N. Sri Chandrahas, Bhanwar Singh Choudhary, M. S. Venkataramayya, Fissha Yewuhalashet
{"title":"An Inventive Approach for Simultaneous Prediction of Mean Fragmentation Size and Peak Particle Velocity Using Futuristic Datasets Through Improved Techniques of Genetic XG Boost Algorithm","authors":"N. Sri Chandrahas, Bhanwar Singh Choudhary, M. S. Venkataramayya, Fissha Yewuhalashet","doi":"10.1007/s42461-024-01045-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-024-01045-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the current study, two algorithms, custom XG Boost (CXGBA) and improved genetic XG Boost algorithm (IGXGBA), have been chosen to create an empirical formula for the simultaneous prediction of the mean fragmentation size (MFS) and the peak particle velocity (PPV) with sourced datasets of geo-blast parameters such as spacing burden ratio (S/B), stemming length (T), decking length (DL), firing pattern (FP), total quantity of explosive (TE), maximum charge per delay (MCD), measuring distance (MD), joint angle (JA), joint spanning height (JSP), joint set number (Jn), and rock compressive strength. Advanced technical combinations like K-10 cross-validation, and grid search executed along genetic algorithm processes with a high mutation rate to XGBoost algorithm. All algorithms were executed using Python programming in the Google Colab platform. The results unveiled that IGXGBA is superior and effective in-terms of metric <i>R</i><sup>2</sup>, RMSE, and MAPE in predicting MFS and PPV. A WEB APP called Bhanwar Blasting Formula (BBF) was created utilizing Google Cloud Platform (GCP) and FLASK APP to benefit practicing mining engineers to predict blasting results easily from the site itself and identify optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":18588,"journal":{"name":"Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141774387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María A. Bracamontes-Landavazo, Jesús Leobardo Valenzuela-García, José Refugio Parga-Torres, Patricia Guerrero-German
{"title":"Kinetic Study for the Extraction of Gold and Silver from an Ore Comparing Lixiviants Sodium Cyanide and DEZO using Moderate Pressures","authors":"María A. Bracamontes-Landavazo, Jesús Leobardo Valenzuela-García, José Refugio Parga-Torres, Patricia Guerrero-German","doi":"10.1007/s42461-024-01036-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-024-01036-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent decades cyanide is the most widely used for the extraction of gold and silver, for being economical and efficient, however, other alternatives have been considered because of its toxicity to the environment, for this reason in this work we study a new leaching agent that seeks to be a viable alternative to cyanide, which is commercially called DEZO and is considered ecological due to the low quantity of the main complexing agent which is cyanate, and other components such as sodium oxide, nitrogen, ammonium, calcium, iron, which is used for gold and silver extractions. For the development of the study a gold and silver ore provided by the mining company \"Las Chispas\", located in Arizpe, Sonora, Mexico, was used. The ore contains 15.50 g/T of Au and 1550 g/T of Ag. Leaching was carried out at moderate pressures using sodium cyanide and DEZO as lixiviants for Au and Ag extraction. XRD and SEM–EDS analyses confirm the presence of quartz, fluorite and argentite species. Pressure leaching was performed using NaCN, with conditions of T = 70 °C and <i>P</i> = 0.62 MPa, NaCN [300 mg/L], -270 mesh, 20% solids, time 1 h and 600 rpm, obtaining 98.3% extraction of Au and only 8.8% of Ag. Next, pressure leaching was performed using the DEZO eco-friendly lixiviant, with conditions of T = 70 °C and <i>P</i> = 0.62 MPa, NaCNO [300 mg/L], -270 mesh, 20% solids, time 1 h and 600 rpm, obtaining 93.9% Au extraction and only 7.7% Ag. Subsequently, the adjustment of the shrinking core model was performed by varying the temperature in the pressure leaching, the activation energy (Ea) using both leaching reagents (NaCN and DEZO) was less than 20 kJ/mol, which defines that the gold and silver leaching are controlled by diffusion through the product layer.</p>","PeriodicalId":18588,"journal":{"name":"Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141774389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Donghui Liu, Fei Niu, Xiaolin Zhang, Leiting Shen, Youming Yang
