Materials最新文献

{"title":"Simulation of the Penetration Process of 7xxx Aluminum Alloy Laminates with Different Configurations.","authors":"Qunjiao Wang, Shuhan Zhang, Meilin Yin, Hui Zhang, Xinyu Liu, Ruibin Mei, Fuguan Cong, Yunlong Zhang, Yu Cao","doi":"10.3390/ma18102357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aluminum alloy laminates have extensive applications in protective armor systems. A simulation-based approach was employed to investigate the anti-penetration performance of aluminum alloy laminates with different configurations. Experiments were carried out to study the mechanical properties of 7055 and 7075 aluminum alloys, and a J-C constitutive model was established for the 7055/7075 aluminum alloy laminate. Based on the J-C constitutive model, numerical simulation was performed to assess the anti-penetration performance of an aluminum alloy laminate with various configurations. Velocity curves during the projectile penetration process were obtained. The simulation results show that the four-layer laminate exhibits superior anti-penetration performance compared to the two-layer laminate. The four-layer laminate with the 7055/7075/7075/7055 configuration demonstrates optimal anti-penetration performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Force Distribution and Force Chain Topology in Asphalt Mixtures Using the Discrete Element Method.","authors":"Sudi Wang, Jianxia Wang, Jie Wang, Jian Xu, Yinghao Miao, Qing Ma, Linbing Wang, Tao Liu","doi":"10.3390/ma18102347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The force chain network within asphalt mixtures serves as the primary load-bearing structure to resist external forces. The objective of this study is to quantitatively characterize the contact force distribution and force chain topology structure. The discrete element method (DEM) was employed to construct simulation models for two stone matrix asphalt (SMA) and two open-graded friction course (OGFC) mixtures. Load distribution characteristics, including average contact force, load bearing contribution and contact force angle, and force chain topological network parameters, clustering coefficient, edge betweenness and average path length, were analyzed to elucidate the load transfer mechanisms. The findings of the present study demonstrate that the average contact force between aggregate-aggregate contact types in specific particle sizes significantly exceeds the average contact force of the same particle size aggregates. For SMA16 and OGFC16 asphalt mixtures, the load-bearing contribution of aggregates initially increases and then decreases with decreasing particle size, peaking at 13.2 mm. SMA13 and OGFC13 mixtures demonstrate a consistent decline in load bearing contribution with decreasing aggregate size. The analysis of the force chain network topology of the asphalt mixture reveals that SMA mixtures exhibited higher average clustering coefficients in force chain topological features in comparison to OGFC mixtures. It indicates that SMA gradations have superior skeletal load-bearing structures. While the maximum nominal aggregate size minimally influences the average path length with a relative change rate of 3%, the gradation type exerts a more substantial impact, exhibiting a relative change rate of 7% to 9%. These findings confirm that SMA mixtures have more stable load-bearing structures than OGFC mixtures. The proposed topological parameters effectively capture structural distinctions in force chain networks, offering insights for optimizing gradation design and enhancing mechanical performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Surface Morphology Evolution in the Tribological Behavior of Superalloy Under High-Temperature Fretting.","authors":"Xuan He, Zidan Wang, Ying Yan, Kailun Zheng, Qian Bai","doi":"10.3390/ma18102350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-temperature fretting wear typically occurs on mechanical contact surfaces in high-temperature environments, with displacement amplitudes generally in the micrometer range (≤300 μm), such as the turbine disks and blades in aerospace engines, and the piston rings in automotive engines. The study performed tangential fretting wear tests between superalloy specimens and Si₃N₄ balls under 700 °C to investigate the influence of ground and milled surface morphologies on the high-temperature fretting wear behavior. The experimental results show distinct wear mechanisms for the two surface types: ground specimens exhibit adhesive and oxidative wear, while milled specimens experience fatigue and abrasive wear. Both wear modes intensify with increasing load and fretting frequency. A comprehensive surface morphology characterization method, combining fractal dimension (<i>FD</i>) and surface roughness, is proposed. The study reveals that the roughness parameters <i>Sa</i> and <i>Ra</i> are strongly correlated with the Coefficient of Friction, while <i>FD</i> is strongly correlated with the wear volume. This study provides a novel approach to characterizing the evolution of surface morphology during high-temperature fretting wear.