Microorganisms最新文献

{"title":"Posttranscriptional 3'-Terminal Modifications of <i>Escherichia coli</i> RNA Fragments Evolved for Diversity Boosting.","authors":"Nikita M Kamoldinov, Valery V Panyukov, Nikolay P Kolzhetsov, Natalia Y Markelova, Konstantin S Shavkunov, Uliana S Shvyreva, Olga V Alikina, Olga A Glazunova, Iuliia A Praslova, Olga N Ozoline","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092189","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An emerging area of microbial biology focuses on oligonucleotides excised from functional RNAs and subsequently fulfilling an independent cellular role. Some of these products are subjected to modifications that may expand their functional inventory. Here, we applied a differential analysis of intra- and extracellular RNA fragments produced by wild-type <i>Escherichia coli</i> and its <i>dps</i>-null mutant and discovered leucine tRNA fragments with random 3'-terminal extensions among oligonucleotides with Dps-dependent secretion. We observed an exclusive intracellular enrichment of modified LeuT(VPQ) tRNA fragments compared to secretomes, with abundance level dependent on growth medium and the presence of competing bacteria. To assess the pervasiveness of this phenomenon, we developed a custom computational pipeline for detecting variable RNA termini in RNA-seq data. Beyond LeuT(VPQ) tRNA fragments, several other genomic loci yielded oligos with highly heterogeneous ends, indicating that terminal elongation, most prevalent in LeuT(VPQ), is not exclusive to these fragments. Ex vivo testing using synthetic LeuT(VPQ) analogs revealed their stimulatory effect on the persistence of multiple taxa in an artificial microbiome, which was attenuated by 3'-end elongation. We propose that non-template extensions may serve to broaden the spectrum of target molecules for elimination of unused mRNAs by an interference-like mechanism or to generate sequences absent from the <i>E. coli</i> genome as part of a primitive defense system.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidation of Mechanism of Soil Degradation Caused by Continuous Cropping of <i>Dictyophora rubrovalvata</i> Using Metagenomic and Metabolomic Technologies.","authors":"Chengrui Lu, Guozheng Qian, Ludi Luo, Yunsong Peng, Hao Ren, Bo Yan, Yongyan Xu","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092186","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Dictyophora rubrovalvata</i> is a soil-cultivated edible fungus with high economic and medicinal value, yet its continuous cultivation is frequently hindered by cropping obstacles. To elucidate the underlying ecological mechanisms, this study employed metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics (UHPLC-OE-MS) to analyze the changes in soil microbial communities and metabolite profiles under different continuous cropping treatments (CC0: Uncultivated; CC1: one cropping cycle; CC2: two cropping cycle; CC3: three cropping cycle.). Continuous cropping significantly decreased soil pH from 7.94 to 7.52 and available phosphorus (AP) from 213.69 mg/kg to 15.7 mg/kg, while increasing available nitrogen (AN) from 284.5 mg/kg to 886.33 mg/kg. The Shannon index of fungal communities rose from 3.15 to 4.55. Notably, the relative abundance of the beneficial bacterium <i>Sphingomonas</i> declined from 15.63% to 1.12%, whereas the pathogenic fungus <i>Aspergillus</i> increased from 0.06% to 3.06%. A total of 1408 secondary metabolites were detected, with 39 significantly upregulated and 416 downregulated in CC3 compared to CC0. Several autotoxic compounds, including ferulic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and jasmonic acid, were enriched and positively correlated with pathogenic fungi. These results suggest that continuous cropping may reshape the soil microecosystem by promoting autotoxic metabolite accumulation and pathogenic Microbial enrichment, thereby contributing to soil degradation and cropping obstacles.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473074/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of NaCl and Glutamine on Biofilm Production from <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>.","authors":"Laura Maria De Plano, Antonella Iaconis, Salvatore Papasergi, Francesco Mediati, Daniele Caruso, Salvatore Pietro Paolo Guglielmino, Domenico Franco","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092198","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> is an opportunistic pathogen capable of forming antibiotic-resistant biofilms, contributing to persistent infections and treatment failure. Environmental factors such as osmolarity and nutrient availability are known to influence biofilm formation and virulence. In this study, we investigated the effects of NaCl depletion and glutamine supplementation on biofilm production in three <i>P. aeruginosa</i> strains: the laboratory strain ATCC 27853 and two clinical isolates with distinct antibiotic resistance profiles and phenazine production patterns (<i>P. aeruginosa</i> Pr, pyorubrin-producing, and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> Pc, pyocyanin-producing). Bacteria were cultured in standard Luria-Bertani (LB) medium, LB without NaCl, and LB in which yeast extract was replaced by glutamine. For each strain and condition, we assessed growth kinetics, phenazine production, and biofilm formation. Biofilm development was quantified via XTT assays and compared to secondary metabolite profiles. NaCl removal