Microorganisms最新文献

{"title":"The Daunomycin: Biosynthesis, Actions, and the Search for New Solutions to Enhance Production.","authors":"Baveesh Pudhuvai, Karel Beneš, Vladislav Čurn, Andrea Bohata, Jana Lencova, Radka Vrzalova, Jan Barta, Vladimir Matha","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Daunorubicin (DNR) is an anthracycline antibiotic originating from soil-dwelling actinobacteria extensively used to treat malignant tumors. Over the decades, extensive attempts were made to enhance the production of anthracyclines by introducing genetic modifications and mutations in combination with media optimization, but the target production levels remain comparatively low. Developing an appropriate culture medium to maximize the yield of DNR and preventing autotoxicity for the producing organism remains a challenge. Our prospective review sheds light on a method involving perturbation that enhances the precursors to regulate the type II PKS pathway, enhancing cells' capacity to increase secondary metabolite production. The suggested method also entails the preparation of culture media for the cultivation of <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. and enhanced yield of DNR, as well as making it inactive with iron or its reduced forms following efflux from the producer. The iron or iron-DNR complex is encapsulated by oleic acid or lipid micelle layers in the culture media, finally resulting in the generated inactive DNR and the DNR-iron-oil complex. This idea has the potential to protect the producer organism from autotoxicity and prevent the inhibition of metabolite production. The approach of substituting sugar with oil in culture media has a dual role wherein it promotes <i>Streptomyces</i> growth by utilizing lipids as an energy source and encapsulating the generated DNR-iron complex in the medium. In this review, we discussed aspects like anthracycline producers, biosynthesis pathways, and gene regulation; side effects of DNR; mechanisms for autotoxicity evasion; and culture media components for the enhancement of DNR production in <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. We anticipate that our work will help researchers working with secondary metabolites production and decipher a methodology that would enhance DNR yield and facilitate the extraction of the resulting DNR by lowering costs in large-scale fermentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11676270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142951740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility and Technological Properties of <i>Leuconostoc citreum</i> for Selecting Starter Candidates.","authors":"Sumin Lee, Sojeong Heo, Gawon Lee, Yura Moon, Minkyeong Kim, Mi-Sun Kwak, Do-Won Jeong","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotic susceptibilities, hemolytic activities, and technological properties of 46 <i>Leuconostoc citreum</i> isolates from kimchi were evaluated to select starter candidates. All strains were susceptible to clindamycin and erythromycin, while some exhibited resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline; all were resistant to kanamycin based on the EFSA breakpoint values for <i>Leuconostoc</i> species. PCR analysis did not detect resistance genes for these six antibiotics in any strain. None of the strains demonstrated clear α- or β-hemolytic activity. All strains thrived in a medium supplemented with 6% NaCl, displaying protease activity and acid in media containing 6% and 3% NaCl, respectively. Consequently, five strains, AK5T17, AK5T19, AK10M04, DMLC16, and YK10T20, were identified as starter candidates, with <i>L. citreum</i> strain DMLC16 emerging as the top choice due to its elevated protease and acid production capacities. These findings support the safe application of <i>L. citreum</i> strain DMLC16 as a starter candidate in fermented food production.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11679923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142951513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Genomics and Biosynthetic Cluster Analysis of Antifungal Secondary Metabolites of Three Strains of <i>Streptomyces albidoflavus</i> Isolated from Rhizospheric Soils.","authors":"Adilene Gonzalez-Silva, Magali San Juan-Mendo, Gustavo Delgado-Prudencio, Juan Alfredo Hernández-García, Violeta Larios-Serrato, César Aguilar, Lourdes Villa-Tanaca, César Hernández-Rodríguez","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Streptomyces</i> is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria with high GC content. It remains attractive for studying and discovering new antibiotics, antifungals, and chemotherapeutics. <i>Streptomyces</i> genomes can contain more than 30 cryptic and expressed biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) encoding secondary metabolites. In this study, three <i>Streptomyces</i> strains isolated from jungle rhizospheric soil exhibited supernatants that can inhibit sensitive and fluconazole-resistant <i>Candida</i> spp. The genomes of the strains <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. A1, J25, J29 ori2 were sequenced, assembled de novo, and analyzed. The genome assemblies revealed that the size of the genomes was 6.9 Mb, with linear topology and 73.5% GC. A phylogenomic approach identified the strains with high similitudes between 98.5 and 98.7% with <i>Streptomyces albidoflavus</i> SM254 and R-53649 strains, respectively. Pangenomic analysis of eight genomes of <i>S. albidoflavus</i> strains deposited in the Genomes database recognized 4707 core protein orthogroups and 745 abundant accessory and exclusive protein orthogroups, suggesting an open pangenome in this species. The antiSMASH software detected candicidin and surugamide BGC-encoding polyene and octapeptide antifungal secondary metabolites in other <i>S. albidoflavus</i>. CORASON software was used to compare the synteny, and the abundance of genes harbored in the clusters was used. In conclusion, although the three strains belong to the same species, each possesses a distinct genome, as evidenced by the different phenotypes, including antifungal and extracellular enzymatic activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11678301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142951663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Catalytic Models to Interpret Age-Stratified Lyme Borreliosis Seroprevalence Data: Can This Approach Help Provide Insight into the Full Extent of Human Infection Occurring at the Population Level?","authors":"Andrew Vyse, Emily Colby","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis (LB) is prone to under ascertainment with the true extent of infection unknown. Cross sectional age-stratified population-based serological survey data may provide insight into this issue. Using data from a previously published Dutch seroprevalence study, we describe the application of catalytic models to make estimates of the annual extent of LB infection. A common assumption when using catalytic models is that IgG is protective and immunity is lifelong. However, human IgG produced in response to natural LB infection does not protect against subsequent infection and its duration may be limited. Individuals were thus assumed to be continually susceptible to LB infection, with a range of scenarios used that varied the length of time that IgG may remain detectable, from 5 years post-infection to lifelong. The possibility that IgG may remain detectable for longer in adults than in children was also explored. Estimates for the annual number of LB infections occurring in the Dutch population ranged from 163,265 (95%CI 130,150-201,723) when assuming IgG remains detectable for only 5 years post-infection to 26,209 (95%CI 17,159-36,557) when assuming IgG is lifelong.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11678136/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142951726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in the Microbial Composition and Function of the <i>Arundo donax</i> Rhizosphere Under Different Cultivation Conditions.","authors":"Fan Yang, Miaomiao Liu, Xin Wang, Yuting Hong, Qiuju Yao, Xiaoke Chang, Gongyao Shi, Weiwei Chen, Baoming Tian, Abeer Hegazy","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122642","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rhizosphere microorganisms play an important role in the health and development of root systems. Investigating the microbial composition of the rhizosphere is central to understanding the inter-root microbial function of <i>Arundo donax</i> under various cultivation conditions. To complement the metagenomic study of the <i>Arundo donax</i> rhizosphere, here, an amplicon-based metagenomic survey of bacteria and fungi was selected as a practical approach to analyzing the abundance, diversity index, and community structure of rhizosphere bacteria and fungi, as well as to study the effects of different cultivation methods on rhizosphere microbial diversity. Next-generation sequencing and QIIME2 analysis were used. The results indicated that microbial community richness, diversity, and evenness of the hydroponic samples were lower than those of soil samples when examining the α diversity indices of bacteria and fungi using Chao1, ACE, and Shannon metrics. In particular, the relative abundances of <i>Proteobacteria</i>, <i>Rhizobiales</i>, and <i>Incertae sedis</i> in hydroponic materials were higher, while <i>Basidiomycota</i>, <i>Ascomycota</i>, and <i>Actinobacteriota</i> dominated the flora in soil materials when comparing the numbers of OTUs and the ACE community richness estimator. Furthermore, the rhizosphere of hydroponic <i>A. donax</i> contained a higher abundance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria, which contribute to root formation. Additionally, there was a significant presence of <i>Basidiomycota</i>, <i>Ascomycota</i>, and <i>Actinobacteriota</i> in soil <i>A. donax</i>, which can form hyphae. This reveals that the microbial community composition of the <i>A. donax</i> rhizosphere is significantly different under various cultivation conditions, suggesting that employing two distinct culturing techniques for <i>Arundo donax</i> may alter the microbiome. Furthermore, it provides technical support for the synergistic interaction between <i>Arundo donax</i> and rhizosphere microorganisms so as to better use the relationship between <i>Arundo donax</i> and basic microorganisms to solve the problems of <i>Arundo donax</i> growth and ecological restoration.