Materials最新文献

{"title":"Contribution of Oxygen and Ultraviolet Light to the Adhesion Properties of Warm Mix Asphalt During the Light-Oxidative Coupling Ultraviolet Aging Process.","authors":"Jianbing Ma, Bo Li, Yongning Wang, Xiaomin Li, Dongna Li, Xiaoyu Ren, Mingxing Fu","doi":"10.3390/ma18061345","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated the contribution of oxygen and UV light to the UV aging process of warm mix asphalt (WMA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this paper, warm mix asphalt was prepared with different aging methods (RTFOT, PAV and UV) and UV aging times (50 h, 100 h, 150 h and 200 h). The cohesion and bonding functions of WMA were tested using surface free energy theory. In addition, the UV aging functional groups of WMA were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). On this basis, the contribution of oxygen and ultraviolet light to the UV aging of WMA was analyzed using the random forest model.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusions: </strong>The results showed that UV aging had the greatest effect on the adhesion property index and functional group index of WMA, followed by PAV aging, and RTFOT aging had the least effect. With the extension of UV aging time, the adhesion and cohesion functions of WMA showed a decreasing trend, while the carbonyl index and sulfoxide index showed an increasing trend. When the UV aging time exceeded 150 h, the adhesion function and functional group index of WMA gradually tended to stabilize. The effect of UV aging on the adhesive properties of WMA was mainly due to adhesive damage. There were significant differences in the effects of oxygen isolation and light-oxygen-coupled UV aging on the adhesive properties and functional group index of WMA. In the light-oxygen-coupled UV aging of warm mix asphalt, the contribution of UV radiation was 79.9%, and the contribution of oxygen was 20.1%.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943523/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study and Simulation Analysis of Microwave Heating Performance of Magnetite Concrete Based on Random Aggregate Modeling.","authors":"Guoyu Li, Zhenfu Chen, Qiongfang Wu, Dan Wu, Qiuwang Tao, Pinyu Zou, Yizhi Liu","doi":"10.3390/ma18061333","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiation-shielding concrete, widely used in protective structures because of its effective shielding properties, employs magnetite aggregates to achieve higher compressive strength than conventional concrete. However, prolonged exposure to high temperatures leads to mechanical degradation. This study investigates the thermal evolution of magnetite concrete under microwave heating across varying temperatures (38-800 °C). A microwave oven was utilized for heating, and COMSOL Multiphysics was employed to establish an electromagnetic-thermal-mechanical coupled model, analyzing surface characteristics, temperature distribution, stress-strain behavior, and residual compressive strength. Results indicate that internal temperatures exceed surface temperatures during microwave heating, with a maximum temperature difference surpassing 150 °C at 800 °C. Compressive stresses predominantly arise in the mortar, while tensile stresses concentrate in aggregates and the interface transition zone, causing stress concentration. Mortar exhibits greater deformation than aggregates as temperatures increase. Simulated and experimental residual compressive strengths show strong agreement, with a maximum deviation of 7.58%. The most rapid mechanical deterioration occurs at 450-600 °C, marked by a residual compressive strength decline of 0.07 MPa/°C and the formation of penetrating cracks.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943865/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of DC Electric Field Direction on Sedimentation Behavior of Colloidal Particles in Water.","authors":"Hiroshi Kimura","doi":"10.3390/ma18061335","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061335","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colloidal particles in water exhibit increased sedimentation velocity under a horizontal DC electric field of several V/mm compared to no field. Hollow particles with a lower density than water show an increased ascent velocity with the horizontal electric field. These phenomena suggest that colloidal particles form flocs due to the electric field, known as the Electrically Induced Rapid Separation (ERS) effect. This study investigates, for the first time, the impact of the DC electric field direction on the ERS effect. The electric field was defined as horizontal when the inclination angle <i>θ</i> = 0° and vertical at <i>θ</i> = 90°, covering all inclination angles. Results showed that the ERS effect increased for <i>θ</i> < ~20-30° in both upward and downward directions. However, beyond this range, the ERS effect decreased or disappeared. At larger <i>θ</i> values, convection was observed, significantly improving colloidal particle dispersion stability. Additionally, negatively charged particles were observed to be \"repelled\" near the negative electrode. This study offers new insights into controlling particle dispersion stability using electric fields and suggests potential applications in colloid and material science.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis and Cutting Force Model for the Cutting of Circular Steel Bars Using Negative Rake Angle Cutters: Accounting for Chip Accumulation Effects.","authors":"Shifan Qiao, Chaobo Feng, Gang Wang, Taofu Liu, Jenisha Singh","doi":"10.3390/ma18061339","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cutting force exerted on steel bars plays a crucial role in determining tunneling parameters for shield tunneling, especially when cutters are used to cut through existing pile foundations. This research focuses on the cutting force during the initial phase of the cutting process. Using 2D finite element analysis, this study examines the early stage of orthogonal cutting with negative rake angle cutters, exploring the formation of a slip plane mode. By combining slip line theory with the shear band model, a computational model is developed to calculate the cutting force for negative rake angle cutters when cutting a circular