Metabolic syndrome and related disorders最新文献

{"title":"Vasomotor Function and Its Modulation by Perivascular Adipose Tissue Vary Depending on Metabolic Syndrome Stage.","authors":"Satomi Kagota, Kana Maruyama-Fumoto, Aya Niki, Kazumasa Shinozuka","doi":"10.1177/15578518261431679","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518261431679","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), found outside blood vessels, enhances vasorelaxation when endothelium-mediated vasorelaxation fails, as observed in the mesenteric arteries of rats with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and hypertension; however, whether high blood pressure contributes to PVAT dysfunction remains unclear. We, therefore, aimed to investigate vascular function and PVAT modulation in the mesenteric arteries of rats with MetS but no hypertension.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mesenteric arteries were isolated from both lean and obese male Zucker fatty (ZF) and ZF diabetes mellitus (ZFDM) rats at 20 and 30 weeks of age. Vasorelaxation was examined in arteries with or without PVAT; mRNA levels in PVAT and arteries were examined using the organ bath method and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxations were lower in the obese versus lean ZF rats, and PVAT increased them to levels comparable to those in lean rats at 20 weeks. These enhancements disappeared after 30 weeks. The mRNA expression of apelin in PVAT and its receptor was upregulated in the arteries of obese rats, and its levels correlated positively with the enhancing effect of PVAT. In obese ZFDM rats, PVAT attenuated relaxation at both 20 and 30 weeks. Levels of chemerin mRNA expression in PVAT were higher in ZFDM versus ZF rats; however, treatment with chemerin or a chemerin receptor antagonist did not alter vasorelaxation in ZFDM rats.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Apelin may contribute to compensatory PVAT modulation during vascular dysfunction in obese ZF rats. PVAT inhibits vasorelaxation by releasing a contractile factor other than chemerin in ZFDM rats. Thus, it may modulate vascular tone differently depending on MetS stage.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"235-242"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147480994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Changes in Metabolic Syndrome Severity Score and Its Components with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insights from Joint Longitudinal and Survival Modeling.","authors":"Safdar Masoumi, Ebrahim Hajizadeh, Farzad Eskandari, Davood Khalili","doi":"10.1177/15578518261445533","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518261445533","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses a significant global health burden with rising prevalence and costs. Metabolic syndrome is a major risk factor; however, the current binary classification limits risk stratification. Understanding dynamic changes in syndrome severity could improve prediction and prevention.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the association between longitudinal changes of continuous metabolic syndrome severity score (cMetS-S) and its components with incident T2DM risk using joint longitudinal and survival models over an extended follow-up.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective cohort study within the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, 4990 adults aged 20-60 years without T2DM at baseline were followed for approximately 18 years with repeated metabolic assessments. We examined the association between longitudinal changes in the cMetS-S and its components with the incidence of T2DM, using joint longitudinal and survival models while adjusting for relevant covariates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During follow-up, 871 participants developed T2DM. Each 1-standard deviation increase in cMetS-S was linked to a 2.56-fold higher risk of T2DM (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.29-2.86). Among individuals with normal baseline glycemia, the risk increased by 2.94 times (95% CI, 2.56-3.39), while those with prediabetes had a doubled risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.72-2.34). Regarding individual metabolic components, longitudinal increases in fasting blood glucose (FBS) (HR = 4.62; 95% CI: 3.03-5.93), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (HR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.10-3.73), triglycerides (TG) (HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.08-1.34), and waist circumference (WC) (HR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.15-1.52) were independently associated with increased T2DM risk.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and relevance: </strong>Longitudinal increases in the cMetS-S and its components, including FBS, SBP, WC, and TG, significantly elevate the individual risk of developing T2DM. The application of joint multivariate longitudinal and survival modeling provides a refined analytic approach that captures the temporal complexity of metabolic risk and identifies key modifiable determinants of T2DM onset.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"258-266"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148199335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adiposity Measures Derived from Bioelectrical Impedance are Associated with Cardiometabolic Markers in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.","authors":"Lenora Maria Camarate Silveira Martins Leão, Rebeca Bandeira de Melo Cavalcante, Karynne Grutter Lopes, Luiz Guilherme Kraemer-Aguiar, Ana Beatriz Winter Tavares","doi":"10.1177/15578518261437788","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518261437788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To compare bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)-derived body composition between women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls, and to investigate associations with metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory markers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 35 women with PCOS and 37 BMI-matched healthy