MaterialsPub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.3390/ma18112609
Beata Gajewska, Marcin Gajewski, Jorge Pais, Liseane Thives
{"title":"A Simple Model to Estimate the Increase in Pavement Life Due to the Traffic Wander for Application in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles.","authors":"Beata Gajewska, Marcin Gajewski, Jorge Pais, Liseane Thives","doi":"10.3390/ma18112609","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112609","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The primary purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of traffic wander on road pavement life for application in connected and autonomous vehicles. Research shows that in autonomous vehicles, drivers often follow the same path, leading to significant pavement damage on specific, well-defined paths. The paper examined the impact of traffic wander on pavement life by analysing two different wander distributions: normal and uniform. Based on the estimated pavement life for various pavement structures, a model that predicts the increase in pavement life due to traffic wander was developed for cracking and rutting prediction. The result of the research is the determination of relative pavement life influence functions, in which the variables are the traffic wander, asphalt layer thickness and subgrade stiffness. The obtained equations can be easily implemented for pavement service life extension evaluation. The model was also used to estimate the asphalt layer thickness as a function of the traffic expressed in terms of Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESALs). An analysis of the implications of the lateral distribution of traffic on the pavement thickness was presented. Significant reductions in the asphalt layer thickness of the pavement are achieved when wander is considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12156044/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Engineering Characteristics of Dredged Sediment Solidified by MSWI FA and Cement Under Different Curing Conditions.","authors":"Shucheng Zhang, Haoqing Xu, Xinmiao Shi, Wenyang Zhang, Jinyuan Xu","doi":"10.3390/ma18112622","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional landfill cover materials have low strength and poor dry-wet durability. Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) can be used to partially replace cement solidification dredging sediment (DS). This article investigates the possibility of using MSWI FA and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) composite cured DS as a covering material. The mechanical properties, permeability, and wet-dry durability of the cured system were investigated under the conditions of MSWI FA content ranging from 0% to 60% and OPC content ranging from 10% to 15%. The microscopic mechanism was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that when the OPC and MSWI FA contents were 15% and 20%, respectively, the comprehensive performance of the cured specimens was best after 28 days of natural curing. The unconfined compressive strength reached 1993.9 kPa, and the permeability coefficient decreased to below 1 × 10<sup>-7</sup> cm/s, fully meeting the requirements for landfill coverage. C-S-H gel is the main strength source of the solidified body, while Friedel salt and ettringite enhance the compactness of the matrix. An excessive moisture environment promotes the water absorption of soluble salts produced by MSWI FA hydration, leading to sample expansion and reduced strength. MSWI FA and OPC cured DS exhibit good compression performance in the intermediate cover system of landfills, and can maintain good engineering performance under periodic dry-wet cycles. This dual strategic synergy solves the hazardous disposal problem of MSWI FA and the resource utilization demand of DS, demonstrating enormous application potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12156446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.3390/ma18112615
Lei Zhao, Xiangbing Wang, Minxing Jiang, Chao Zhao, Nan Jiang, Kazhihito Nishimura, Jian Yi, Shuangquan Fang
{"title":"Optimization of Diamond Polishing Process for Sub-Nanometer Roughness Using Ar/O<sub>2</sub>/SF<sub>6</sub> Plasma.","authors":"Lei Zhao, Xiangbing Wang, Minxing Jiang, Chao Zhao, Nan Jiang, Kazhihito Nishimura, Jian Yi, Shuangquan Fang","doi":"10.3390/ma18112615","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diamond, known for its exceptional physical and chemical properties, shows great potential in advanced fields such as medicine, semiconductors, and optics. However, reducing surface roughness is critical for enhancing its performance. This study employs inductively coupled plasma (ICP) polishing to etch single-crystal diamond and analyzes the impact of different etching parameters on surface roughness using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Using the change in surface roughness before and after etching as the main evaluation metric, the optimal etching parameters were determined: Ar/O<sub>2</sub>/SF<sub>6</sub> gas flow ratio of 40/50/10 sccm, ICP power of 200 W, RF bias power of 40 W, chamber pressure of 20 mTorr, and etching time of 10 min. Results show that increased etching time and SF<sub>6</sub> flow rate raise surface roughness; although higher ICP and RF power reduce roughness, they also cause nanostructure formation, affecting surface quality. Lower chamber pressure results in smaller roughness increases, while higher pressure significantly worsens it. Based on the optimized process parameters, the pristine single-crystal diamond was further etched in this study, resulting in a significant reduction of the surface roughness from 2.22 nm to 0.562 nm, representing a 74.7% decrease. These improvements in surface roughness demonstrate the effectiveness of the optimized process, enhancing the diamond's suitability for high-precision optical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12155716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.3390/ma18112613
Fengjiao Ye, Te Zhu, Peng Zhang, Peng Kuang, Haibiao Wu, Xingzhong Cao