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the Nitrogen-Doping Mechanism in Carbon Catalysts for Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde.","authors":"Lingxin Kong, Chenxi Guo, Wenkai Song, Yujie Liu, Guiyao Luo, Yan Xu, Yujun Zhao, Peng Jin","doi":"10.3390/ma18102345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethanol to acetaldehyde is an important production process. However, it still suffers from low deactivation, selectivity, and high costs. Herein, we developed a new strategy for preparing mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts by carbonization of phenolic resin with silica as a hard template. The catalyst demonstrated an impressive acetaldehyde selectivity of over 76% at 270 °C for 25 h during the ODH of ethanol to acetaldehyde. Mechanistic studies have shown that the two carbon atoms in adjacent C=O groups are replaced by nitrogen atoms in the N₀-Gra-O structural unit. The C=O functional group on the surface of the catalyst is the active center for the ODH of ethanol to acetaldehyde, and the introduction of nitrogen atoms can reduce the adsorption capacity of acetaldehyde molecules at the active site (Δ<i>G</i> values can be reduced by 0.11-0.45 eV), enabling rapid desorption of the product and avoiding the problem of excessive oxidation, thereby improving the selectivity of acetaldehyde. This work reveals the structure-activity relationship between active sites and selective regulation of nitrogen-doped carbon-based catalysts for the ODH of ethanol, providing a theoretical basis for the development of efficient non-metallic carbon-based catalysts.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Band Gap Energy and Lattice Distortion in Anatase TiO₂ Thin Films Prepared by Reactive Sputtering with Different Thicknesses.","authors":"Cecilia Guillén","doi":"10.3390/ma18102346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>TiO₂ is an abundant material on Earth, essential for the sustainable and cost-effective development of various technologies, with anatase being the most effective polymorph for photocatalytic and photovoltaic applications. Bulk crystalline anatase TiO₂ exhibits a band gap energy E_gA = 3.2 eV, for tetragonal lattice parameters a_A = 0.3785 nm and c_A = 0.9514 nm, but these characteristics vary for amorphous or polycrystalline thin films. Reactive magnetron sputtering has proven suitable for the preparation of TiO₂ coatings on glass fiber substrates, with structural and optical characteristics that change during growth. Below a minimum thickness (t < 0.2 μm), the films have an amorphous nature or extremely small crystallite sizes not observable by X-ray diffraction. Afterwards, compressed quasi-randomly orientated crystallites are detected (volume strain ΔV = -0.02 and stress σ_V = -3.5 GPa for t = 0.2 μm) that evolve into relaxed and preferentially (004) orientated crystallites, reaching the standard anatase values at t ~ 1.4 μm with σ_V = 0.0 GPa. The band gap energy increases with lattice distortion according to the relation ∆E_g (eV) = -6∆V, and a further increase is observed for the thinnest coatings (∆E_g = 0.24 eV for t = 0.05 μm).</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonic-Assisted K⁺ Modification of Industrial Hemp Stalk Hydrothermal Biochar for Highly Effective Adsorption of Pb².","authors":"Le Liu, Wanjin Yu, Zheren Zhang, Qiyao Li, Chun Peng, Kaisheng Wu, Duoduo Liu, Sufang He, Nengsheng Liu, Xiang Li","doi":"10.3390/ma18102348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biochar modification represents an effective approach for enhancing adsorption capacity. In the research, industrial hemp straw-derived biochar was synthesized through hydrothermal carbonization coupled with ultrasound-assisted KOH activation, demonstrating exceptional Pb²⁺ adsorption efficiency. The optimal HBS50-K0.5M exhibited excellent adsorption performance, achieving the maximum adsorption capacity of 345.8 mg/g within 2 h. The etching effect of KOH on the biochar surface increased the O-containing functional groups, which enhanced the adsorption of Pb²⁺. The adsorption kinetics revealed that the adsorption process of Pb²⁺ was aligned with the pseudo-second-order kinetics as well as the Langmuir model. The complexation, ion exchange, π-π interaction, as well as electrostatic interaction participated in the adsorption. This study demonstrates that ultrasound-assisted KOH-activated biochar has great potential for removing Pb²⁺ from wastewater.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Stable and Metastable Phase Microstructures on Mechanical Properties of Ti-33Nb Alloys.","authors":"Shitao Fan, Yingqi Zhu, Na Min","doi":"10.3390/ma18102351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, the crystal structure, microstructure, and deformation behavior in the Ti-33Nb alloy under furnace-cooling (FC) and water-quenching (WQ) conditions after holding at 950 °C for 0.5 h are reviewed. The stable and metastable phases obtained under FC and WQ heat treatments have significantly different influences on the mechanical properties of this alloy. The furnace-cooling specimens possess a β and α phase at room temperature, while water-quenched specimens are composed of a metastable β phase and martensite α″ phase. According to the results of the nanoindentation test, the hardness value of the FC specimens is 2.66 GPa, which is lower than that of the WQ specimens. It can be attributed to the presence of a large number of α phases. The indentation depth recovery ratio (η_h) and work recovery ratio (η_w) of the WQ specimens are 19.02% and 19.54%, respectively, indicating a better superelastic response than the FC specimens. In addition, the wear resistance (H/E_r) and yield pressure (H3/Er2) of the WQ specimens are 0.0282 and 0.0030 GPa, respectively, suggesting a better wear resistance and resistance of plastic deformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability Analysis of Polymer Flooding-Produced Liquid in Oilfields Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation.","authors":"Qian Huang, Mingming Shen, Lingyan Mu, Yuan Tian, Huirong Huang, Xueyuan Long","doi":"10.3390/ma18102349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The S oilfield has adopted polymer flooding technology, specifically using partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), to enhance oil recovery. During the production process, the S oilfield has generated a substantial amount of stable polymer flooding-produced liquid, in which oil droplets are difficult to effectively coalesce, presenting