controls, aged 18-40 years, with BMI <35 kg/m². Clinical, anthropometric, metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory parameters were assessed. Body composition was determined by direct segmental multifrequency BIA, including fat mass (FM), trunk fat mass (trunk FM), lean mass (LM), FM index, fat-to-lean mass ratio (F/L ratio), and trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Women with PCOS (28 ± 5.3 years, 26.6 ± 3.6 kg/m²) had higher FM index, trunk FM, and F/L ratio, while LM did not differ. They also showed higher fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glycated hemoglobin type A1c (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, free androgen index, testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and lower sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Among BIA parameters, FM, FM index, and F/L ratio showed more consistent associations with insulin resistance and selected inflammatory markers than trunk FM. In women with PCOS, these measures were positively correlated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR and inversely correlated with SHBG. Associations with HbA1c and IL-6 were modest and not uniformly observed across all adiposity measures. No significant correlations were found with fasting glucose, HDL-c, triglycerides, or androgen levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Women with PCOS exhibit higher adiposity, particularly reflected by FM index and F/L ratio, which show closer associations with metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction than trunk FM. These findings support the potential use of BIA as an accessible, low-cost, and noninvasive tool for the cross-sectional assessment of metabolic dysfunction in PCOS. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the clinical relevance of these associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"276-283"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147627664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Joint Impact of Body Mass Index and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein on Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Risk in Type 2 Diabetes.","authors":"Chenyang Jiao, Qian Xu, Xiangrong Li, Jun Weng, Kaiyue Lian, Hui Liu","doi":"10.1177/15578518261438418","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518261438418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Prospective data on the joint impact of adiposity and systemic inflammation on incident metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are limited. We examined the individual and combined associations of body mass index (BMI) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) with incident MASLD in patients with T2D.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This prospective cohort study included 2796 adults with T2D free of MASLD from the Kailuan study (China). Over a 14-year follow-up, participants were classified by baseline BMI: (<24 vs. ≥24 kg/m²) and hsCRP (<3 vs. ≥3 mg/L). Multivariable Cox models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for incident ultrasonographic steatosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cumulative incidence of MASLD was 53.9%. Higher BMI: and hsCRP were independently associated with increased risk. In joint analyses, the high BMI/high hsCRP group had the highest risk [adjusted HR: 2.31; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.94-2.74] compared with the low BMI/low hsCRP group. This risk was greater than isolated high hsCRP (HR: 1.37) or isolated high BMI: (HR: 1.93).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Elevated BMI: and hsCRP are independently associated with incident MASLD in T2D. Co-elevation of both factors confers the greatest risk, suggesting that incorporating both adiposity and inflammatory markers improves risk stratification for targeted preventive strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"267-275"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Changes in Triglyceride Glucose-Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Chinese Adults Aged 45 Years and Older: A Prospective Cohort Study from CHARLS with GBD 2021 Context.","authors":"Wenli Xu, Gaohui Wu, Chenhao Wang, Xiaofeng Li, Yuhang Cai, Yubo Fang, Jingli Chen","doi":"10.1177/15578518261472377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15578518261472377","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of disease burden in China, with metabolic risk factors continuing to play a major role. We aimed to examine whether baseline triglyceride glucose-Chinese visceral adiposity index (TyG-CVAI), cumulative average TyG-CVAI, and longitudinal changes in TyG-CVAI were associated with incident CVD among Chinese adults aged 45 years and older, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study to contextualize the population-level burden.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We first used data from the GBD 2021 study to describe temporal trends in CVD burden and the contribution of major risk factors in China. We then analyzed data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). A total of 6963 participants contributed to the baseline TyG-CVAI analyses, and 3298 participants with repeated measurements were included in the longitudinal change analyses. Participants were grouped into three clusters by k-means clustering based on repeated TyG-CVAI measurements over time. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for major CVD risk factors identified from GBD 2021 were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident CVD. Restricted cubic spline models were applied to assess dose-response relationships. Robustness was evaluated through subgroup and sensitivity analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 1990 to 2021, the burden of CVD attributable to metabolic risks in China showed limited improvement. Disability-adjusted life years attributable to high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high fasting plasma glucose changed only modestly, whereas the burden attributable to high body mass index increased over time. In the CHARLS cohort, higher baseline TyG-CVAI remained associated with a greater risk of incident CVD (HR, 1.17; 95% CI: [1.11, 1.24]), and similar associations were observed for cumulative average TyG-CVAI. Compared with participants with persistently low TyG-CVAI, those with stable medium and stable high TyG-CVAI trajectories had significantly higher risks of incident CVD, with HRs of 1.22 (95% CI: 1.01-1.49) and 1.45 (95% CI: 1.16-1.81), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Baseline TyG-CVAI, cumulative exposure, and longitudinal changes of TyG-CVAI were all associated with incident CVD in Chinese adults aged 45 years and older. Persistently elevated TyG-CVAI over time was associated with a higher risk of CVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"15578518261472377"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148562440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-Trait Genome-Wide Association Studies Identify Shared Genetic Risk Loci Between Psoriasis and Metabolic Syndrome and Their Associated Traits.","authors":"Xin Jiang, Ping Zhou, Qi Zhang, WanChun Wang, Dan Wang","doi":"10.1177/15578518261426293","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518261426293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Psoriasis (PsO) demonstrates frequent co-occurrence with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Nevertheless, the shared genetic architecture underlying both pathological conditions remains incompletely characterized. This investigation sought to examine genetic correlations between PsO and multiple MetS-associated traits, and to identify shared genetic risk loci and genes contributing to their coexistence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Genome-wide association study data for PsO, MetS, and related traits in European populations were integrated to evaluate genetic associations between traits and to identify shared loci. Bayesian colocalization analysis was applied to determine whether association signals for different traits at the same locus were attributable to a common causal variant. Functional annotation and gene mapping were conducted for shared loci, followed by functional classification and pathway enrichment analyses of pleiotropic gene sets. In addition, summary data-based Mendelian randomization and transcriptome-wide association study analyses were applied to prioritize candidate genes with potential therapeutic relevance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant genetic associations were observed between PsO and five metabolic traits, including body mass index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, waist circumference, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, while MetS, as a composite trait, also exhibited a genetic association with PsO. Pleiotropic Analysis under composite null hypothesis (PLACO) analysis revealed a total of 141 shared risk loci, with 22 loci substantiated by Bayesian colocalization analysis findings (<i>PP.H4</i> ≥ 0.75). Multimarker analysis of genomic annotation analysis identified 195 distinct pleiotropic genes. The pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were predominantly involved in immune and inflammatory pathways, transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, autophagy, and lipid-cholesterol metabolism, indicating that such biological processes may contribute to the shared genetic background of PsO and MetS-related traits. Through integrative evidence from multiple analytical approaches, three candidate therapeutic target genes, namely, <i>KAT8, STX4,</i> and <i>VKORC1</i>, were prioritized.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Shared genetic loci, pleiotropic genes, and core biological pathways between PsO and multiple MetS-related traits were identified, and potential intervention targets were highlighted, providing genetic evidence to support subsequent functional investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"190-200"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147458416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Resistance and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease.","authors":"Mateo Chvatal-Medina, Adrian Post, Robin P F Dullaart","doi":"10.1177/15578518261427700","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518261427700","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"179-182"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147530454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Vaspin rs2236242 with Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies.","authors":"Wei-Yue Lim, Amira Elina Amirul, Yuh-Fen Pung, Rosmawati Mohamed, Rong-Xiang Ng, Shamsul Mohd Zain","doi":"10.1177/15578518261429025","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518261429025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/purpose of the study: </strong>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial condition characterized by central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, all of which increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Genetic variants affecting adipokine signaling, such as polymorphisms in the vaspin gene (SERPINA12), have gained attention due to their potential role in modulating metabolic traits. Among these, the single nucleotide polymorphism rs2236242 (T>A) has shown conflicting associations with MetS across populations. This study presents the first comprehensive meta-analysis investigating the association between rs2236242 polymorphism and MetS susceptibility.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science for relevant articles published up to 12 December 2025. Data were extracted, and summary estimates of the association between vaspin rs2236242 and MetS were assessed. Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were used to measure the effect. Four eligible case-control studies involving 918 participants from Caucasian, African, and Western Asian populations were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results demonstrate that the A allele of rs2236242 is significantly associated with a 37% reduced risk of MetS compared to the T allele, with consistent protective effects observed across multiple genetic models (dominant, recessive, homozygous, and heterozygous). These findings align with previous studies suggesting the metabolic benefits of vaspin, including improved insulin sensitivity. Moreover, sensitivity analyses identified the study by Suliga et al. as an outlier, its exclusion reduced heterogeneity to 0% while maintaining the significance of the protective association.