Microbial pathogenesis最新文献

{"title":"Vaccine development for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine Deltacoronavirus: Updated progress, challenges, and future perspectives","authors":"M.T. Tran ,&nbsp;Thu-Dung Doan ,&nbsp;Hsing-Chieh Wu ,&nbsp;Chun-Yen Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) and Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are considered the greatest threats to the world swine industry since they cause a very high morbidity rate in piglets. Although vaccines with various formulations have been tested and validated in different settings, they still cannot be considered to provide long-lasting, comprehensive protection against these pathogens under real-world conditions. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of parallel efforts to develop vaccines against PEDV and PDCoV, with particular emphasis on vaccine formulation strategies, virus strains used in challenge studies, and the geographical applicability of these vaccines. Recent advances in vaccine development are discussed, highlighting the use of newly developed adjuvants and advanced delivery systems to enhance vaccine efficacy, especially in terms of inducing mucosal immune responses. Rather than merely summarizing progress in vaccine development to date, this review presents challenges, including viral diversity, lack of cross-protection, and maternal antibody interference, which reduce vaccine efficacy. Additionally, we discuss novel directions for future research on broadly protective next-generation antigen-detection systems and integrated approaches targeting different porcine coronaviruses. Thus, this review offers an up-to-date, in-depth overview of the current state of PEDV and PDCoV vaccine research, while also outlining future perspectives to drive innovation toward practical and sustainable disease control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 108286"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145934057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory role of quercetin, cinnamaldehyde, and glycerol monolaurate complex on lipid metabolism and antiviral mechanisms against white spot syndrome virus in Penaeus vannamei","authors":"Xin Yu,&nbsp;Zhengxu Chen,&nbsp;Yaobing Li,&nbsp;Songhui Xie,&nbsp;Tengwen Zhang,&nbsp;Luqing Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the distinct regulatory effects of a novel complex feed additive (quercetin: cinnamaldehyde: glycerol monolaurate = 1:1:2) on lipid metabolism, immune response, and antiviral defense in <em>Penaeus vannamei</em> (initial weight of 0.40 ± 0.13 g). During a 42-day feeding trial, both 0.1 % and 0.2 % complex feed additive (CFA)-supplemented groups modulated hepatopancreatic lipid metabolism by co-regulating the constitutive co-activator of PPARγ (CCPG) and the PI3K-AKT and PTGS2 pathways, promoting lipolysis, suppressing lipid synthesis, and significantly reducing lipid accumulation in the body and plasma (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). CFA also activated the JAK-STAT pathway and specifically modulated the NF-κB and p38 MAPK-AP-1 pathways, significantly improving the hemocyte count (THC) and phagocytic activity (PA), and upregulating the expression of antimicrobial peptides and lysozyme, while suppressing inflammatory factors (TNFα, IL16) in both hemocytes and the intestine (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Moreover, CFA improved gut microbiota composition, with key differential genera positively correlating with host immune indices. Under white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge, CFA significantly inhibited viral replication and infection (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), thereby enhancing antiviral efficacy and improving shrimp survival, with the best results observed at the 0.2 % concentration. Collectively, this study demonstrates that dietary supplementation with 0.2 % CFA effectively regulates lipid metabolism and strengthens both innate and antiviral immunity in <em>P. vannamei</em>, providing mechanistic insights into host-pathogen interactions and the development of antibiotic alternatives for sustainable aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 108294"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145945095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatitis B virus induces T cell exhaustion by increasing mitochondrial ROS accumulation","authors":"Longji Cheng ,&nbsp;Rui Qiang ,&nbsp;Huafeng Song ,&nbsp;Qinhao Zhou ,&nbsp;Xing Lv ,&nbsp;Minjuan Wu ,&nbsp;Junchi Xu ,&nbsp;Ping Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study seeks to examine the fluctuating levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in peripheral blood T cells of individuals with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and their immunological implications. The study encompassed 95 participants, consisting of 23 healthy volunteers and 72 HBV-infected individuals positive for HBsAg. The study conducted a prospective analysis of HBV-DNA levels in the peripheral blood of patients. Flow cytometry was utilized to evaluate mitochondrial ROS levels and programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) expression in T cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized to quantify γ-interferon (IFN-γ) levels in the plasma of individuals infected with HBV.The study revealed a positive correlation between ROS levels generated by CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells and serum HBV-DNA load (p &lt; 0.05). In comparison to the healthy control group (HC), CHB patients exhibited a notable increase in the proportion of CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells expressing the exhaustion marker PD-1 in peripheral blood (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, ROS levels produced by T cell subpopulations expressing PD-1 were significantly elevated compared to those not expressing