Marine Drugs最新文献

{"title":"<i>Nannochloropsis oceanica</i> as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Mapping the Effects of Cultivation Conditions on Biomass Productivity and Composition Using Response Surface Methodology.","authors":"Emil Gundersen, Jette Jakobsen, Susan Løvstad Holdt, Charlotte Jacobsen","doi":"10.3390/md22110505","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22110505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microalga <i>Nannochloropsis oceanica</i> presents a promising source of high-value food ingredients such as protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins. To fully unlock its potential, a thorough understanding of how cultivation conditions affect both growth and the nutritional composition is required. Hence, this study aimed to test and model the effects of temperature, light intensity, and salinity on biomass productivity and the final contents of protein, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and vitamin K₂ using response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM experiment revealed that the highest temperature and light intensity tested favored biomass productivity and protein content. According to the generated models, the two responses peaked with 0.135 g DM·L^-1·day^-1 and 0.559 g·g^-1 DM, respectively, at 27 °C and 300-350 µmol·m^-2·s^-1. In contrast, the contents of both EPA and menaquinone-4 (MK-4), the only detected K vitamer, were stimulated at the lowest tested temperature. Based on the generated models, the two responses peaked with 0.037 g·g^-1 DM and 89.3 µg·g^-1 DM, respectively, at 19 °C combined with 3.0% salinity (EPA) or 120 µmol·m^-2·s^-1 (MK-4). Although additional optima may exist beyond the tested conditions, these findings provide valuable information on <i>N. oceanica</i>'s cellular response to changes in key cultivation conditions. Furthermore, it shows that two-stage cultivation may be needed to fully unlock the potential of this microalga as a future source of valuable lipid ingredients.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11595521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142729965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Batzelladine D, a Marine Natural Product, Reverses the Fluconazole Resistance Phenotype Mediated by Transmembrane Transporters in <i>Candida albicans</i> and Interferes with Its Biofilm: An In Vitro and In Silico Study.","authors":"Levy T S Domingos, Daniel C de Moraes, Mário F C Santos, José A R Curvelo, Brayan Bayona-Pacheco, Edgar A Marquez, Anthony W B Martinez, Roberto G S Berlinck, Antonio Ferreira-Pereira","doi":"10.3390/md22110502","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22110502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Numerous <i>Candida</i> species are responsible for fungal infections; however, <i>Candida albicans</i> stands out among the others. Treatment with fluconazole is often ineffective due to the resistance phenotype mediated by transmembrane transporters and/or biofilm formation, mechanisms of resistance commonly found in <i>C. albicans</i> strains. A previous study by our group demonstrated that batzelladine D can inhibit the Pdr5p transporter in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>. In the present study, our aim was to investigate the efficacy of batzelladine D in inhibiting the main efflux pumps of <i>Candida albicans</i>, CaCdr1p and CaCdr2p, as well as to evaluate the effect of the compound on <i>C. albicans</i> biofilm. Assays were conducted using a clinical isolate of <i>Candida albicans</i> expressing both transporters. Additionally, to allow the study of each transporter, <i>S. cerevisiae</i> mutant strains overexpressing CaCdr1p or CaCdr2p were used. Batzelladine D was able to reverse the fluconazole resistance phenotype by acting on both transporters. The compound synergistically improved the effect of fluconazole against the clinical isolate when tested in the <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> animal model. Moreover, the compound disrupted the preformed biofilm. Based on the obtained data, the continuation of batzelladine D studies as a potential new antifungal agent and/or chemosensitizer in <i>Candida albicans</i> infections can be suggested.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11595962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142729087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening for Potential Antiviral Compounds from Cyanobacterial Secondary Metabolites Using Machine Learning.","authors":"Tingrui Zhang, Geyao Sun, Xueyu Cheng, Cheng Cao, Zhonghua Cai, Jin Zhou","doi":"10.3390/md22110501","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22110501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The secondary metabolites of seawater and freshwater blue-green algae are a rich natural product pool containing diverse compounds with various functions, including antiviral compounds; however, high-efficiency methods to screen such compounds are lacking. Advanced virtual screening techniques can significantly reduce the time and cost of novel antiviral drug identification. In this study, we used a cyanobacterial secondary metabolite