{"title":"Calciothermic Reduction Reaction Behavior and Samarium Ion Valence Evolution of SmF3","authors":"Donghui Liu, Fei Niu, Xiaolin Zhang, Leiting Shen, Youming Yang","doi":"10.1007/s42461-024-01044-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-024-01044-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Samarium is a rare earth element that exhibits variable valence states of + 2 and + 3. In this work, we present the reduction products obtained through calciothermic reduction of SmF<sub>3</sub> at various molar ratios of Ca to SmF<sub>3</sub>. The crystal structure, morphology, elemental distribution, and chemical valence of the reduction products were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that SmF<sub>2.028</sub> and CaF<sub>2</sub> are the sole reduction products obtained under molar ratios of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 for Ca to SmF<sub>3</sub>, whereas some unreacted metallic Ca is detected in the products at a molar ratio of Ca to SmF<sub>3</sub> of 2. The samarium ions in the reduction products exhibit mixed valence states with a relative content of approximately 9:1 for Sm<sup>3+</sup> and Sm<sup>2+</sup>. Notably, the large amount of adsorbed oxygen present in the products oxidizes Sm<sup>2+</sup> to Sm<sup>3+</sup>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18588,"journal":{"name":"Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141774390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sustainable Water Recovery from a Hydrometallurgical Effluent Using Gas Hydrate-Based Desalination in the Presence of CO2 Nanobubbles","authors":"Seyed Mohammad Montazeri, Georgios Kolliopoulos","doi":"10.1007/s42461-024-01046-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-024-01046-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hydrometallurgical processes generate large volumes of aqueous effluents, which are being treated and disposed in tailings ponds. Effluent desalination, i.e., clean water recovery for reuse in process circuits, is key to attain a zero liquid discharge future in the industry. In this study, we report on the use of hydrate-based desalination (HBD) to treat a synthesized effluent from the zinc industry. HBD is an innovative, energy-efficient, and sustainable desalination technology, capable to treat hydrometallurgical effluents to recover water in the form of gas hydrates by consuming CO<sub>2</sub>. Water recovery and total dissolved solids (TDS) removal efficiency of 42 ± 2% and 60 ± 4% were achieved in a three-stage HBD process. Further, CO<sub>2</sub> nanobubbles (NBs) were tested as a sustainable kinetic promoter of the process. The desalination outcomes verified that CO<sub>2</sub> NBs played a crucial role in enhancing the kinetics of the process. Specifically, the presence of CO<sub>2</sub> NBs resulted in a notable increase in water recovery, which reached 60 ± 2%, accompanied by a TDS removal efficiency of 53 ± 1% in a three-stage HBD process.</p>","PeriodicalId":18588,"journal":{"name":"Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141746027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Classification Support Technology for Roadways in Deep Broken Soft Rock: A Case Study","authors":"Jieyang Ma, Shihao Tu, Hongsheng Tu, Kaijun Miao, Long Tang, Hongbin Zhao, Benhuan Guo","doi":"10.1007/s42461-024-01048-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-024-01048-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper addresses the surrounding rock control problem of deep roadways in broken soft rock. The 21914 working face haulage roadway in the Zhangshuanglou coal mine was taken as a case study. The deformation characteristics and failure mechanisms of the roadway surrounding rock were analysed via theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. A classification support technology was proposed and then applied to the studied roadway. This study indicated that the high stresses, mining disturbances and mechanical properties of soft rock resulted in large deformations developed over long periods, leading to the destruction of the deep roadway in the soft rock. The failure depth of the upper goaf floor was 15.84 m, and the development radius of the plastic zone during roadway excavation was 9.55 m. The roadway deformation was positively correlated with the thickness of the interbedded fractured coal and negatively correlated with the thickness of the fractured sandy mudstone. This paper proposed a classification support technology with the main steps of surrounding rock status identification, parameter determination and graded support; the chief support measures were the addition of grout, bolts, anchor cables, steel strips, steel beams and trapezoidal sheds. The field work showed that classification support could effectively restrain the large deformation of the surrounding rock. This research can provide a reference for the stability control of other roadways under similar conditions. </p>","PeriodicalId":18588,"journal":{"name":"Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141738002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samira Es-sahly, Abdelaziz Elbasbas, Khalid Naji, Brahim Lakssir, Hakim Faqir, Slimane Dadi, Reda Rabie