PD-1 (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, plasma levels of IFN-γ were significantly inversely associated with serum HBV-DNA load and ROS production by CD8⁺ T cells (p &lt; 0.05).These findings indicate that an elevated viral load in individuals with CHB <strong>is closely linked to</strong> the accumulation of mitochondrial ROS in T cells. We observed that this ROS accumulation <strong>is concurrent with</strong> increased PD-1 expression and reduced IFN-γ production. Therefore, we hypothesize that mitochondrial dysfunction <strong>may be a key factor</strong> driving T cell exhaustion in this setting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 108289"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145952508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WGS analysis and virulence of Streptococcus suis serotype 4 ST1689 isolated from an asymptomatic pig, Thailand","authors":"Nattamol Phetburom ,&nbsp;Thotsaporn Bunthiang ,&nbsp;Siriwan Sunontarat ,&nbsp;Ratchadawan Aukkanimart ,&nbsp;Pranee Sriraj ,&nbsp;Ekkachai Kanchanatip ,&nbsp;Rujirat Hatrongjit ,&nbsp;Peechanika Chopjitt ,&nbsp;Anusak Kerdsin ,&nbsp;Parichart Boueroy","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Streptococcus suis</em> causes severe disease in pigs and is implicated increasingly in human infections, posing a substantial zoonotic threat to global public health, with many human and pig infections being caused by <em>S. suis</em> serotype 2, especially strains belonging to clonal complex (CC) 1. However, infections due to non-serotype 2 and non CC1 have been increasing worldwide, especially CC94. This study investigated the genome characteristics and virulence capacity of <em>S</em>. <em>suis</em> serotype 4 ST1689. Whole genome sequencing, cytotoxicity, adhesion, invasion, apoptosis, hemolytic assay, and a mouse experiment were conducted. The genomic analysis revealed that serotype 4 ST1689 strain 3453 was classified into minimum core-genome group 3 and that the serotype 4 isolate was closely related with the porcine strains from Thailand. Furthermore, this strain carried genes conferring resistance to macrolide (<em>ermB</em>), tetracycline <em>tet(O),</em> aminoglycoside (<em>spw</em>), and lincosamide (<em>lsa(E), lnu(B)</em>). This strain was multidrug resistant with resistance to penicillin, cefepime, cefotaxime, azithromycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. β-lactam resistance in this strain was associated with the mutations in the PBP1A, PBP2B, and PBP2X proteins. In addition, the adhesion and invasion capacity were significantly lower than <em>S. suis</em> serotype 2 (P1/7). There was a strong cytotoxic, apoptotic effect on the epithelial cell line, similar to strain P1/7. In addition, this strain produced 80 % and 100 % mortality rates in a mouse model within 12 h and 24 h post-infection, respectively. Mice infected with <em>S. suis</em> serotype 4-ST1689 strain exhibited a higher bacteria burden, particular in the blood (p &lt; 0.05), brain (p &lt; 0.001) and kidney (p &lt; 0.01) compared with serotype 2 (P1/7)-infected mice. <em>S. suis</em> serotype 4-ST1689 strain infection induced an acute and extremely high inflammatory cytokine response, including significantly (p &lt; 0.001) increased IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels. These results suggested that the highly virulent <em>S. suis</em> serotype 4-ST1689 strain induced high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and invasion of multiple organs, subsequence leading to high mortality. These results should provide important insights into the development of control strategies for transmission of <em>S. suis</em> serotype 4 ST1689 in public and pig farms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 108324"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146044307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human metapneumovirus: Insights into immune evasion, pathogenesis and liposome-based vaccine strategies","authors":"Fahad A. Alhumaydhi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hamza Khan ,&nbsp;Masood Alam Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) remains a major contributor to respiratory diseases, particularly affecting infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. HMPV, first identified in 2001, has been a prominent cause of respiratory tract infections, ranging from mild upper respiratory symptoms to severe pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Despite its impact, there are currently no licensed vaccines or specific antivirals treatments targeting HMPV. The virus evades host immunity by suppressing interferon signaling through pathways such as RIG-I/MAVS and JAK-STAT, and by impairing dendritic cell maturation, which collectively delays adaptive immunity. Vaccine development efforts focus on live-attenuated, subunit, viral vector-based, and mRNA platforms, with the F protein identified as the primary target for eliciting neutralizing antibodies. Advancements such as lipid nanoparticles and virus-like particles have enhanced vaccine delivery and immunogenicity. Understanding HMPV-host immune interactions is essential for reducing the global disease burden and advancing both novel preventive and therapeutic interventions. This review consolidates current knowledge on HMPV virology, immune evasion, and vaccine development while highlighting emerging diagnostic innovations and multivalent vaccine platforms. Global research collaboration remains crucial in combating HMPV-related respiratory diseases and improving preventive strategies. Future directions emphasize to develop multivalent vaccines against multiple respiratory viruses, the optimization of adjuvants, and the deployment of modular vaccine platforms to address antigenic variability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108224"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Binding investigation