library as an example and trained three models to identify compounds with potential antiviral activity using a machine learning method based on message-passing neural networks. Using this method, 364 potential antiviral compounds were screened from >2000 cyanobacterial secondary metabolites, with amides predominating (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value: 0.98). To verify the actual effectiveness of the candidate antiviral compounds, HIV virus reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) was selected as a target to evaluate their antiviral potential. Molecular docking experiments demonstrated that candidate compounds, including kororamide, mollamide E, nostopeptolide A3, anachelin-H, and kasumigamide, produced relatively robust non-covalent bonding interactions with the RNase H active site on HIV-1 RT, supporting the effectiveness of the proposed screening model. Our data demonstrate that artificial intelligence-based screening methods are effective tools for mining potential antiviral compounds, which can facilitate the exploration of various natural product libraries.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11595798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142729967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calcium Transport Activity of UV/H₂O₂-Degraded Fucoidans and Their Structural Characterization.","authors":"Biyang Zhu, Jiacheng Wang, Lijun You, Lianzhu Lin, Kuncheng Lin, Kseniya Hileuskaya","doi":"10.3390/md22110499","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22110499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Calcium-chelated polysaccharides have been increasingly considered as promising calcium supplements. In this study, degraded fucoidans (DFs) with different molecular weights (Mws) were prepared after UV/H₂O₂ treatment; their calcium-chelating capacities and intestinal absorption properties were also investigated. The results showed that the calcium-chelating capacities of DFs were improved with a decrease in Mw. This was mainly ascribed to the increased carboxyl content, which was caused by free-radical-mediated degradation. Meanwhile, the conformation of DF changed from a rod-like chain to a shorter and softer chain. The thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that DF binding to calcium was spontaneously driven by electrostatic interactions. Additionally, DF-Ca chelates with lower Mw showed favorable transport properties across a Caco-2 cell monolayer and could effectively accelerate the calcium influx through intestinal enterocytes. Furthermore, these chelates also exhibited a protective effect on the epithelial barrier by alleviating damage to tight junction proteins. These findings provide an effective free-radical-related approach for the development of polysaccharide-based calcium supplements with improved intestinal calcium transport ability.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11595268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142729261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction Optimization of Polysaccharides from Wet Red Microalga <i>Porphyridium purpureum</i> Using Response Surface Methodology.","authors":"Yi Chen, Qianmei Li, Bingqi Xu, Wenzhou Xiang, Aifen Li, Tao Li","doi":"10.3390/md22110498","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22110498","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Porphyridium</i> is a unicellular marine microalga that is rich in polysaccharides and has excellent biological activities. Optimizing the extraction of polysaccharides can significantly improve the value of <i>Porphyridium</i> biomass. In the present study, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction conditions of polysaccharides, including extraction time, extraction temperature, and biomass-to-water ratio. Furthermore, microwave-assisted extraction was used to improve the yield of polysaccharides further. The results showed that increasing the extraction temperature and extraction time could enhance the yield of polysaccharides. The multiple regression analysis of RSM indicated that the model could be employed to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides. The optimal extraction time, extraction temperature, and biomass-to-water ratio were 45 min, 87 °C, and 1:63 g mL^-1, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the maximum yield of polysaccharides was 23.66% DW, which well matched the predicted yield. The results indicated that the extraction temperature was the most significant condition affecting the yield of polysaccharides. The microwave-assisted extraction could further improve the yield of polysaccharides to 25.48% DW. In conclusion, hot water with microwave-assisted extraction was effective for polysaccharide extraction in <i>P. purpureum</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11595995/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142729732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine-Derived Bioactive Ingredients in Functional Foods for Aging: Nutritional and Therapeutic Perspectives.","authors":"Youngji Han, Dong Hyun Kim, Seung Pil