{"title":"Effect of Annealing on Vacancy-Type Defects and Heterogeneous Cu Precipitation Behavior in Fe<sub>60</sub>Cr<sub>12</sub>Mn<sub>8</sub>Cu<sub>15</sub>Mo<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub> Alloy.","authors":"Fengjiao Ye, Te Zhu, Peng Zhang, Peng Kuang, Haibiao Wu, Xingzhong Cao","doi":"10.3390/ma18112613","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112613","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study systematically investigates the evolution of vacancy-type defects and heterogeneous Cu nanoprecipitates in an Fe<sub>60</sub>Cr<sub>12</sub>Mn<sub>8</sub>Cu<sub>15</sub>Mo<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub> (at%) multi-principal element alloy during thermal processing, utilizing Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PAS), coincidence Doppler broadening (CDB) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the alloy exhibited a dual-phase coexistence structure of Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) and Face-Centered Cubic (FCC). The CDB results show that the density of heterogeneous Cu precipitates gradually increases with annealing temperature. Compared to the as-cast alloy, the precipitates annealed at 773 K exhibit a significantly reduced size (approximately 33 nm) with higher density. The PAS results demonstrate that gradual migration and aggregation of monovacancies at 573 K form vacancy clusters, while contraction and dissociation of these clusters dominate at 673 K. Within the temperature range of 773-973 K, the dynamic equilibrium between the aggregation and decomposition of vacancy clusters maintains stable annihilation characteristics with minimal lifetime changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12155920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of the Rolling Process of Alloy 6082 on a Three-High Skew Rolling Mill.","authors":"Rail Sovetbayev, Yerik Nugman, Yerzhan Shayakhmetov, Yermek Abilmazhinov, Anna Kawalek, Kirill Ozhmegov","doi":"10.3390/ma18112618","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modern requirements for aluminum alloys used in mechanical engineering and aviation include increased strength characteristics and refined microstructure. One of the promising methods for improving the properties of aluminum alloys is rolling on a three-high skew rolling mill, which provides intense plastic deformation and a fine-grained structure. This study describes the results of numerical modeling of the rolling process of aluminum alloy 6082 rods in a three-high skew-type mill. Numerical modeling of alloy 6082 was conducted using the ForgeNxT 2.1 software designed to simulate metal-forming processes, including rolling. The rheological behavior of the material under study was investigated by compression tests using a Gleeble 3800 plastometer (\"DSI\", Austin, TX, USA), which enabled the determination of the main parameters of material flow under specified conditions. The process of rolling bars of alloy 6082 on a three-high skew mill was numerically analyzed in the temperature range of 350-400 °C. This allowed for the study of the distribution of stresses, temperatures, and strain rates from the rolling mode. A physical experiment was conducted to validate the results of numerical modeling. The obtained results enabled the identification of rolling modes that promote microstructure refinement and enhance the mechanical properties of the alloy.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12155582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.3390/ma18112620
Quan Zhang, Yihuan Xiao, Xiangyu Han, Bin Jia, Kai Zhang
{"title":"Fracture Behavior and Toughness Evaluation of Shotcrete: A Closed-Form Approach.","authors":"Quan Zhang, Yihuan Xiao, Xiangyu Han, Bin Jia, Kai Zhang","doi":"10.3390/ma18112620","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Shotcrete, due to its excellent performance, has become widely adopted as a lining material in tunnel construction. However, research on the fracture behavior of shotcrete, especially in terms of precise fracture toughness determination methods, remains limited. In this study, three distinct batches of shotcrete with varying porosities were fabricated, and their fracture properties were evaluated using three-point bending tests. A closed-form solution was developed to calculate the fracture toughness of shotcrete used in tunnel linings, incorporating factors such as micro-structure, specimen boundaries, and geometry. The results demonstrated that the fracture toughness obtained through this method can be treated as a material constant, independent of specimen geometry. Additionally, the study emphasized the importance of considering the pore structure in the design and fracture analysis of shotcrete materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12156233/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.3390/ma18112610
Ruolan Tang, Wanqi Chen, Bo Yang, Banghe Lv, Haile Yan, Song Li, Liang Zuo
{"title":"Insights into Localized Crystallization in the 3D-Cone Solar Evaporator for High-Salinity Desalination.","authors":"Ruolan Tang, Wanqi Chen, Bo Yang, Banghe Lv, Haile Yan, Song Li, Liang Zuo","doi":"10.3390/ma18112610","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solar-driven interfacial evaporation desalination is regarded as a promising solution to address freshwater scarcity. However, salt deposition remains a significant challenge. While structural designs such as designated deposition sites can control crystallization, the mechanisms of salt precipitation at specific locations are still unclear. In the present work, we designed a three-dimensional conical evaporator using low-cost cellulose paper for efficient solar-driven desalination. This innovative evaporator design achieves controlled salt crystallization by meticulously balancing the rates of salt diffusion and accumulation, thereby directing salt precipitation to a predetermined location approximately 1.4 cm above the conical base. This phenomenon arises from temperature variations across the evaporator's three-dimensional surface, which induce differences in water surface tension and create favorable sites for salt precipitation. Such a salt management strategy allows for continuous operation for up to 8 h in high-salinity conditions (24.5 wt.%) without compromising performance. Under one sun irradiation, the evaporator demonstrates exceptional performance, with an evaporation rate of 2.54 kg·m<sup>-2</sup>·h<sup>-1</sup> and an impressive energy conversion efficiency of 93.7%. This approach provides valuable insights into the salt precipitation mechanism, contributing to the future design of three-dimensional evaporators and innovative salt collection strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12155923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.3390/ma18112606