of non-toxic compounds from plant-based repellents targeting Aedes aegypti odorant-binding protein 1 using molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory","authors":"Warunyu Chockchowwat ,&nbsp;Aunlika Chimprasit ,&nbsp;Thitinun Karpkird ,&nbsp;Supa Hannongbua ,&nbsp;Patchreenart Saparpakorn","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the effects of global warming, dengue and chikungunya virus infections have become significant global health concerns. <em>Aedes aegypti</em> is a known vector of these viruses. Based on the known mosquito repellents, there are many drawbacks and side effects in either human or environment. In this study, the disruption of the olfactory system targeting on <em>Aedes aegypti</em> odorant-binding protein 1 (AaegOBP1) by using the new candidates from nine plants which are known plant-based repellents was considered systematically by molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory. Compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and no predicted adverse side effects were selected. Four selected compounds from holy basil (cpds 1–2), coriander (cpd 2), and ylang-ylang (cpds 3–4) were determined their binding affinity and binding stability with the structure of AaegOBP1 as compared to the known repellents, DEET and icaridin. All four compounds revealed the superior binding to AaegOBP1 than the known repellents because these selected compounds could occupy both binding site which can confirm by the binding free energy using MM-PBSA and MM-GBSA methods and interaction energy using density functional theory. In addition, the insight investigation also revealed the key interaction to Trp114 which was the similar key residue during the binding of DEET and icaridin. The obtained results revealed the binding patterns which can be helpful for the development of new potent mosquito repellents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108258"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145809534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hyphenated approach of chemical profiling, anti-bacterial assays, and molecular docking to validate the traditionally claimed anti-bacterial (Krimiroga) potential of Cyperus rotundus L.","authors":"Raman Singh ,&nbsp;Shamli Chandel ,&nbsp;Shourabh Rav ,&nbsp;Anmol ,&nbsp;Gaurav Aggarwal ,&nbsp;Dharam Singh ,&nbsp;Upendra Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cyperus rotundus</em> L. is an invasive weed plant traditionally known for its anti-bacterial potential, as documented in the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India (API). The present work focuses on systematic validation of anti-bacterial potential (<em>krimiroga</em>) of this plant by evaluating its extract, fractions, and essential oil [extracted using hydrodistillation and deep eutectic solvent (DES)] against Gram-positive (<em>Bacillus subtilis</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>), and Gram-negative (<em>Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium</em>) bacterial type strains. The percentage inhibition of each sample, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated. Anti-bacterial assay revealed potent activity of <em>n</em>-butanol fraction (81.67–100 %) and EOs (81.20–100 %) against targeted bacterial type strains. UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and GC-MS-based chemical profiling led to the identification of fifty major metabolites. Further, these identified compounds were screened <em>in silico</em>, targeting the proteins of selected bacteria. Molecular docking study revealed potent docking scores (kcal/mol) against different bacterial proteins (higher than positive control), such as rotunduside H (−11.32), scirpusin B (−11.62) against <em>E. coli</em>; scirpusin B (−10.35) and scirpusin A (−9.80) against <em>S. aureus</em>; aristolochic acid (−6.88) against <em>S. typhimurium;</em> and epicatechin gallate (−12.28) and methoxycyperotundol (−11.24) against <em>B. subtilis.</em> Hence, the present work highlights a systematic approach for identifying anti-bacterial leads to scientifically validate traditionally documented knowledge. EOs exhibited higher <em>in vitro</em> activity than the extract/fractions (with the <em>n</em>-butanol fraction showing the highest efficacy), and can be utilized for preparing anti-bacterial formulations with potential applications in food coatings, packaging materials, surface disinfectants, and wound dressings, following proper safety evaluations and regulatory compliance studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108220"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145687659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infection at the vascular front: A delicate balance between defense and pathology","authors":"Jing Zhou ,&nbsp;Decheng Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The vascular system is far from a passive structure during infection; rather, it serves as a dynamic regulatory network that orchestrates the delicate balance between host defense and pathology. This review establishes a vessel-centered analytical framework to systematically elucidate the continuum of balance establishment, disruption, and restoration within infectious settings. During the defensive phase, the vasculature coordinates a tightly regulated response—moderately enhancing permeability, precisely recruiting immune cells, and initiating localized coagulation—to build an effective barrier against invading pathogens. However, when pathogen virulence exceeds host control or immune responses become dysregulated, this physiological defense machinery is subverted into a self-reinforcing pathological loop characterized by leakage, hypoxia, angiogenesis, and thrombosis. This vicious cycle amplifies tissue injury and disrupts vascular integrity. Successful infection control thus depends not only on pathogen clearance but also—more critically—on reversing this pathological cycle and restoring vascular function to reestablish homeostasis. Such vascular repair entails active resolution of inflammation, regeneration of the endothelial barrier, and normalization of aberrant vascular networks. Building on an integrated summary of the mechanisms underlying balance disruption, this review further explores emerging vascular-targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at redirecting vascular responses toward repair and homeostatic restoration. This integrative perspective provides a dynamic understanding of infection-associated vasculopathies and opens new avenues for therapies designed to reestablish host equilibrium.