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity and Composition of the Airborne Fungal Community in Mexico City with a Metagenomic Approach.","authors":"Carolina Brunner-Mendoza, María Del Carmen Calderón-Ezquerro, César Guerrero-Guerra, Alejandro Sanchez-Flores, Ilse Salinas-Peralta, Conchita Toriello","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Airborne fungi are widely distributed in the environment and originate from various sources like soil, plants, decaying organic matter, and even indoor environments. Exposure to airborne fungal spores can cause allergic reactions, asthma, and respiratory infections. Certain fungi can cause serious infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. An aerobiological study was conducted to detect airborne fungi using metagenomics in three areas of Mexico City, each representing different degrees of urbanization, during the dry and rainy seasons of 2017. Seasonality showed a significant role in the composition of airborne fungi. Ascomycota predominated in the three areas sampled during dry and rainy seasons, with the genera <i>Cladosporium</i> and <i>Penicillium</i> presenting the highest relative abundances across seasons. The Agaromycetes showed an increase during the rainy season. Regarding the areas, the north and center sites showed similar meteorological conditions and fungal community composition patterns. According to the Shannon and Simpson indices, the south area showed a greater species diversity during the dry season. These insights into the interactions between urbanization, seasonality, and airborne microbial communities could contribute to more effective urban management, reduced health risks, and the promotion of sustainable development.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11678110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142951669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and Molecular Insights of a Chromium-Reducing Bacterium <i>Bacillus tropicus</i>.","authors":"Shanjana Rahman Tuli, Md Firoz Ali, Tabassum Binte Jamal, Md Abu Sayem Khan, Nigar Fatima, Irfan Ahmed, Masuma Khatun, Shamima Akhtar Sharmin","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental pollution from metal toxicity is a widespread concern. Certain bacteria hold promise for bioremediation via the conversion of toxic chromium compounds into less harmful forms, promoting environmental cleanup. In this study, we report the isolation and detailed characterization of a highly chromium-tolerant bacterium, <i>Bacillus tropicus</i> CRB14. The isolate is capable of growing on 5000 mg/L Cr (VI) in an LB (Luria Bertani) agar plate while on 900 mg/L Cr (VI) in LB broth. It shows an 86.57% reduction ability in 96 h of culture. It can also tolerate high levels of As, Cd, Co, Fe, Zn, and Pb. The isolate also shows plant growth-promoting potential as demonstrated by a significant activity of nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, IAA (indole acetic acid), and siderophore production. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the isolate lacks Cr resistance genes in their plasmids and are located on its chromosome. The presence of the <i>chrA</i> gene points towards Cr(VI) transport, while the absence of <i>ycnD</i> suggests alternative reduction pathways. The genome harbors features like genomic islands and CRISPR-Cas systems, potentially aiding adaptation and defense. Analysis suggests robust metabolic pathways, potentially involved in Cr detoxification. Notably, genes for siderophore and NRP-metallophore production were identified. Whole-genome sequencing data also provides the basis for molecular validation of various genes. Findings from this study highlight the potential application of <i>Bacillus tropicus</i> CRB14 for bioremediation while plant growth promotion can be utilized as an added benefit.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11676387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142951550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of <i>Streptomyces sirii</i> sp. nov., Amicetin-Producing Actinobacteria Isolated from Bamboo Rhizospheric Soil.","authors":"Yuliya V Zakalyukina, Vera A Alferova, Arina A Nikandrova, Albina R Kiriy, Alisa P Chernyshova, Marsel R Kabilov, Olga A Baturina, Mikhail V Biryukov, Petr V Sergiev, Dmitrii A Lukianov","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122628","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In our large-scale search for antimicrobial-producing bacteria, we isolated an actinomycete strain from rhizospheric soil of <i>Bambusa vulgaris</i>. The strain designated BP-8 