Yingjun Jiang, Jiangang Xu, Hongjiang Zhang, Yingchao Liang, Jinpeng Du, Di Wu
{"title":"Study on the Temperature-Dependence of the Modulus of LSAM-50 Pavement Materials.","authors":"Yingjun Jiang, Jiangang Xu, Hongjiang Zhang, Yingchao Liang, Jinpeng Du, Di Wu","doi":"10.3390/ma18112606","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the temperature dependence of the modulus of LSAM-50 flexible base asphalt pavement (LSAM-50 pavement) materials, specifically SMA-13, AC-20, and LSAM-50. The effects of temperature on the modulus of LSAM-50 pavement materials were investigated, and a temperature-dependent model of resilient modulus was established. A dynamic modulus master curve was constructed based on a generalized logarithmic Sigmoidal model. The correlation between the resilient modulus and dynamic modulus was studied, and a multiple linear regression model was developed to describe the relationship between the dynamic modulus and resilient modulus, temperature, and loading frequency. The results show that the resilient modulus and dynamic modulus gradually decrease with the increase in temperature and then tend to stabilize. The resilient modulus of LSAM-50 is higher than that of SMA-13 and AC-20 in the entire temperature range, and the dynamic modulus of LSAM-50 is higher than that of SMA-13 and AC-20 in the high-temperature range. The correlation coefficients (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>) of the established resilient modulus and dynamic modulus estimation models are greater than 0.97 and 0.94, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12155573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MaterialsPub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.3390/ma18112614
Xue Ren, Yiwen Zhang, Yingqiao Zhang, Xingri Jin
{"title":"Tunable Multi-Functional Metamaterial Based on Photosensitive Silicon for Unidirectional Reflectionlessness, Polarization Conversion, and Asymmetric Transmission.","authors":"Xue Ren, Yiwen Zhang, Yingqiao Zhang, Xingri Jin","doi":"10.3390/ma18112614","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We propose a tunable multi-functional metamaterial composed of two pairs of gold corner resonators interconnected with photosensitive silicon, operating in the terahertz range. This design achieves dual-band unidirectional reflectionlessness, polarization conversion, and asymmetric transmission for linearly polarized waves, regardless of whether the photosensitive silicon is in the insulating or conductivity state. When the photosensitive silicon transitions from the insulating state to the conductivity state, its conductivity increases significantly, resulting in a frequency shift phenomenon in the functional peak frequencies. Numerical simulations demonstrate the structure's robust performance in dual-band unidirectional reflectionlessness and its significant asymmetric transmission, with minimal sensitivity to variations in the incident angle and photosensitive silicon sheet length. By integrating multiple functionalities and enabling frequency tunability through the control of photosensitive silicon conductivity, this design offers a reconfigurable solution for THz applications, such as switches, polarization converters, and modulators.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12156847/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Cr Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Heat Affected Zone in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Transport Pipeline Steel.","authors":"Rui Hong, Xiaodan Zhu, Shubiao Yin, Nengsheng Liu, Shujun Jia, Yuxi Cao, Yuqin Qin, Qilin Ma","doi":"10.3390/ma18112607","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18112607","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study systematically investigates the influence mechanism of the element Cr on the mechanical properties of the heat-affected zone in pipeline steels for supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> transportation. Microstructural evolution in the heat affected-zone was characterized through thermal simulation tests, Charpy impact testing (-10 °C), and microhardness measurements, complemented by multiscale microscopic analyses (optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy). The results demonstrate that Cr addition enhances the base metal's resistance to supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> corrosion but reduces its low-temperature impact toughness from 277 J to 235 J at -10 °C. Notably, the intercritical heat-affected zone exhibits severe embrittlement, with impact energy plummeting from 235 J (base metal) to 77 J. Microstructural analysis reveals that Cr interacts with carbon to form stable carbonitride particles, which reduce the free carbon concentration and diffusion coefficient in austenite, thereby inducing heterogeneous austenitization. Undissolved carbonitrides pin grain boundaries, creating carbon concentration gradients. During rapid cooling, these localized carbon-enriched microregions preferentially transform into core-shell-structured M-A constituent, characterized by a micro-twin containing retained austenite core encapsulated by high hardness lath martensite. The synergistic interaction between micro-twins and interfacial thermal mismatch stress induces localized stress concentration, triggering microcrack nucleation and subsequent toughness degradation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12155901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}