{"title":"NIR-Spectroscopy and Machine Learning Models to Pre-concentrate Copper Hosted Within Sedimentary Rocks","authors":"Samira Es-sahly, Abdelaziz Elbasbas, Khalid Naji, Brahim Lakssir, Hakim Faqir, Slimane Dadi, Reda Rabie","doi":"10.1007/s42461-024-01013-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-024-01013-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The western part of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas comprises numerous copper occurrences hosted within various sedimentary rocks, all containing low-grade copper concentrations. This study aims to assess the feasibility of using a near-infrared (NIR) sorting system to efficiently process these low-grade resources. In essence, it involves evaluating the potential of short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy and machine learning models to classify ore fragments into waste or concentrate based on their SWIR spectral characteristics. In order to conduct this study, the SWIR reflectance of 475 rock samples from the Tizert deposit was measured. Mineralogical analysis was performed, using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, to understand the mineralogy of the samples and its relationship to SWIR spectra. Chemical analysis was also performed to categorize samples based on their copper content. Several machine learning models, including partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM) were evaluated based on both lithology and copper content characteristics. Among these, PLS-DA yielded the most favorable results, achieving an 84% accuracy in lithologies classification and 90% accuracy in classifying samples based on their copper content, utilizing a 0.2% cutoff grade. This laboratory-scale study validates the effectiveness of SWIR spectroscopy as a prominent tool for pre-concentrating sedimentary copper deposits. It enables the production of a concentrate with a copper content of 1.49% and waste with 0.12%, resulting in an upgrading rate of 43% from the feed, which originally has a copper grade of 1.04%.</p>","PeriodicalId":18588,"journal":{"name":"Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cody Wolfe, Emanuele Cauda, Milan Yekich, Justin Patts
{"title":"Real-Time Dust Monitoring in Occupational Environments: A Case Study on Using Low-Cost Dust Monitors for Enhanced Data Collection and Analysis","authors":"Cody Wolfe, Emanuele Cauda, Milan Yekich, Justin Patts","doi":"10.1007/s42461-024-01039-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-024-01039-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A worker’s personal exposure to respirable dust in occupational environments has traditionally been monitored using established methodologies which entail the collection of an 8-h representative sample that is sent away for laboratory analysis. While these methods are very accurate, they only provide information on the average exposure during a specific time period, generally a worker’s shift. The availability of relatively inexpensive aerosol sensors can allow researchers and practitioners to generate real-time data with unprecedented spatial and temporal granularity. Low-cost dust monitors (LCDM) were developed and marketed for air pollution monitoring and are mostly being used to help communities understand their local and even hyper-local air quality. Most of these integrated sensing packages cost less than $300 per unit, in contrast to wearable or area dust monitors specifically built for mining applications which have been around for decades but still average around $5000 each. At the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), we are leveraging the power of high-volume data collection from networks of LCDM to establish baseline respirable hazard levels and to monitor for changes on a seasonal basis as well as following any application of control technologies. We have seen the effective use and advantages of monitoring live data before, during, and after events like shift changes, operational changes, ventilation upgrades, adverse weather events, and machine maintenance. However, many factors have prevented a systematic adoption of LCDMs for exposure monitoring: concern for their analytical performance, the complexity of use, and lack of understanding of their value are some factors. This contribution outlines a 1-year case study at a mine in Wisconsin, USA, covering the installation, maintenance, data visualizations, and collaboration between NIOSH researchers and the industrial hygiene professionals at the mine.</p>","PeriodicalId":18588,"journal":{"name":"Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141610425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental and Mechanistic Analysis of Bastnaesite Pelletization in the Context of Carbochlorination","authors":"Haiyue Xue, Guozhi Lv, Long Wang, Ting-an Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s42461-024-01041-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-024-01041-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rare earth elements, as strategic resources, have garnered global attention. Among these elements, bastnaesite stands out as one of the most abundant rare earth resources. It has various production processes, with carbochlorination being one of the most effective for rare earth recovery. We propose a carbochlorination process for bastnaesite using aluminum chloride produced in situ from alumina, which serves as the fluorine-fixing agent, and coke, which