Materials最新文献

{"title":"GPR Feature Enhancement of Asphalt Pavement Hidden Defects Using Computational-Efficient Image Processing Techniques.","authors":"Shengjia Xie, Jingsong Chen, Ming Cai, Zhiqiang Cheng, Siqi Wang, Yixiang Zhang","doi":"10.3390/ma18184400","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184400","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyperbolic reflection features from ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data have been recognized as essential indicators for detecting hidden defects in the asphalt pavement. Computer vision and deep learning algorithms have been developed to detect and enhance the hyperbolic features of hidden defects. However, migrating existing hyperbolic feature detection methods using raw GPR data results in inaccurate predictions. Pre-processing raw GPR data using straightforward image processing methods could enhance the reflection features for fast and accurate hyperbolic detection during real-time GPR measurements. This study proposed accessible and straightforward image processing methods as GPR data preprocessing steps (such as the Sobel edge detector and histogram equalization) to assist existing computer vision algorithms for reflection feature enhancement during the GPR survey. Field tests were conducted, and several image processing methods with existing standard image processing libraries were applied. The proposed regions of the identified hyperbola signal-to-noise ratio (RIHSNR) were used to quantify the enhancement performance of hyperbolic feature detectability. Applying Sobel edge detection and Otsu's thresholding to GPR data significantly improves detection accuracy and speed: mAP@0.5 rises from 0.65 to 0.85 for Faster R-CNN and from 0.72 to 0.88 for CBAM-YOLOv8 using the proposed computer vision methods as preprocessing steps. At the same time, inference time drops to 30 ms and 25 ms, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical and ANN Modeling of Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Aqueous Environments.","authors":"Kwang-Hu Jung, Seong-Jong Kim","doi":"10.3390/ma18184390","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study applies statistical approaches utilizing linear regression and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the corrosion behavior of austenitic stainless steels (316L, 904L, and AL-6XN) under various environmental conditions. The environmental variables considered include temperature (30-90 °C), chloride ion concentration (20-40 g/L), and pH (2-6). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed that the input variables, including the Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN ranging from 24 to 45), significantly affect the critical pitting potential. The influence of the variables was ranked in the order: PREN, temperature, pH, and chloride ion concentration. A linear regression model was developed using significant factors and interactions identified at the 95% confidence level, achieving a predictive performance with R² = 0.789 for critical pitting potential. To predict potentiodynamic polarization curves, an ANN based on supervised learning with backpropagation was employed. The ANN model demonstrated a remarkably high predictive performance with R² = 0.972 in complex corrosion environments. The predicted polarization curves reliably estimated electrochemical characteristics such as corrosion current, corrosion potential, and pitting potential. These results provide a valuable tool for predicting and understanding the corrosion behavior of stainless steels, which can aid in corrosion prevention strategies and material selection decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Cost Scalable Radiative Cooling Membrane via Spray Fabrication for Sustainable Thermal Management.","authors":"Liang Lv, Jiaqi Hu, Ruichen Song, Xusheng Xia, Zhilin Xia, Siyuan Yu","doi":"10.3390/ma18184385","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184385","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiative cooling presents a promising passive cooling strategy, though its widespread adoption is often constrained by elevated costs and manufacturing complexities. This study introduces a cost-effective, scalable fabrication method for a composite membrane utilizing a spraying technique, and it was fabricated by spraying a mixture of modified nano-zirconia and ethylene-octene copolymer (POE), dissolved in petroleum ether, onto a polyethylene (PE) bubble film substrate. This composite membrane demonstrates a hydrophobic property, with a water contact angle of 100.6°. A cooling structure was formed by covering the composite membrane onto a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) plate which served as an emitter, and the cooling power of this structure reaches 66.2 ± 4.3 W/m². Field tests reveal a temperature reduction of 3 ± 0.3 °C at noon and an average cooling effect of 4.7 ± 0.3 °C throughout the day, relative to ambient temperatures. This work advances the development of cost-effective, scalable radiative cooling technologies, holding promise for applications in building cooling and energy efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472148/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinforced Concrete Beams with FRP and Hybrid Steel-FRP Composite Bars: Load-Deflection Response, Failure Mechanisms, and Design Implications.","authors":"Paulina Dziomdziora, Piotr Smarzewski","doi":"10.3390/ma18184381","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Corrosion concerns motivate the use of alternatives to conventional steel reinforcement in RC beams. This review evaluates fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars and hybrid steel-FRP composite bars (SFCBs) used for durability-critical applications. We conducted a structured literature search focused on 2010-2025 and included