steel bar cross-section at various depths. In addition, with the incorporation of the Johnson-Cook model, this study models cutting forces under various conditions, taking into account factors such as material strength, strain rate sensitivity, and temperature effects. The steels studied include AISI 1040, AISI 4340, and AISI 304, which are commonly used in construction, with attention given to how their mechanical properties, such as strength and hardness, affect the cutting forces. While this study acknowledges the steels' manufacturing conditions, the primary focus remains on the cutting process and its impact on force predictions. The model's calculated horizontal cutting force is compared to numerical simulations, showing a maximum absolute error of 33.85% and an average error of 14.23%. The vertical cutting force calculations are less accurate, with a maximum error of 64.2% and an average error of 14.06%. The analysis further reveals that chip accumulation significantly impacts the horizontal cutting force, while the variation in average stress along the slip line has a smaller effect. This study also examines how factors like material properties, initial temperature, low friction coefficients, and steel bar radius contribute to the model's accuracy and reliability.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943930/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Additive Manufacturing of IN718 Blades: Powder Recycling Strategies for Reduced Carbon Footprint.","authors":"Xunchen Liu, Yilun Wang, Tengyuan Fang, Wenxuan Wang, Zhiheng Hu, Yang Meng, Bo Huang, Yuan Fang, Lin Hua, Mingzhang Chen","doi":"10.3390/ma18061344","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the growing demand for aero-engine turbine blades, the resource consumption and environmental impact of superalloy powder in the manufacturing process have become increasingly significant. This study focuses on IN718 nickel-based superalloy powder and establishes a recycling method based on powder mixing. By mixing sieved recycled powder with new powder at a 1:1 mass ratio, comprehensive characterization tests, including powder morphology analysis, particle size distribution, blade printability evaluation, mechanical property tests (tensile strength at both 25 °C and 650 °C), and microhardness measurements, demonstrated that the blended powder maintained performance characteristics comparable to new powder, with no statistically significant differences observed. Furthermore, this study introduces the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology into the field of superalloy powder recycling, providing a novel technical approach for sustainable development in aerospace manufacturing. A quantitative analysis of environmental impacts throughout the blended powder recycling process indicates that this method can reduce carbon emissions by 45% and energy consumption by 48%.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinforced Fill Structure with Alternative Fill Materials: An Application of Geogrid Creep Strain Analysis Using Numerical Modeling.","authors":"Ahsan Rehman Khan, Gemmina Di Emidio","doi":"10.3390/ma18061346","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For many years, granular fill has been the preferred fill material in reinforced fill structures (RFSs) due to its high strength and drainage properties. However, the global scarcity of granular fill has necessitated the exploration of alternative fill materials. This study aims to evaluate the performance of three different alternative fill materials: (i) weak onsite fill (fill 1), (ii) lime-stabilized onsite fill (fill 2), and (iii) recycled construction and demolition (C & D) waste (fill 3). A finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to assess the stability and horizontal displacement of an RFS and the long-term creep deformation of geogrid using viscoelastic (time-dependent) model in Plaxis. This RFS comprised a combination of wire mesh and geogrids, serving as primary and secondary reinforcement materials, respectively. The results indicate that fill 1, with low shear strength and stiffness, induces excessive lateral displacement and was unstable, making it unsuitable for RFS applications. In contrast, Fill 2 and Fill 3 achieve Eurocode-based safety factors of 1.12 and 1.19, respectively, while significantly reducing horizontal displacement. The long-term creep deformation analysis of geogrid in the case of fill 1 exceeds the prescribed serviceability strain limit threshold, while in the cases of fill 2 and fill 3, it conforms to the serviceability strain limit, which indicates effective mobilization of tensile resistance without excessive elongation. Finally, an analysis was conducted to optimize the geogrid length and to see its impact on cost and performance. The results revealed up to a 29% cost reduction while ensuring performance criteria. These findings validate lime-stabilized onsite fill and recycled C&D waste as viable, cost-effective alternatives to conventional granular backfill, ensuring not only stability and serviceability but also the long-term performance of geogrids in RFSs.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943514/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sorption and Desorption Isotherms of Lightweight Alkali-Activated Materials Modified with Silica Aerogel.","authors":"Halina Garbalińska, Agata Stolarska, Jarosław Strzałkowski, Agnieszka Ślosarczyk","doi":"10.3390/ma18061338","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The moisture content in a building material has a negative impact on its technical parameters. This problem applies in particular to highly porous materials, including those based on aerogel. This paper presents moisture tests on a new generation of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) with different aerogel contents. Silica aerogel particles were used as a partial replacement for the lightweight sintered fly ash-based aggregate at levels of 10, 20, and 30 vol%. The experiment included four formulations: R0 (without the addition of aerogel) and the recipes R1, R2, and R3, with an increasing content of this additive. The level at which moisture stabilizes in a material in contact with the environment of a given humidity and temperature