serves as the reducing agent. In the carbochlorination process, to prevent raw material from splashing during the reaction in the packed bed, a binder is typically added, and a reducing agent is used for balling. The impact of various binders on the strength of bastnaesite pellets was investigated, and the bonding mechanisms of the binders were analyzed and discussed. With pellet strength as the primary focus, an experimental investigation was conducted on the factors affecting binder addition, raw material particle size, water addition, and drying temperature. The results indicated that a raw material particle size of 100 mesh, a binder additive amount of 3%, a water addition of 11%, and a drying temperature of 100 ℃ were optimal experimental conditions. Under these conditions, the dry and wet ball drop strengths were 52.5 times and 10.5 times greater, respectively, and the wet and dry compressive strengths were 760.71 N/cm<sup>2</sup> and 2.79 N/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. To reduce experimental costs, the composite binder and its doping ratio were explored. Finally, pellets prepared with the three binders were selected for experimental verification of carbochlorination.</p>","PeriodicalId":18588,"journal":{"name":"Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141572922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estimating Pillar Strength for Rock Salt Mines of the Salt Range Pakistan Using Statistical and Artificial Neural Network Modeling Techniques","authors":"Y. Majeed, K. M. Sani, M. Z. Emad","doi":"10.1007/s42461-024-01037-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-024-01037-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research proposes empirical models to estimate pillar strength by adopting multilinear regression and artificial neural network approaches for rock salt mines of the Salt Range, Punjab, Pakistan. The field data of a total of 168 pillars was collected from three (03) selected rock salt mines being operated by Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation. The field work included geometry of pillars, Schmidt rebound hardness (SRH), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), fracture spacing, fracture condition, joint-orientation, groundwater state, weathering effects, blasting effects, and mining-induced stress. The dataset collected from the field for each rock salt pillar was further utilized to determine rock quality designation (RQD), rock mass rating (RMR), mining rock mass rating (MRMR), design rock mass strength (DRMS), and pillar strength (<span>({sigma }_{p})</span>). The modeling was done using a dataset of 150 columns, and the remaining data of 18 pillars was left for validation purposes. The proposed ANN and MLR models have <i>R</i>-square (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>) values of 95.35% and 91.61%, respectively. Further, the prediction performance of the ANN model was also compared with that of multilinear regression (MLR). It was found that the ANN model outperformed the MLR model.</p>","PeriodicalId":18588,"journal":{"name":"Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141572924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Sustainable Complexation Leaching of Critical Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by Glycine in a Neutral Solution","authors":"Jiajia Wu, Junmo Ahn, Jaeheon Lee","doi":"10.1007/s42461-024-01040-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-024-01040-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To reduce the environmental footprint of hydrometallurgical processing of black mass from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), a green leaching system based on glycine and sodium metabisulfite (Gly-SMS) was proposed. The novel leaching system was validated using black mass from end-of-life batteries and manufacturing scrap from battery producers, representing the two dominant black mass types processed in the market. The leaching study demonstrated that the highest cobalt and lithium recoveries of 100% and 99.8% were achieved under optimal conditions. The leaching mechanism revealed that the dissolution of LiCoO<sub>2</sub> in the Gly-SMS solution followed the shrinking core model. The apparent activation energies for cobalt and lithium were determined as 48.05 kJ/mol and 41.51 kJ/mol, respectively, indicating a surface chemical reaction controlling mechanism. The leachate was then processed by an acidification-precipitation technique with oxalic acid as the precipitant to remove cobalt. Glycine complexes with metal ions by zwitterionic ligand and recycles in the leaching-precipitation circuit, reducing the reagent cost. Compared to other studies, this leaching system has near-neutral operating conditions and is cost-effective, making it an economically viable alternative for treating cathode materials from spent LIBs.</p>","PeriodicalId":18588,"journal":{"name":"Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141572925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}