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We performed the first meta-analysis on the association of vaspin rs2236242 with MetS and found that the vaspin rs2236242 A allele confers a significant protective effect against MetS.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"183-189"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147481042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of Body Roundness Index with Hypertension Risk and Blood Pressure in Diabetes and Prediabetes Adults: A Study Based on the NHANES Databas.","authors":"Xiao-Jing Li, Pei-Pei Wang, Yong-Qiang Fan, Qing-Hua Han","doi":"10.1177/15578518261429030","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518261429030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Visceral obesity is considered an important risk factor for hypertension. However, there is little research on visceral obesity and hypertension in patients with diabetes or prediabetes. Body roundness index (BRI) serves as a proxy for visceral adiposity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between BRI and hypertension and blood pressure in diabetes (DM) or prediabetes (preDM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study includes data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2018, including 5368 participants with DM and preDM. Weighted multiple regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS), and subgroup analysis were used to evaluate the correlation between BRI and hypertension risk as well as blood pressure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study included a total of 1565 DM subjects and 3803 preDM participants. The prevalence of hypertension in the two groups was 67.80% and 42.28%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, BRI was significantly positively correlated with the risk of hypertension, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in both DM and preDM. In the fully adjusted model, an increase in BRI was positively associated with the risk of hypertension in both DM and preDM participants (DM OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.16-1.34, <i>P</i> < 0.0001; preDM OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.14-1.26, <i>P</i> < 0.0001). Further RCS analysis revealed a significant nonlinear relationship between BRI and hypertension and DBP in DM and preDM, while there was a linear positive correlation with SBP. Interaction analysis indicated that in male preDM, BRI was associated with a higher risk of hypertension (male OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.19-1.39, female OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.07-1.17, <i>P</i> for interaction <0.01). Additionally, in preDM under the age of 60, BRI showed a stronger positive correlation with SBP and DBP (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 0.94-1.52, <i>P</i> < 0.0001; OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.45-0.90, <i>P</i> < 0.0001). However, these findings were not observed in DM.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In diabetes and prediabetes, BRI exhibits a significant positive correlation with the risk of hypertension, as well as with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Based on these findings, BRI may serve as a biomarker for managing the progression of hypertension in patients with DM and preDM.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"216-227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147458411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allostatic Load in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists.","authors":"Yang Yu, Susan Groth","doi":"10.1177/15578518261431688","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15578518261431688","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists improve glycemic control and have been shown to enhance stress regulation, potentially attenuating the cumulative impact of chronic stress. Despite these links, few studies have examined allostatic load in patients with T2DM treated with GLP-1s.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To compare allostatic load among patients with T2DM treated with GLP-1s and three comparison groups: individuals without T2DM, individuals with T2DM not receiving medication treatment, and individuals with T2DM treated with non-GLP-1 medications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed data from 16,830 adults in the 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Medication status was based on self-reported prescription use within the past month. Allostatic load was calculated primarily using a 13 biomarker index spanning metabolic, autonomic, and immune function and secondarily using a modified score that excluded HbA1c and insulin resistance. General linear regression was used to assess associations, adjusting for sociodemographics, comorbidities, and health behaviors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants with T2DM treated with GLP-1s had higher allostatic load than those without T2DM (<i>β</i> = 1.57, 95% CI: 0.88, 2.25) but did not differ from participants with T2DM who were untreated or treated with non-GLP-1s. After excluding HbA1c and insulin resistance from the score, allostatic load in the GLP-1s-treated group was comparable across all comparison groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>GLP-1 treatment was not associated with lower allostatic load compared with other treatment regimens in patients with T2DM. Longitudinal studies with neuroendocrine measures are needed to better characterize its effects on stress regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"228-234"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147458487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}