Marine Drugs最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing CO₂ Fixation in Microalgal Systems: Mechanistic Insights and Bioreactor Strategies.","authors":"Zhongliang Sun, Chenmei Bo, Shuonan Cao, Liqin Sun","doi":"10.3390/md23030113","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microalgae are small, single-celled, or simple multicellular organisms that contain Chlorophyll a, allowing them to efficiently convert CO₂ and water into organic matter through photosynthesis. They are valuable in producing a range of products such as biofuels, food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, making them economically and environmentally significant. Currently, CO₂ is delivered to microalgae cultivation systems mainly through aeration with CO₂-enriched gases. However, this method demonstrates limited CO₂ absorption efficiency (13-20%), which reduces carbon utilization effectiveness and significantly increases carbon-source expenditure. To overcome these challenges, innovative CO₂ supplementation technologies have been introduced, raising CO₂ utilization rates to over 50%, accelerating microalgae growth, and reducing cultivation costs. This review first categorizes CO₂ supplementation technologies used in photobioreactor systems, focusing on different mechanisms for enhancing CO₂ mass transfer. It then evaluates the effectiveness of these technologies and explores their potential for scaling up. Among these strategies, membrane-based CO₂ delivery systems and the incorporation of CO₂ absorption enhancers have shown the highest efficiency in boosting CO₂ mass transfer and microalgae productivity. Future efforts should focus on integrating these methods into large-scale photobioreactor systems to optimize cost-effective, sustainable production.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Mechanism of Action of <i>Ipomoea pes-caprae</i> in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on Serum Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology.","authors":"Fangfei Zhong, Siwei Li, Xianglong Pan, Juan Wen, Jinling Xie, Zhengcai Du, Erwei Hao, Jiagang Deng, Xiaotao Hou","doi":"10.3390/md23030114","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Ipomoea pes-caprae</i> (L.) Sweet (Convolvulaceae) is a commonly used marine Chinese medicine in the coastal areas of southern China. Traditionally, it has been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the mechanism of action against RA remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of action of <i>Ipomoea pes-caprae</i> water extract (IPE) in the treatment of RA through serum metabolomics and network pharmacology. Rat models of RA with wind-dampness cold bi-syndrome (WCM) and wind-dampness heat bi-syndrome (WHM) were established to evaluate the therapeutic effect of IPE against RA. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) technology was used to analyze the absorbed components of IPE in the plasma of the two models. Serum metabolomics was employed to identify potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways of IPE in the treatment of RA. The key targets and related pathways of RA were screened using network pharmacology and validated using molecular docking. The biomarker-pathway-target network was mapped via the combination of metabolomics and network pharmacology. A total of 10 chemical constituents were identified from WHM rat plasma, and eight chemical constituents were identified from WCM rat plasma. Serum metabolomics research identified 20 endogenous potential biomarkers, and 10 major metabolic pathways closely related to WHM and WCM. Network pharmacology analysis yielded 65 overlapping targets, with the core targets being ALB, AKT1, EGFR, and CASP3. Molecular docking showed that the four absorbed components in plasma had a strong binding activity with ALB and AKT1. Combining metabolomics and network pharmacology, two major biomarkers and two major pathways were identified. IPE can effectively relieve the symptoms of RA, and the potential mechanism of IPE in treating RA has been preliminarily elucidated. These results can provide a scientific basis for further drug research and development, as well as clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944037/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Last Decade Insights in Exploiting Marine Microorganisms as Sources of New Bioactive Natural Products.","authors":"Costanza Ragozzino, Vincenza Casella, Alessandro Coppola, Silvia Scarpato, Carmine Buonocore, Antonella Consiglio, Fortunato Palma Esposito, Christian Galasso, Pietro Tedesco, Gerardo Della Sala, Donatella de Pascale, Laura Vitale, Daniela Coppola","doi":"10.3390/md23030116","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marine microorganisms have emerged as prolific sources of bioactive natural products, offering a large chemical diversity and a broad spectrum of biological activities. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in discovering and characterizing these compounds, pushed by technological innovations in genomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics. Furthermore, innovative isolation and cultivation approaches have improved the isolation of rare and difficult-to-culture marine microbes, leading to the identification of novel secondary metabolites. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have further optimized natural product yields and the generation of novel compounds with improved bioactive properties. This review highlights key developments in the exploitation of marine bacteria, fungi, and microalgae for the discovery of novel natural products with potential applications in diverse fields, underscoring the immense potential of marine microorganisms in the growing Blue Economy sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ark Shell-Derived Peptides AWLNH (P3) and PHDL (P4) Mitigate Foam Cell Formation by Modulating Cholesterol Metabolism and HO-1/Nrf2-Mediated Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis.","authors":"Chathuri Kaushalya Marasinghe, Jae-Young Je","doi":"10.3390/md23030111","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atherosclerosis, a leading contributor to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is characterized by foam cell formation driven by excessive lipid accumulation in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. This study elucidates the anti-atherosclerotic potential