did not substantially affect growth, whereas glutamine supplementation reduced growth, especially in the laboratory strain. Both conditions modulated secondary metabolite production and biofilm formation in a strain-specific manner. In <i>P. aeruginosa</i> ATCC 27853, NaCl depletion significantly increased pyoverdine, pyocyanin, and QS gene expression, while biofilm formation showed significant differences only at 72 h; in contrast, glutamine supplementation affected only pyoverdine. A similar trend was observed in the clinical strain <i>P. aeruginosa</i> Pc, although NaCl depletion did not significantly impact pyoverdine production but already enhanced biofilm formation at 48 h. In <i>P. aeruginosa</i> Pr, only glutamine appeared to alter the considered parameters, increasing pyoverdine production while reducing pyocyanin and biofilm levels, although the absence of NaCl also negatively impacted biofilm formation. These findings highlight the impact of osmotic and nutritional signals on <i>P. aeruginosa</i> virulence traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Visceral Involvement in HIV-Associated Kaposi Sarcoma: A Three-Year Retrospective Cohort Study at a Tertiary Care Center in Mexico.","authors":"Emily Itzel Pecero-García, Juan Carlos Domínguez-Hermosillo, Yessica Sara Pérez-González, Juan Pablo Sánchez-Navarro, Mauricio Alfredo Ambriz-Alarcón, Natalia Jaime-Gómez, Sol Ramírez-Ochoa, Gabino Cervantes-Guevara, Berenice Vicente-Hernández, Francisco Javier Hernández-Mora, Enrique Cervantes-Pérez","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092187","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite advances in the understanding of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), research from resource-limited settings remains limited. This study aimed to estimate the proportion of epidemic visceral KS among Mexican people living with HIV (PLHIV) and to describe their clinical and biochemical characteristics. We included PLHIV with histopathologically confirmed KS who received care at the National Medical Center <i>La Raza</i> between March 2020 and February 2023. We calculated the prevalence of epidemic KS and epidemic visceral KS and analyzed clinical and biochemical variables potentially associated with visceral involvement. The prevalence of epidemic KS was 5.6%. Among these cases, 51.4% had visceral involvement, yielding an overall prevalence of 2.8%. Patients with epidemic visceral KS exhibited significantly higher rates of oral mucosal involvement and lower hemoglobin levels compared with those without visceral disease. These findings highlight the substantial burden of epidemic visceral KS in this population and should be confirmed in future studies with larger cohorts and robust designs aimed at identifying clinical and biochemical predictors of visceral involvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473085/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted Screening with the Use of Clinical Risk Factors for Detecting Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in Newborns: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study.","authors":"Soromon Kataoka, Masatoki Kaneko, Li Yang, Hajime Ota, Moeka Seki, Aya Kobamatsu, Daiki Nakayama, Yu Furuta, Fumie Tanuma, Yoshiyuki Fukushi, Shinichiro Wada, Keiji Haseyama, Hideto Yamada","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092197","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) is one of the most common congenital infections. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of targeted screening with the use of clinical risk factors for cCMV. A total of 3063 pregnant women and their 3139 newborns were enrolled. Six clinical findings consisting of maternal fever or flu-like symptoms during pregnancy (fever/flu-like symptoms), hospitalization for threatened miscarriage or preterm labor before 34 weeks of gestation, preterm delivery before 34 weeks of gestation, fetal ultrasound abnormalities, small for gestational age (SGA), and refer results of automated auditory brainstem response screening (AABR refer) were defined as cCMV risk factors before participant registration. All newborns underwent urine cytomegalovirus polymerase chain reaction tests within one week of birth. The predictive accuracy of these six risk factors was analyzed. Nine (0.29%) of the three thousand one hundred and thirty-nine newborns were diagnosed with cCMV, having at least one of the six risk factors. Logistic regression analysis identified fever/flu-like symptoms (odds ratio (OR), 7.5; 95% CI, 1.9-30.3), fetal ultrasound abnormalities (OR, 17.9; 95% CI, 4.4-72.8), SGA (OR, 6.8; 95% CI, 1.8-25.6), and AABR refer (OR, 75.5; 95% CI, 19.7-289) as significant risk factors. The predictive accuracy of the targeted screening for cCMV, when at least one of the six risk factors was present, yielded 100% sensitivity (95% CI, 55.5-100) and 70.7% specificity (95% CI, 69.1-72.3), with a Youden index of 0.707. When at least one of the four significant risk factors was present, 100% sensitivity (95% CI, 55.5-100) and 81.2% specificity (95% CI, 79.8-82.6) with the maximum Youden index of 0.812 were achieved. In conclusion, targeted screening with the use of clinical risk factors in mothers and their newborns could effectively identify cCMV.