wang, Kai Zhang, Rui Shu, Zhifei Li, Jingjing Tian, Hongyan Li, Wenping Xie, Wangbao Gong, Yun Xia","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13051132","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13051132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our study investigated the growth-related metabolic changes and microbial community dynamics during the early feeding stage of bullfrog (<i>Lithobates catesbeiana</i>) tadpoles. In this research, we examined the changes in fat accumulation patterns, as well as the levels of biochemical and enzymatic indicators and genes mRNA expression related to lipid metabolism across the endogenous, mixed, and exogenous nutritional stages of bullfrog tadpoles from a single mating pair. Simultaneously, we characterized the community structures of intestines, excreta, and water bodies during these stages using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. Our findings reveal that fat accumulation in tadpole tissues gradually increases with the onset of feeding. Levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acid, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol show a significant increase in exogenous nutritional stages. The mRNA levels of lipid synthesis-related genes and lipid degradation-related genes increased gradually with the changes of nutritional stage. Significant differences were observed in microbial community characteristics among intestines, excreta, and water bodies across nutritional stages. Specifically, gut microbiota exhibited a lower similarity to water body microbiota but a higher similarity to excreta microbiota. Notably, the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota, and the genus <i>Cetobacterium</i> within the gut microbiota, increased with nutritional changes. A Spearman correlation analysis highlighted a significant correlation between gut microbiota composition and lipid metabolism markers, particularly a strong positive association between <i>Cetobacterium</i> and lipid-related parameters. These insights provide a theoretical foundation for nutritional interventions aimed at enhancing tadpole growth and survival rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Push-Pull Strategy to Enhance Biomass and Lipid Production in <i>Nannochloropsis oculata</i>.","authors":"Roxana Guadalupe Tamayo-Castañeda, Gloria Viviana Cerrillo-Rojas, Teodoro Ibarra-Pérez, Christophe Ndjatchi, Hans Christian Correa-Aguado","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13051131","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13051131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The high demand for sustainable biodiesel feedstocks has led to the exploration of innovative strategies to enhance lipid productivity in microalgae. This study introduces a push-pull strategy to optimize lipid accumulation in <i>Nannochloropsis oculata</i>. The benzyl amino purine (BAP) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) stimulation, acting as the 'push' component, significantly boost growth and nutrient stress tolerance. Meanwhile, the 'pull' component, nitrogen (N) deficiency, triggers lipid biosynthesis. A Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the factors named BAP fraction (0-1), total phytohormone (PH) BAP/NAA mix dose (0-20 ppm), and N-concentration (0-50%). The combined BAP/NAA treatment significantly increased biomass (15% higher than the control) and mitigated N-stress with higher doses (20 ppm). Lipid yield surged from 12.4% to 38.87% under optimized conditions (23.25% N, 39.5 ppm NAA, and BAP fraction 0). The push-pull strategy contributed to boosting lipid synthesis and balancing biomass production. N-limitation and total PH dosage were the determining factors in this strategy. This work demonstrates the potential of the push-pull strategy in increasing lipid accumulation, offering a promising and optimistic solution for biodiesel production at scale from microalgae. By reducing dependence on fossil fuels, <i>N. oculata</i> emerges as a reliable feedstock for oil extraction and biodiesel.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114038/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Challenges in <i>Yersinia</i> Diagnosis and Treatment.","authors":"Bogna Grygiel-Górniak","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13051133","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13051133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Yersinia</i> bacteria (<i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i>, <i>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</i>) are commonly found in nature in all climatic zones and are isolated from food (mainly raw pork, unpasteurized milk, or contaminated water), soil, and surface water, rarely from contaminated blood. <i>Yersinia</i> infection occurs through sick or asymptomatic carriers and contact with the feces of infected animals. The invasion of specific bacterial serotypes into the host cell is based on the type 3 secretion system (T3SS), which directly introduces many effector proteins (<i>Yersinia</i> outer proteins-Yops) into the host cell. The course of yersiniosis can be acute or chronic, with the predominant symptoms of acute enteritis (rarely pseudo-appendicitis or septicemia develops). Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of yersiniosis is difficult. The infection requires confirmation by isolating <i>Yersinia</i> bacteria from feces or other biological materials, including lymph nodes, synovial fluid, urine, bile, or blood. The detection of antibodies in blood serum or synovial fluid is useful in the diagnostic process. The treatment of yersiniosis is mainly symptomatic. Uncomplicated infections (diarrhea and abdominal pain) usually do not require antibiotic therapy, which is indicated in severe cases. Surgical intervention is undertaken in the situations of intestinal necrosis. Given the diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties, this review discusses the prevalence of <i>Y. enterocolitica</i> and <i>Y. pseudotuberculosis</i>, their mechanisms of disease induction (virulence factors and host response), clinical manifestations, diagnostic and preventive methods, and treatment strategies in the context of current knowledge and available recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114158/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}