of AWLNH (P3) and PHDL (P4) peptides by assessing their effects on foam cell formation, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress regulation. P3 and P4 effectively suppressed intracellular lipid accumulation in RAW264.7 macrophages and human aortic smooth muscle cells (hASMCs), thereby mitigating foam cell formation. Mechanistically, both peptides modulated cholesterol homeostasis by downregulating cholesterol influx mediators, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), and class A1 scavenger receptor (SR-A1), while upregulating cholesterol efflux transporters ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 1 (ABCG1). The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) and liver X receptor-alpha (LXR-α) further substantiated their role in promoting cholesterol efflux and restoring lipid homeostasis. Additionally, P3 and P4 peptides exhibited potent antioxidative properties by attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through activation of the HO-1/Nrf2 signaling axis. HO-1 silencing via siRNA transfection abolished these effects, confirming HO-1-dependent regulation of oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. Collectively, these findings highlight P3 and P4 peptides as promising therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis by concurrently targeting foam cell formation, cholesterol dysregulation, and oxidative stress, warranting further exploration for potential clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944032/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Preventive Potential of Solubilized Sturgeon Oil on Acute Infection with Respiratory Viruses.","authors":"Seong Ok Park, Erdenebileg Uyangaa, Yong-Kwang Lee, Suk-Hyun Yun, Minyeong Yu, Hyo Jin Kim, Hye Won Cho, Hee Won Byeon, Chong-Kil Lee, Seong Kug Eo","doi":"10.3390/md23030112","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute respiratory viral infections (ARIs) represent a significant global health challenge, contributing heavily to worldwide morbidity and mortality rates. Recent efforts to combat ARIs have focused on developing nasal spray formulations that effectively target the nasal mucosa. However, challenges such as irritation, discomfort, and safety concerns highlight the need for natural, eco-friendly ingredients. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of solubilized sturgeon oil (SSO), prepared as an oil-in-water nanoemulsion from Siberian sturgeon, as an eco-friendly preventive nasal spray agent against ARIs. Intranasal pre-treatment with SSO effectively inhibited respiratory infections caused by SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus (IAV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Additionally, it suppressed viral replication in both nasal and lung tissues. This antiviral effect was linked to reduced pulmonary inflammation, characterized by decreased infiltration of Ly-6C⁺ monocytes and Ly-6G⁺ neutrophils, along with lower pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Histopathological analyses confirmed that nasal SSO administration significantly mitigated lung inflammation progression caused by viral infections. Notably, the protective effects of SSO against SARS-CoV-2, IAV, and RSV persisted for at least six hours following nasal application. These findings highlight SSO as a promising eco-friendly and safe candidate for nasal spray formulations, providing a potential frontline defense against ARIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"α-Conotoxin TxIB Reversed Nicotine-Induced Locomotor Sensitization and Nicotine-Enhanced Dopaminergic Activity in Mice.","authors":"Weifeng Xu, Meiting Wang, Xiaodan Li, Rongyan He, Ren-Bo Ding, Jiaolin Bao, Dongting Zhangsun, Sulan Luo","doi":"10.3390/md23030109","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nicotine addiction is a serious global public health problem, so there is an urgent necessity to develop novel effective smoking cessation treatments with fewer adverse effects. Spontaneous behavioral sensitization induced by repeated intermittent exposure to the addictive substance represents a classical animal model of addiction research. A significant contributor to nicotine addiction is its interaction with α6β2* nAChRs located on midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which leads to an increase in dopamine (DA) release. α-Conotoxin (α-CTx) TxIB is a novel potent antagonist of the α6/α3β2β3* nAChRs, with an IC50 value of 28.4 nM developed by our group. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of α-CTx TxIB in countering nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization and moderating the impact of nicotine on dopamine accumulation in the midbrain. Our results demonstrated that repeated nicotine administration remarkably elevated the locomotor activity of mice, including the number of entries, average speed, and total distance traveled, which could be effectively attenuated by α-CTx TxIB intervention in a dose-dependent manner (1 nmol and 5 nmol TxIB per mouse). Furthermore, 5 nmol α-CTx TxIB significantly reduced the nicotine-elevated DA and norepinephrine (NE) levels in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of mice. 5 nmol α-CTx TxIB also markedly decreased the expression of critical proteins such as the dopamine transporter (DAT), N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR), and c-Fos in the NAc and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the nicotine-exposed mice. This research provided the first compelling evidence that α-CTx TxIB attenuated nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization and inhibited the nicotine-induced dopamine elevation in mice. These results open up new avenues for exploring the therapeutic potential of α-CTx TxIB in the treatment of nicotine addiction.