seminal pre-2010 studies for context. Experimental studies and code provisions were screened to synthesize evidence on load-deflection response, cracking, and failure, with brief notes on UHPC systems. FRP-RC offers corrosion resistance but limited ductility and an abrupt post-peak response. Steel is ductile and provides warning before failure. SFCB combines durability with steel-core ductility and yields gradual softening and higher energy absorption. Practice should select reinforcement based on stiffness-ductility-durability trade-offs. Current codes only partially cover hybrids. Key gaps include standardized bond-slip and tension-stiffening models for SFCB and robust data on long-term performance under aggressive exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation-Based Study on the Performance of NSM-CFRP Strengthening in Prestressed Concrete T-Beams Under Seismic Loading.","authors":"Yanuar Haryanto, Hsuan-Teh Hu, Anggun Tri Atmajayanti, Fu-Pei Hsiao, Laurencius Nugroho, Nanang Gunawan Wariyatno","doi":"10.3390/ma18184386","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prestressed concrete structures are facing serviceability challenges due to rising live loads, material degradation, and seismic demands. Retrofitting with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) offers a cost-effective alternative to full replacement. This study presents a finite element (FE) modeling framework to simulate the seismic performance of prestressed concrete T-beams retrofitted in the negative moment region using near-surface-mounted (NSM) CFRP rods and sheets. The model incorporates nonlinear material behavior and cohesive interaction at the CFRP-concrete interface and is validated against experimental benchmarks, with ultimate load prediction errors of 4.41% for RC T-beams, 0.49% for prestressed I-beams, and 1.30% for prestressed slabs. A parametric investigation was conducted to examine the influence of CFRP embedment depth and initial prestressing level under three seismic conditions. The results showed that fully embedded CFRP rods consistently improved the beams' ultimate load capacity, with gains of up to 10.84%, 16.84%, and 14.91% under cyclic loading, near-fault ground motion, and far-field ground motion, respectively. Half-embedded CFRP rods also prove effective and offer comparable improvements where full-depth installation is impractical. The cyclic load-displacement histories, the time-load histories under near-fault and far-field excitations, stiffness degradation, and damage contour analysis further confirm that the synergy between full-depth CFRP retrofitting and optimized prestressing enhances structural resilience and energy dissipation under seismic excitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471660/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145175975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photocatalytic Optimization of ATiO₃ Codoped with Se/Zr: A DFT Study for Hydrogen Production.","authors":"Abdellah Bouzaid, Younes Ziat, Hamza Belkhanchi","doi":"10.3390/ma18184389","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advances in energy conversion technologies, especially solar-driven photocatalytic water splitting, are vital for satisfying the increasing global need for sustainable and clean energy. Perovskite oxides have attracted considerable attention among photocatalytic materials due to their tunable electronic structures, exceptional stability, and promise for effective hydrogen generation and environmental remediation. In this study, the optoelectronic and photocatalytic (PC) characteristics of ATiO₃ (A = Ca, Mg) perovskites, undoped and codoped with Se and Zr, have been analyzed using ab initio simulations based on the density functional theory (DFT). The calculated formation energies for codoped systems range from -1.01 to -3.32 Ry/atom, confirming their thermodynamic stability. Furthermore, band structure calculations indicate that the undoped compounds CaTiO₃ and MgTiO₃ possess indirect band gaps of 2.766 eV and 2.926 eV, respectively. In contrast, codoping alters the electronic properties by changing the band gap from indirect to direct and reducing its energy, resulting in the direct band gap values 2.153 eV, 1.374 eV, 2.159 eV, and 1.726 eV for the compounds Ca8Ti7Zr1O23Se1, Ca8Ti6Zr2O22Se2, Mg8Ti7Zr1O23Se1, and Mg8Ti6Zr2O22Se2, respectively. Additionally, this codoping improves light absorption and optical conductivity in the visible and ultraviolet ranges. These enhancements become increasingly evident with elevated dopant concentrations, leading to intensified light-matter interactions. Analysis of the band edge potentials reveals that the Se-/Zr-codoped CaTiO₃ compounds satisfy the necessary criteria for the photodissociation of water, conferring on them an ability to generate H₂ and O₂ under light irradiation. However, under different pH conditions, Se-/Zr-codoped MgTiO₃ is expected to perform better at higher pH levels, while Se-/Zr-codoped CaTiO₃ is more effective at lower pH levels. These findings highlight the promise of codoped materials for renewable energy applications, such as solar-driven hydrogen production and optoelectronic devices, with pH being a critical factor in enhancing their photocatalytic performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Destructive Surface Characterization Using Microscopic Imaging and Data Modeling.","authors":"Mariusz Mączka, Maciej Kusy, Anna Szlachta, Ewa Korzeniewska","doi":"10.3390/ma18184376","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article presents a novel method for converting a digital image of a conductive surface into its three-dimensional spatial representation. The developed approach utilizes a mathematical transformation of pixel intensity to the height value of the represented point. The method includes interpolation, automatic