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108261"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145833943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward plant-based therapeutics: Unravelling the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antiquorum-sensing actions of Acacia saligna extract","authors":"Marwa Balaha ,&nbsp;Walaa A. Negm ,&nbsp;Engy Elekhnawy ,&nbsp;Rana M. Aldossari ,&nbsp;Alhussain H. Aodah ,&nbsp;Aftab Alam ,&nbsp;Nehad Ahmed ,&nbsp;Mohamed F. Balaha","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The universal spread of bacterial infections poses a significant issue in clinical settings. <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> is among the most commonly detected bacteria in various infections. Besides its resistance to multiple antibiotics, it also exhibits numerous virulence factors that hinder antibiotic treatment. Therefore, we intended to inspect the antibacterial and antivirulence consequences of <em>Acacia saligna</em> plant extract, along with phytochemical analysis of its active components by HPLC. The HPLC analysis identified 15 phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds. <em>The A. saligna ethanol extract (ASE)</em> demonstrated antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 128 to 1024 μg/mL. Additionally, ASE showed antibiofilm activity, reducing the percentage of vigorous and moderate biofilm-forming isolates from 78.57 % to 21.43 % as measured by the crystal violet assay. A significant downregulation of the QS genes in six out of eight <em>P. aeruginosa</em> isolates, with relative gene expression reduced to 0.1–0.4 for <em>las</em>I, <em>las</em>R, and <em>rhl</em>I genes, and 0.3–0.4 for <em>rhl</em>R gene compared to untreated controls. Furthermore, the <em>in vivo</em> antibacterial effects of ASE were demonstrated in <em>P. aeruginosa</em>-infected mice. There was a significant (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) reduction in bacterial load in the kidneys, liver, and spleen of the ASE-treated group. Histopathological analysis revealed notable improvements in the kidney, liver, and spleen tissues in the ASE-treated group compared with the positive control. Immunohistochemical examination showed a lessening in the number of inflammatory marker-positive cells (TNF-α and IL-6). Additionally, there was a significant reduction (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) in nitric oxide and malondialdehyde in the ASE-treated group. Therefore, ASE could be a promising antibacterial and antivirulence agent for treating <em>P. aeruginosa</em> infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108238"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of MRSA and MRCoNS across the livestock–human–environment nexus in Karnataka","authors":"Shivasharanappa Nayakvadi,&nbsp;Kavya Prakash,&nbsp;Sangeetha T. Revanasiddappa,&nbsp;Ranjitha Gowda,&nbsp;Aishwarya S. Ramamurthy,&nbsp;Rajeswari Shome,&nbsp;Baldev R. Gulati","doi":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Staphylococcus</em> species, particularly Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) and Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MRCoNS), are salient pathogens in both humans and animals. Their potential to attain antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and biofilm formation contributes to persistent infections, treatment failure, and zoonotic transmission. Based on the One Health approach, this study investigated the ubiquity, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm gene profiles of MRSA and MRCoNS from apparently healthy livestock, animal handlers, and environmental sources in South Karnataka, India. A total of 740 samples were collected through multistage random sampling, comprising healthy livestock (n = 480), animal handlers (n = 130), and the environment (n = 130). Multiplex PCR was used to identify the isolates to the species level, and methicillin resistance was detected phenotypically and by <em>mecA</em> gene amplification. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by Kirby– Bauer disk diffusion. <em>mecA</em> positive MRSA was found in 26 isolates (5.42 %) from livestock, 6 (4.62 %) from animal handlers, and 2 (1.53 %) from the environment, while MRCoNS was found in 24 (5 %), 7 (5.38 %), and 1 (0.76 %) isolates, respectively. Resistance was most frequent to penicillin and cefoxitin in livestock-human-environmental interface, followed by linezolid, while enrofloxacin and chloramphenicol showed the highest susceptibility in the animal-human and environmental interface. These findings emphasize the presence of livestock isolates carrying significantly higher numbers of resistance and biofilm genes compared to handler and environmental isolates, underscoring their role as the main reservoir of AMR at the One-Health interface. Continuous surveillance and a One Health-based approach are essential to mitigate transmission risks between animals, humans, and the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18599,"journal":{"name":"Microbial pathogenesis","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 108259"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145827986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}