showed noticeable antibacterial activity. BP-8 was subjected to a whole-genome analysis via a polyphasic taxonomy approach, and its antibacterial metabolite was identified by HRLS-MS. The results of the physiological and morphological analyses indicated that BP-8 is an aerobic, neutrophilic, mesophilic organism that is tolerant to 8% NaCl and can use a wide range of carbohydrates. It forms curly sporophores with a warty surface. The results of the phylogenetic and average nucleotide identity analyses and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization calculation indicated that BP-8 represents the type strain of a novel <i>Streptomyces</i> species. A comparative in silico analysis of the genome sequences of BP-8 and its closest related strains revealed the presence of genes encoding chemotaxonomic markers characteristic of <i>Streptomyces</i>. The antibacterial compound was identified as amicetin. Genomic mining also revealed more than 10 biosynthetic gene clusters that have not been described previously and may lead to the discovery of new valuable compounds. On the basis of these results, strain BP-8^T (=VKM Ac-3066^T = CCTCC AA 2024094^T) is proposed as the type strain of the novel species <i>Streptomyces sirii</i> sp. nov.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11677201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142951546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of Viable <i>Salmonella</i> by Propidium Monoazide Real-Time PCR After Long-Term Storage of Peanut Products.","authors":"Aline M von Hertwig, André A Pereira, Dionisio Pedro Amorim Neto, Maristela S Nascimento","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, the performance of quantitative PCR, combined or not with propidium monoazide (PMA), to recover <i>Salmonella</i> from peanut products after different storage times was evaluated. The samples were inoculated with 5-6 log cfu g^-1 of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and stored at 28 °C for up to 540 d. The correlation between the threshold cycle number (Ct) and the colony-forming units (cfu) was obtained by a standard curve, which showed a linear correlation (R² = 0.97). The highest counts were recovered by qPCR (<i>p</i> < 0.05); however, it quantified both viable and non-viable cells. For roasted peanuts, a significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.05) between qPCR-PMA and the culture method was verified only for samples stored for 30 d, i.e., 2.8 versus 4.0 log cfu g^-1. Further, there was no VBNC status in the roasted peanuts, even after long-term exposure to desiccation stress. For peanut-based products, after 540 d, only <i>paçoca</i> showed a significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.05) among the three methods evaluated. In peanut brittle, qPCR-PMA detected 1.5 log cfu g^-1, while, in the culture method, <i>Salmonella</i> was recovered in 1 g. The pathogen was below the detection limit in <i>pé-de-moça</i> either by plate count or qPCR-PMA. Therefore, qPCR-PMA shows potential for use in quantifying <i>Salmonella</i> in peanut products.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11679600/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142951703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons Learned from COVID-19 Pandemic in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance-Experience of Hong Kong, China.","authors":"Edmond Siu-Keung Ma, Shuk-Ching Wong, Vincent Chi-Chung Cheng, Hong Chen, Peng Wu","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The world has gone through the COVID-19 pandemic and has now returned to normalcy. We reviewed the strategies and public health actions conducted in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic, and reflected on the lessons learned, which are potentially useful in the fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We recommended extending wastewater surveillance for AMR, apart from SARS-CoV2. We suggested exploring the use of rapid tests in outpatients to aid clinical diagnosis and reduce antibiotic use for viral infections. Stringent infection control measures are crucial to prevent nosocomial transmission of resistant microorganisms, such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci and carbapenemase-producing <i>Enterobacterales</i> in hospitals and in elderly homes. Taking COVID-19 experiences as a reference, transparent data, the prompt dissemination of information, and strategic risk communication should be adopted to maintain sustained behavioral changes in AMR. We also encouraged the adoption of information technology, artificial intelligence, and machine learning in antimicrobial stewardship programs. We also discussed the potential merits and limitations of these strategies. The lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic may provide insights into the long battle against AMR.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11678779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142951604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}