significant challenges in demulsification. This article focuses on the produced fluids from S Oilfield as the research subject, developing a molecular dynamics model for the stability analysis of production liquid, including the molecular dynamics model of an oil-pure water system, an oil-mineralized water system and an oil-polymer-mineralized water system, using the principle of molecular dynamics and combining it with the basic molecular model for analyzing the stability of polymer flooding-production liquid. Through the molecular dynamics simulation of the stability analysis of the extracted liquid, the changing rules of the molecular diffusion coefficient, radial distribution function (RDF), interfacial interaction energy, and interfacial tension under the action of ions as well as polymers in water were investigated. The simulation results demonstrate that the presence of all three inorganic salt ions (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺) reduces the interfacial tension between oil and water and stabilizes the interface. Following the addition of polymer, the interfacial tension of the system decreases and the interfacial interaction energy increases significantly, indicating that the stability of the system is significantly enhanced by HPAM.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multipole Expansion of the Scalar Potential on the Basis of Spherical Harmonics: Bridging the Gap Between the Inside and Outside Spaces via Solution of the Poisson Equation.","authors":"Dimosthenis Stamopoulos","doi":"10.3390/ma18102344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The multipole expansion on the basis of Spherical Harmonics is a multifaceted mathematical tool utilized in many disciplines of science and engineering. Regarding physics, in electromagnetism, the multipole expansion is exclusively focused on the scalar potential, Ur, defined only in the so-called inside, Uinr, and outside, Uoutr, spaces, separated by the middle space wherein the source resides, for both dielectric and magnetic materials. Intriguingly, though the middle space probably encloses more physics than the inside and outside spaces, it is never assessed in the literature, probably due to the rather complicated mathematics. Here, we investigate the middle space and introduce the multipole expansion of the scalar potential, Umidr, in this, until now, unsurveyed area. This is achieved through the complementary superposition of the solutions of the inside, Uinr, and outside, Uoutr, spaces when carefully adjusted at the interface of two appropriately defined subspaces of the middle space. Importantly, while the multipole expansion of Uinr and Uoutr satisfies the Laplace equation, the expression of the middle space, Umidr, introduced here satisfies the Poisson equation, as it should. Interestingly, this is mathematically proved by using the method of variation of parameters, which allows us to switch between the solution of the homogeneous Laplace equation to that of the nonhomogeneous Poisson one, thus completely bypassing the standard method in which the multipole expansion of |r-r'|-1 is used in the generalized law of Coulomb. Due to this characteristic, the notion of Umidr introduced here can be utilized on a general basis for the effective calculation of the scalar potential in spaces wherein sources reside. The proof of concept is documented for representative cases found in the literature. Though here we deal with the static and quasi-static limit of low frequencies, our concept can be easily developed to the fully dynamic case. At all instances, the exact mathematical modeling of Umidr introduced here can be very useful in applications of both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous, dielectric and magnetic materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress and Application Prospects of Plant Fibers in Geopolymer Concrete: A Review.","authors":"Zijian Li, Jinjie Li, Weihua Lu, Yongxing Zhang","doi":"10.3390/ma18102342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant fibers, characterized by their low density, renewable nature, and environmentally friendly characteristics, offer considerable potential as reinforcement materials in geopolymer composites. This review provides a critical and thorough examination of recent developments and emerging trends in plant fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete (PFRGC). The paper commences by detailing the inherent characteristics of plant fibers and the mechanisms governing their interfacial adhesion with the geopolymer matrix, with specific emphasis on the impact of fiber surface modification on interface properties. The review offers a comprehensive investigation of the mechanical properties of plant fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete, encompassing compressive strength, tensile strength, and toughness. Additionally, the paper examines the influence of plant fiber integration on the durability of geopolymer concrete, discussing improvements in freeze-thaw resistance, permeability, and carbonation resistance. In conclusion, this review highlights the prevailing challenges in the domain and provides insights into future developments of plant fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete. An analysis was performed utilizing papers from 2000 to 2025 indexed in prominent databases including Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect to enhance the review. Integrating plant fibers into developing technologies, such as 3D printing of geo-polymer matrices, signifies a promising avenue for structural applications. It advocates that future research efforts should focus on enhancing fiber modification techniques, exploring novel fiber materials, and doing thorough assessments of long-term performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}