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fucosylated Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharide HS14, Derived from Sea Cucumbers, Is a Novel Inhibitor of Platelet Toll-like Receptor 2.","authors":"Huifang Sun, Guangyu Zhu, Sujuan Li, Pengfei Li, Jiali Zhang, Ronghua Yin, Lin Yuan, Na Gao, Jinhua Zhao","doi":"10.3390/md23030110","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on platelets is increasingly recognized as a pivotal mediator in infection-induced platelet activation and aggregation, contributing to both inflammatory and thrombotic diseases. Targeting TLR2 on platelets offers a promising therapeutic strategy for inflammatory and thrombotic-related disorders. However, inhibitors targeting platelet TLR2 have not yet been reported. (2) Methods: Platelet aggregation was assessed using a light transmission aggregometer. Platelet activation was evaluated by measuring the release of P-selectin and von Willebrand factor (vWF) via ELISA. Intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization was quantified using Fluo 3-AM fluorescence, recorded by flow cytometry. Static platelet adhesion was visualized under a microscope, and the formation of platelet-granulocyte aggregates in human whole blood was analyzed by flow cytometry. (3) Results: Fucosylated glycosaminoglycan (FG) tetradecasaccharide HS14 inhibited the activation and aggregation of human platelets induced by the synthetic bacterial lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 in a concentration-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect gives rise to significant anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities, as evidenced by reduced platelet adhesion and decreased platelet-granulocyte aggregates formation in human whole blood. (4) Conclusions: This study is the first to identify FG oligosaccharide HS14 as a promising inhibitor of platelet TLR2/TLR1, demonstrating significant therapeutic potential for inflammatory and thrombotic-related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeast Fermentation to Improve the Nutritional Value of <i>Ulva rigida</i>.","authors":"Marta Brandão, Diogo J Marques, Sofia Sousa, Marília Mateus, Helena M Pinheiro, M Manuela R da Fonseca, Carla Pires, Maria Leonor Nunes, António Marques, M Teresa Cesário","doi":"10.3390/md23030106","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aquaculture reliance on fishmeal protein has become a bottleneck due to long-term sustainability concerns and increasing costs. Given its abundance and nutrient-rich profile, the green macroalga <i>Ulva rigida</i> is a promising alternative protein source. However, the bioaccessibility of its proteins is hindered by an embedding matrix of ulvan, a gel-forming polysaccharide. Saccharification of the alga crude fiber followed by microbial fermentation improves protein bioaccessibility and leads to products of higher protein content and quality. Also, upon fermentation, the nutritional and bioactive properties of these feed ingredients are enhanced, since microorganisms synthesize vitamins, new proteins, and essential amino acids. The carbohydrate fraction of <i>Ulva rigida</i> was hydrolyzed into a sugar-rich syrup and subsequently used as a substrate in microbial fermentations. Three types of fermentation were tested, namely, with a consortium of four lactic acid bacteria (LAB), with <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, and with a co-culture of lactobacilli and yeast. A functional analysis of lyophilized whole-fermentation broths revealed that the yeast-fermented products had stronger antioxidant properties when compared to the LAB-fermented products. The protein bioaccessibility in the fermented products was 11- to 12-fold higher than that of the raw alga. These findings highlight the potential of utilizing <i>S. cerevisiae</i> and lactobacilli starter cultures in seaweed fermentation to produce <i>Ulva</i>-based feed ingredients.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943817/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Bromoxib Disrupts Nuclear Import and Export by Affecting Nucleoporins of the Nuclear Pore Complex.","authors":"Karina S Krings, Anastasia Ritchie, Laura Schmitt, Judith Hatzfeld, Gudrun Totzke, Thomas Lenz, María José Mendiburo, Björn Stork, Nicole Teusch, Peter Proksch, Kai Stühler, Lisa Müller, Sebastian Wesselborg","doi":"10.3390/md23030108","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are natural products with potent antimicrobial and antineoplastic activity. We have previously shown that the polybrominated diphenyl ether bromoxib (4,5,6-tribromo-2-(2',4'-dibromophenoxy) phenol), isolated from the marine sponge <i>Dysidea</i> species, exhibits a strong cytotoxic potential in leukemia and lymphoma cells by targeting mitochondrial metabolism. Here, using a mass spectrometric thermal proteome profiling (TPP) approach, we observed that bromoxib induces a rapid reduction in the levels of 19 nucleoporins (NUPs) that are part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). This apparently affected the functionality of the NPC, as evidenced by the bromoxib-mediated inhibition of the nuclear translocation and subsequent gene reporter activity of transcription factors such as nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). In addition, bromoxib inhibited the nuclear export of the mRNA of the human immunodeficiency virus transactivator of transcription (HIV-Tat) and the subsequent import of the HIV-Tat protein into the nucleus as determined by the decrease in Tat-dependent gene reporter luciferase activity. Inhibition of nuclear mRNA-export also affected expression of the short-lived anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein Mcl-1, which has been shown to induce apoptosis. Thus, its ability to target both mitochondrial metabolism and the NPC renders bromoxib a promising anticancer agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943847/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algal Cultivation for Obtaining High-Value Products.","authors":"Cecilia Faraloni, Eleftherios Touloupakis","doi":"10.3390/md23030107","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md23030107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interest in renewable biomass sources has increased due to global population growth, the growing need for sustainable resources, and a surge in consumer demand for natural ingredients driven by concerns regarding the harmful effects of synthetic chemicals, leading to a rise in the use of high-value products from natural sources in the fields of human health, food, cosmetics, and animal nutrition. Microalgae are considered an attractive solution to this problem because of their photosynthetic efficiency, the diversity of their metabolic pathways, and their ability to thrive in harsh conditions [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"23 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11943717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}