Pack","doi":"10.3390/md22110496","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22110496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aging is closely linked to various health challenges, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. This study emphasizes the critical role of bioactive compounds derived from marine sources, such as antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and polysaccharides, in addressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic disorders closely related to aging. Incorporating these materials into functional foods not only provides essential nutrients but also delivers therapeutic effects, thereby promoting healthy aging and mitigating age-related diseases. The growth of the global anti-aging market, particularly in North America, Europe, and Asia, underscores the significance of this study. This review systematically analyzes the current research, identifying key bioactive compounds, their mechanisms of action, and their potential health benefits, thus highlighting the broad applicability of marine-derived bioactive compounds to enhancing healthy aging and improving the quality of life of aging populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11595256/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142729889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Pharmacokinetic and Bioavailability Study of <i>Ecklonia cava</i> Phlorotannins Following Intravenous and Oral Administration in Sprague-Dawley Rats.","authors":"Hyeon-Cheol Shin, Clint Rosenfeld, Robert J Guttendorf, Susan B Wade, Yong Ju Park, Ju Hee Kim, Seong Ho Kim, Bong Ho Lee, Hye Jeong Hwang","doi":"10.3390/md22110500","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22110500","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examines the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of phlorotannins from <i>Ecklonia cava</i> in rats following intravenous and oral administration. Known for their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and many other bioactivities, these phlorotannins, particularly dieckol, 8,8'-bieckol, and phlorofucofuroeckol-A (PFF-A), were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Intravenous administration at 10 mg/kg allowed detectability in plasma for up to 36 h for dieckol and 8,8'-bieckol, but only 2 h for PFF-A. Oral administration at doses of 100 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg showed limited detectability, indicating low bioavailability and rapid clearance, particularly for PFF-A. The pharmacokinetic data suggest non-linear increases in the maximum plasma concentration (C_max) and area under the curve (AUC) with increasing doses, pointing to significant challenges in achieving systemic availability of these eckols through oral administration. This study underscores the necessity for advanced formulation strategies and alternative routes of administration to enhance systemic bioavailability. At the same time, this result also suggests their effects may be through non-systemic pathways such as gut microbiome modulation or lipid-rich tissue targeting. The findings lay a crucial foundation for the further development of <i>Ecklonia cava</i> phlorotannins as therapeutic agents, offering insights into their pharmacokinetic behavior and informing enhancements in future clinical utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11595589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142729968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Evolution and Adaptation Strategies in Marine Ciliates: An Inspiration for Cold-Adapted Enzyme Engineering and Drug Binding Analysis.","authors":"Sandra Pucciarelli, Matteo Mozzicafreddo, Alberto Vassallo, Angela Piersanti, Cristina Miceli","doi":"10.3390/md22110497","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22110497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present review, we summarize genome mining of genomic data obtained from the psychrophilic Antarctic marine ciliate <i>Euplotes focardii</i> and its evolutionary-close mesophilic cosmopolitan counterpart <i>E. crassus</i>. This analysis highlights adaptation strategies that are unique to the Antarctic ciliate, including antioxidant gene duplication and distinctive substitutions that may play roles in increased drug binding affinity and enzyme reaction rate in cold environments. Enzymes from psychrophiles are usually characterized by high activities and reaction rates at low temperatures compared with their counterparts from mesophiles and thermophiles. As a rule, catalyst cold activity derives from an increased structural flexibility that may lead to protein denaturation in response to temperature fluctuation. Molecular thermolability has been a major drawback of using macromolecules from psychrophiles in industrial applications. Here, we report a case study in which the role of peculiar amino acid substitution in cold adaptation is demonstrated by site-directed mutagenesis. Combined with a rational design approach, these substitutions can be used for site-directed mutagenesis to obtain cold-active catalysts that are structurally stable. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis of β-tubulin isotypes extrapolated from <i>E. focardii</i> and <i>E. crassus</i> genomes allowed us to obtain additional insight on the taxol binding site and drug affinity. <i>E. focardii</i> genome mining and the comparison with the mesophilic sibling counterpart can be used as an inspiration for molecular engineering for medical and industrial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11595582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142729899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Odd-Numbered Agaro-Oligosaccharides Produced by α-Neoagaro-Oligosaccharide Hydrolase Exert Antioxidant Activity in Human Dermal Fibroblasts.","authors":"Eunyoung Jo, Navindu Dinara Gajanayaka, Minthari Sakethanika Bandara, Svini Dileepa Marasinghe, Gun-Hoo Park, Su-Jin Lee, Chulhong Oh, Youngdeuk Lee","doi":"10.3390/md22110495","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22110495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agarases produce agar oligosaccharides with various structures exhibiting diverse physiological activities. α-Neoagaro-oligosaccharide hydrolase (α-NAOSH) specifically cleaves even-numbered neoagaro-oligosaccharides, producing 3,6-anhydro-l-galactose (l-AHG) and odd-numbered agaro-oligosaccharides (OAOSs). In this study, α-NAOSH from the agar-degrading marine bacterium <i>Gilvimarinus agarilyticus</i> JEA5 (Gaa117) was purified and characterized using an <i>E. coli</i> expression system to produce OAOSs and determine their bioactivity. Recombinant Gaa117 (rGaa117) showed maximum activity at pH 6.0 and 35 °C. rGaa117 retained >80% of its initial activity after 120 min at 30 °C. The activity was enhanced in the presence of Mn²⁺. <i>K_m</i>, <i>V_max</i>, and <i>K_cat</i>/<i>K_m</i> values of the enzyme were 22.64 mM, 246.3 U/mg, and 15 s^-1/mM, respectively. rGaa117 hydrolyzed neoagarobiose, neoagarotetraose, and neoagarohexaose, producing OAOSs that commonly contained l-AHG. Neoagarobiose and neoagarotetraose mixtures, designated NAO24, and mixtures of l-AHG and agarotriose, designated AO13, were obtained using recombinant rGaa16B (β-agarase) and rGaa117, respectively, and their antioxidant activities were compared. AO13 showed higher hydrogen peroxide-scavenging activity than NAO24 in human dermal fibroblasts in vitro because of structural differences: AOSs have d-galactose at the non-reducing end, whereas NAOSs have l-AHG. In conclusion, OAOSs exhibited high ROS-scavenging activity in H₂O₂-induced human dermal fibroblasts. They may be applicable in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals for prevention of skin aging.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11595537/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142729925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Thiazole-Containing Algicides Inspired by Bacillamide A.","authors":"Xiaoxue Li, Huili Li, Lei Shi, Zuguang Yin, Yuguo Du, Hongxia Zhang, Xin Wang, Xinxin Wang, Kexin Xu, Weili Wang, Ronglian Xing, Yi Liu","doi":"10.3390/md22110494","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md22110494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pursuit of highly effective, low-toxicity, and eco-friendly algicides for controlling and eradicating harmful algal blooms (HABs) is of paramount importance. The natural allelochemical bacillamide A has displayed impressive algicidal activity against harmful algae with favorable safety profiles. However, the poor synthetic efficiency and large dose requirements of bacillamide A limit its further application. In this paper, 17 thiazole-containing bacillamide derivatives (BDs) were designed and synthesized in three linear steps as potential algicides. Eight compounds (<b>6a</b>, <b>6c</b>, <b>6j</b>, <b>7b</b>, <b>7c</b>, <b>7d</b>, <b>7e</b>, and <b>7g</b>) displayed potent inhibitory effects against <i>Prorocentrum minimum</i>, <i>Skeletonema costatum</i>, and <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i>, and they had similar or better activity than the positive control (CuSO₄) and bacillamide A. Compound <b>6a</b> exhibited the most potent algicidal activity against <i>S. costatum</i> (half-maximal effective concentration [EC₅₀] = 0.11 μg/mL), being 23-fold more potent than bacillamide A, 28-fold more potent than CuSO₄, and 39-fold more potent than Diuron. Compound <b>6j</b> exhibited significant algicidal activity against the toxic dinoflagellates <i>P. minimum</i> (EC₅₀ = 1.0 μg/mL) and <i>A. pacificum</i> (EC₅₀ = 0.47 μg/mL), being 3-5-fold more potent than natural bacillamide A, Diuron, and CuSO₄. Micrographs and SEM images revealed that <b>6j</b> induced cell wall rupture and cellular content leakage. Biochemical and physiological studies indicated that <b>6j</b> might partially disrupt the antioxidant and photosynthetic systems in algal cells, resulting in morphological changes, cell wall rupture, and inclusion leakage. Our work suggests that <b>6j</b> has a distinct mode of action from CuSO₄ and provides a promising candidate for the development of new algicides, worthy of further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"22 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11595864/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142729505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}