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472851/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogen Identification, Antagonistic Microbe Screening, and Biocontrol Strategies for <i>Aconitum carmichaelii</i> Root Rot.","authors":"Xingxun Dai, Yuqin He, Yu Su, Huishu Mo, Weichun Li, Wanting Li, Shuhui Zi, Lufeng Liu, Yining Di","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092202","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The undefined microbial ecology of <i>Aconitum carmichaelii</i> root rot in western Yunnan constrains the advancement of eco-friendly control strategies. The identification of potential pathogenic determinants affecting <i>A. carmichaelii</i> growth is imperative for sustainable cultivation and ecosystem integrity. High-throughput sequencing was employed to profile microbial communities across four critical niches, namely rhizosphere soil, tuberous root epidermis, root endosphere, and fibrous roots of healthy and diseased <i>A. carmichaelii</i>. The physicochemical properties of corresponding rhizosphere soils were concurrently analyzed. Putative pathogens were isolated from diseased rhizospheres and tubers through culturing with Koch's postulates validation, while beneficial microorganisms exhibiting antagonism against pathogens and plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits were isolated from healthy rhizospheres. Highly virulent strains (2F14, FZ1, L23) and their consortia were targeted for suppression. Strain DX3, demonstrating optimal PGP and antagonistic capacity in vitro, was selected for pot trials evaluating growth enhancement and disease control efficacy. Significant disparities in rhizosphere soil properties and bacterial/fungal community structures were evident between healthy and diseased cohorts. Fifteen putative pathogens spanning eight species across four genera were isolated: <i>Fusarium solani</i>, <i>F. avenaceum</i>, <i>Clonostachys rosea</i>, <i>Mucor racemosus</i>, <i>M. irregularis</i>, <i>M. hiemalis</i>, <i>Serratia liquefaciens</i>, and <i>S. marcescens</i>. Concurrently, eight PGP biocontrol strains were identified: <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i>, <i>B. velezensis</i>, <i>B. subtilis</i>, <i>B. pumilus</i>, and <i>Paenibacillus polymyxa.</i> Pot trials revealed that <i>Bacillus</i> spp. enhanced soil physiochemical properties through nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, potassium mobilization, siderophore production, and cellulose degradation, significantly promoting plant growth. Critically, DX3 inoculation elevated defense-related enzyme activities in <i>A. carmichaelii</i>, enhanced host resistance to root rot, and achieved >50% disease suppression efficacy. This work delineates key pathogenic determinants of Yunnan <i>A. carmichaelii</i> root rot and identifies promising multifunctional microbial resources with dual PGP and biocontrol attributes. Our findings provide novel insights into rhizosphere microbiome-mediated plant health and establish a paradigm for sustainable disease management.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> by Basic and Fluorescent MIRA Assays.","authors":"Qiuya Huang, Fa Dai, Lujia Su, Miaomiao Zhang, Xinjie Miao, Yujie Ding, Cheng Xu, Jiehao Xu","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092191","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> is a prevalent opportunistic pathogen in aquaculture. To establish a rapid, convenient, and accurate detection method for <i>A. hydrophila</i>, this study developed and evaluated Multi-Enzyme Isothermal Rapid Amplification (MIRA) assays, which could complete amplification within 20 min at a constant temperature of 39 °C. The basic MIRA assay targeting the aerolysin (<i>aerA</i>) gene demonstrated high specificity, showing no cross-reactivity with six related bacterial species including <i>Aeromonas veronii</i>, <i>Vibrio harveyi</i>, <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, <i>Bacillus cereus</i>, and <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i>. The fluorescent MIRA assay achieved a detection limit of 1 fg/μL (3.1 × 10² copies/μL) when using the pUC57-aerA standard plasmid, while real-time quantitative PCR achieved a detection limit of 0.1 fg/μL (31 copies/μL). Thus, the MIRA assay exhibited 10-fold lower sensitivity than qPCR but shortened the reaction time from several hours (nearly two hours) to within one hour. Both the specificity and sensitivity of the MIRA reactions were evaluated with three independent experiments. These findings suggested that the developed MIRA assays provide a rapid, specific, and practical diagnostic tool for <i>A. hydrophila</i> detection in aquaculture environments, particularly suitable for resource-limited field applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmissibility of Clade IIb Monkeypox Virus in Young Rabbits.","authors":"Zhaoliang Chen, Lei Zhang, Linzhi Li, Mingjie Shao, Mingda Zhang, Zongzheng Zhao, Chao Shang, Zirui Liu, Juxiang Liu, Zhendong Guo","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092182","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The monkeypox virus (MPXV) has spread globally, posing a severe challenge to global public health. This study systematically evaluated the aerosol shedding dynamics of the epidemic Clade IIb MPXV strain in infected young rabbits, along with its direct contact and airborne transmission potential among them. We found that young rabbits could be experimentally infected with MPXV, exhibiting distinct pathogenic features and viral shedding patterns. Young rabbits infected with MPXV shed the virus through nasal secretions and exhaled