image segmentation, and predictive reconstruction of surface profiles, which significantly improves the quality of material surface representation. The method was implemented in a 3D model of a conductive structure created in the physical vacuum deposition method, and its capabilities were demonstrated using examples of simulations of the electric field distribution within and on the surface of the tested sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471634/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Modification and Pore Size Regulation of MSN as Function Aflibercept Carrier for Anti-Vascular Migration.","authors":"Ruiqi Guo, Xue Zhang, Yakai Song, Jiachen Shen, Kai Li, Yi Zheng","doi":"10.3390/ma18184384","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) represents a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly, primarily by choroidal neovascularization (CNV) leakage. While intravitreal injections of anti-angiogenic antibodies (e.g., aflibercept) provide clinical benefits, their short half-life necessitates frequent administrations, potentially causing ocular infections or retinal detachment. There is an urgent need for effective antibody delivery systems. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) have emerged as promising nanocarriers due to their tunable porosity, surface modifiability, and biocompatibility, though their application in ophthalmology for antibody delivery remains underexplored. We developed two MSN carries: spiky mesoporous silica nanospheres (S-MSN) without amino groups and amine-functionalized hollow dendritic mesoporous silica nanospheres (A-HDMSN). Characterization revealed that A-HDMSN exhibited superior properties, including a larger surface area (550.32 vs. 257.72 m²/g), larger mesoporous pore size (17 vs. <10 nm), and 5.28 times higher drug loading capacity (286.31 ± 8.14 vs. 54.26 ± 3.61 μg/mg) compared to S-MSN (<i>n</i> = 3, <i>p</i> < 0.001), attributable to pore size effects and hydrogen bonding. FITC-labeled A-HDMSN demonstrated efficient uptake by retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). Notably, A-HDMSN loaded with Aflibercept (A-HDMSN@Afl) showed significant inhibitory effect on VEGF-induced cell migration even 10 days after drug release in vitro, indicating a favorable sustained-release effect of the drug. These findings highlight A-HDMSN as a promising antibody delivery platform that could extend clinical dosing intervals, offering potential for improved AMD management.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471984/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substrate Orientation-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity and Visual Memory in Sol-Gel-Derived ZnO Optoelectronic Devices.","authors":"Dabin Jeon, Seung Hun Lee, JungBeen Cho, Kyoung-Bo Kim, Sung-Nam Lee","doi":"10.3390/ma18184377","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184377","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report Al/ZnO/Al optoelectronic synaptic devices fabricated on c-plane and m-plane sapphire substrates using a sol-gel process. The devices exhibit essential synaptic behaviors such as excitatory postsynaptic current modulation, paired-pulse facilitation, and long-term learning-forgetting dynamics described by Wickelgren's power law. Comparative analysis reveals that substrate orientation strongly influences memory performance: devices on m-plane consistently show higher EPSCs, slower decay rates, and superior retention compared to c-plane counterparts. These characteristics are attributed to crystallographic effects that enhance carrier trapping and persistent photoconductivity. To demonstrate their practical applicability, 3 × 3-pixel arrays of adjacent devices were constructed, where a \"T\"-shaped optical pattern was successfully encoded, learned, and retained across repeated stimulation cycles. These results highlight the critical role of substrate orientation in tailoring synaptic plasticity and memory retention, offering promising prospects for ZnO-based optoelectronic synaptic arrays in in-sensor neuromorphic computing and artificial visual memory systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metrological Comparison of Indirect Calibration Methods for Nanoindentation: A Bootstrap-Based Approach.","authors":"Giacomo Maculotti, Lorenzo Giorio, Gianfranco Genta, Maurizio Galetto","doi":"10.3390/ma18184382","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ma18184382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Area shape function and frame compliance are the most critical parameters in nanoindentation, as they control measurement accuracy and represent the largest contributions to measurement uncertainty. Despite the availability of direct calibration methods, indirect calibrations are the most practical and fast. Thus, the indirect calibration methods proposed in ISO 14577-2 are most typically applied in academic and industrial research, as well as in quality controls. Previous research has highlighted some criticalities, but a holistic metrological framework was missing. This work aims to compare the performances of indirect calibration methods for area shape function and frame compliance in the nano-range, considering different alternatives suggested in the standard and most recent literature. The comparison will be based on uncertainty estimation using bootstrap estimation, which will innovatively highlight and introduce the effect of the nanoindentation dataset in the uncertainty estimation. The results show that the optimization of accuracy and uncertainty in mechanical characterization is achieved by indenting pairs of certified reference materials, resulting in a more robust approach to calibration experimental conditions than methods that require a single sample to be indented.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}