depends on whether the equilibrium state is reached in the process of moisture absorption by a dry material or in the process of the drying out of a wet material. The equilibrium states achieved in these processes are described by sorption and desorption isotherms, determined at a given temperature, but at different levels of relative humidity. The SSS (saturation salt solution) method has been used for years to determine them. Unfortunately, measurements carried out using this method are difficult and highly time-consuming. For this reason, a more accurate and faster DVS (dynamic vapor sorption) method was used in this study of R0-R3 composites. The research program assumed 10 step changes in humidity in the sorption processes and 10 step changes in humidity in the desorption processes. As a result, the course of the sorption and desorption isotherms of each of the four composites was accurately reproduced, and the hysteresis scale was assessed, which was most evident in the cases of the R0 composite (made without the addition of aerogel) and R1 composite (made with the lowest aerogel content). Studies have shown that the increased addition of aerogel resulted in an increase in the amount of water absorbed. This was true for all ten relative humidity levels tested. As a result, the highest values in the entire hygroscopic range were observed in the course of the sorption isotherm determined for the R3 composite with the highest aerogel content, and the lowest values were for the sorption isotherm of the R0 composite without the addition of aerogel.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxygen Vacancy Modification MIL-125(Ti) Promotes CO₂ Photoreduction to CO with Near 100% Selectivity.","authors":"Hangmin Xu, Hao Song, Xiaozhi Wang, Xingwang Zhu","doi":"10.3390/ma18061343","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The substantial release of industrial carbon dioxide has been identified as a key factor in the development of various environmental issues. In addressing these concerns, the utilization of photocatalytic technology for carbon reduction has garnered significant attention. The disadvantage of CO₂ photoreduction is the problem of product yield and selectivity. It is known that MIL-125(Ti) with a high specific surface area (S_BET) possesses more active sites using Ti as a node. The calcination of MIL-125(Ti) in a reducing atmosphere has been shown to introduce oxygen vacancies (O_V), thereby enhancing the material's surface and internal pores. This process has been demonstrated to result in a significant increase in the S_BET and an enhancement of the Ti³⁺/Ti⁴⁺ ratio. The increased Ti³⁺ centers have been found to improve the material's reducing properties. The results demonstrate that the O_V-rich MIL-125-2H material exhibits the high-performance and highly selective photoreduction in CO₂.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943590/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplified Mechanistic Aging Model for Lithium Ion Batteries in Large-Scale Applications.","authors":"Zhe Lv, Huinan Si, Zhe Yang, Jiawen Cui, Zhichao He, Lei Wang, Zhe Li, Jianbo Zhang","doi":"10.3390/ma18061342","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Energy storage systems play a vital role in balancing solar- and wind-generated power. However, the uncertainty of their lifespan is a key factor limiting their large-scale applications. While currently reported battery aging models, empirical or semi-empirical, are capable of accurately assessing battery decay under specific operating conditions, they cannot reliably predict the battery lifespan beyond the measured data. Moreover, these models generally require a tedious procedure to determine model parameters, reducing their value for onsite applications. This paper, based on Newman's pseudo-2D performance model and incorporating microparameters obtained from cell disassembly, developed a mechanistic model accounting for three major aging mechanisms of lithium iron phosphate/graphite cells, i.e., solid electrolyte interphase growth, lithium plating, and gas generation. The prediction of this mechanistic model agrees with the experimental results within an average error of ±1%. The mechanistic model was further simplified into an engineering model consisting of only two core parameters, loss of active lithium and loss of active material, and was more suitable for large-scale applications. The accuracy of the engineering model was validated in a 100 MW/200 MWh energy storage project. When the actual State of Health (SOH) of the battery degraded to 89.78%, the simplified model exhibited an error of -0.17%, and the computation time decreased from 8.12 h to 10 s compared to the mechanistic model.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944198/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electron Screening in Deuteron-Deuteron Reactions on a Zr Target with Oxygen and Carbon Contamination.","authors":"Agata Kowalska, Mateusz Kaczmarski, Konrad Czerski, Rakesh Dubey, Gokul Das Haridas, Mathieu Valat, Natalia Targosz-Ślęczka, Paweł Figiel, Justyna Słowik, Jolanta Baranowska","doi":"10.3390/ma18061331","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18061331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The electron screening effect is responsible for a significant increase in the nuclear reaction rates in metals at very low energies. This is dependent on the local crystal structure of the metallic target and the occurrence of defects or additional elemental impurities in the crystal. Here, we studied the deuteron-deuteron fusion reactions on zirconium targets previously implanted with carbon and oxygen ions. The ²H(d,p)³H reaction yield was measured at two deuteron energies, 8 and 20 keV, in order to determine the strength of the electron screening effect and its dependence on the density of the implanted impurities. We found that carbon implantation strongly reduced the experimentally determined screening energy, while oxygen implantation had the opposite effect. These results are especially important for the application of nuclear fusion in metallic environments at very low energies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943714/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}