aerosols, peaking at 7 dpi. In total, 89-95.8% of virus-laden respiratory particles had a diameter ≥4.7 μm. Notably, MPXV can be efficiently shed and transferred among young rabbits through direct contact and airborne routes. The nasal secretions and exhaled virus particles from donor rabbits can be contacted or inhaled by recipient rabbits. Large amounts of viral DNA were detected in the nasal wash of rabbits exposed to contact or airborne exposure. Furthermore, virus particles invade the lungs, causing pathological changes and disseminating them to multiple organs. However, no infectious virus was successfully recovered from these recipient rabbits, as their exposed or inhaled MPXV dose might have been below the MPXV's minimum infectious dose for young rabbits. These findings indicate that although the airborne transmissibility of the current MPXV strain is relatively limited, inhalation of viral particles following airborne exposure can still result in bodily damage. Continuous monitoring of MPXV transmissibility and mutation evolution is imperative to prevent efficient respiratory aerosol transmission, which guides global monkeypox prevention and control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling Species Diversity of <i>Plectosphaerellaceae</i> (<i>Sordariomycetes</i>) Fungi Involved in Rhizome and Root Rots of Ginger in Shandong Province, China.","authors":"Qian Zhao, Ao Jia, Hongjuan Yang, Jinming Hu, Xuli Gao, Weiqin Zhao, Lifeng Zhou, Miao Zhang, Zhaoxia Li, Weihua Zhang","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092180","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ginger holds significant economic importance in both China and worldwide agriculture. Fungi from the family <i>Plectosphaerellaceae</i> are globally recognized as aggressive plant pathogens. However, the effects of <i>Plectosphaerellaceae</i> species on ginger have been poorly understood. In this research, we identified two novel <i>Musidium</i> species (<i>M. shandongensis</i> sp. nov. and <i>M. zingiberis</i> sp. nov.), one newly recorded species (<i>Gibellulopsis serrae</i>) and one new host record (<i>Plectosphaerella cucumerina</i>) from the rotten rhizomes and roots of ginger in Shandong Province, China, utilizing morphological observations combined with multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the 28S large subunit (LSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (<i>TEF1</i>-<i>α</i>) gene, along with pathogenicity analyses. Key diagnostic features include <i>M. shandongensis</i> exhibiting abundant mycelium ropes and coils, <i>M. zingiberis</i> showing dark olivaceous colonies, <i>G. serrae</i> producing brown chlamydospores, and <i>P. cucumerina</i> displaying conspicuous guttulae conidia. Comparative analyses with closely related taxa were based on detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations, and phylogenetic analyses. Artificial inoculation of healthy ginger in vitro and in vivo assays caused characteristic symptoms, such as wilt, leaf yellowing, and rhizome necrosis, identical to those observed on naturally infected plants. Our findings broaden current knowledge on the diversity of <i>Plectosphaerellaceae</i> associated with ginger, revealing them as serious threats to ginger cultivation in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472372/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PCV2 Infection Represses the Differentiation of Light Zone Germinal Center B Cells by Inhibiting Their Interaction with Helper Cells.","authors":"Tengfei Shi, Qian Du, Jiasai Kang, Haoshu Zhang, Xinru Xu, Yang Wang, Dewen Tong, Yong Huang","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092184","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is one of the most widespread immunosuppressive viruses, impairing the protective efficacy of vaccines in pig herds. Previous studies have shown that PCV2 infection reduces the generation of immune memory and antibody secretion induced by vaccination in hosts. In this study, we used single-cell mRNA sequencing of mice splenic cells to show that PCV2 infection decelerates the differentiation of light zone germinal center (GC) B cells into memory B cells and plasma cells. We found that, although PCV2 infection led to lymphocyte depletion in the spleens of mice, the remaining splenic B cells were activated by the infection. The percentage of naïve B cells in PCV2-infected mice decreased mainly due to differentiation rather than death. Meanwhile, the percentages of memory B cells and plasma cells increased without significant enhancement of functional gene expression. Focusing on the GC B cells, we found that PCV2 infection activated the proliferation of dark zone GC B cells, but not the differentiation of light zone GC B cells. Furthermore, the transcriptional level of <i>Prdm1</i> was not significantly altered by PCV2 infection, and the level of <i>Bach2</i> was dramatically reduced. Further analysis showed that the interactions between light zone GC B cells and dendritic cells, macrophages, and follicular helper T cells were weakened in the spleens of PCV2-infected mice. In conclusion, this study found that PCV2 infection impairs the differentiation of B cells into functional memory B cells and plasma cells. This may be an important and previously unrecognized reason why PCV2 infection impairs vaccine efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472866/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}