Marine Drugs最新文献

{"title":"A Nemertean-Derived Peptide Toxin Exhibits Oral Insecticidal Activity Against <i>Spodoptera litura</i>.","authors":"Wenxian Wu, Yueyue Liu, Qipeng Jiang, Yi Cai, Xingyue Li","doi":"10.3390/md24090310","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24090310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Spodoptera litura</i> is a polyphagous lepidopteran pest with rapidly evolving insecticide resistance. Peptide toxins from venomous organisms, many stabilized by the inhibitor cystine knot motif, offer bioinsecticidal potential but show limited oral efficacy. Seven previously reported candidates were recombinantly produced in <i>Pichia pastoris</i> and screened against <i>S. litura</i> by injection and leaf-disc feeding bioassays, followed by whole-plant spray assays. The marine nemertean toxin nemertide α-1, designated A1, showed the strongest oral activity, with a median lethal concentration of 3.97 μg μL^-1. Conversely, the engineered spider-venom peptide U1-AGTX-Ta1b R9Q (T1) was most toxic by injection but showed no detectable oral activity, demonstrating that injection toxicity did not predict oral efficacy. High-cell-density fermentation yielded an estimated A1 titer of 1.20 g L^-1. Whole-plant foliar application of A1 showed concentration-dependent efficacy. Mortality reached 92.07% at 8 μg μL^-1, whereas lower concentrations suppressed larval growth, reducing the mean weight of surviving larvae by 41.55% and 67.58% at 1 and 2 μg μL^-1, respectively, and mitigated feeding damage. These findings extend the documented oral insecticidal spectrum of nemertide α-1 to <i>S. litura</i> and demonstrate whole-plant efficacy following foliar application, supporting its development as an active ingredient for foliar-applied peptide bioinsecticides.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Marine <i>Brevibacillus</i>-Derived Membrane-Lytic Peptide: Molecular Insight and Biophysical Characterization of a Novel AMP, FNL62-AMP.","authors":"Namfa Sermkaew, Apichart Atipairin, Sucheewin Krobthong, Chanat Aonbangkhen, Yodying Yingchutrakul, Jumpei Uchiyama, Nuttapon Songnaka","doi":"10.3390/md24090309","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24090309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study characterizes the genomic identity, functional efficacy, and computational biophysics of FNL62-AMP, a novel antimicrobial peptide isolated from a phylogenomically distinct, newly identified <i>Brevibacillus</i> species. Production kinetics revealed a late-exponential phase onset of antibacterial activity with sustained potency against methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA). LC-MS/MS analysis identified the peptide sequence as NH₂-LLLLFR-COOH. FNL62-AMP demonstrated excellent formulation resilience, retaining full anti-MRSA activity under high thermal stress (80 °C for 6 h) and showing robust resistance to generic trypsin and proteinase K proteolysis. Formulative co-incubation assays demonstrated charge-dependent compatibility, where nonionic Triton X-100 preserved baseline efficacy while ionic surfactants induced antagonism. In vitro time-kill kinetics, scanning electron microscopy, and SYTOX Green assays confirmed rapid, concentration-dependent bactericidal action driven by immediate membrane permeabilization. Molecular dynamics simulations successfully captured the spontaneous self-assembly of 64 FNL62-AMP monomers into a stable macro-aggregate. This consolidation process was quantitatively characterized by a simultaneous contraction in the radius of gyration (<i>R_g</i>), a sharp drop in solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), and a transitional plateau in mean squared displacement (MSD). Ultimately, the high thermal stability, structural resilience, and predictable surfactant compatibility of FNL62-AMP propose ways to be developed for lead optimization and druggability.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxic Microspinosamides from the Marine Sponge <i>Geodia microspinosa</i> That Decrease Diffuse Pleural Mesothelioma Viability.","authors":"Maria Orfanoudaki, Dongdong Wang, Lin Du, Vivek Singh, Ekaterina I Goncharova, Nathanael Pruett, Chuong D Hoang, Brice A P Wilson, Barry R O'Keefe","doi":"10.3390/md24090308","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24090308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A fraction from an extract of the marine sponge <i>Geodia microspinosa</i> was identified as active in a high-throughput screen for molecules that impair the viability of diffuse pleural mesothelioma (DPM) cell lines. Bioassay-guided isolation led to the identification of microspinosamides B and D, and a new artifact, microspinosamide C, together with two previously reported analogues, microspinosamide and polydiscamide B, as the active principles. Their planar structures were solved by NMR and HRESIMS analyses, while advanced Marfey's reaction, ROESY, and ECD were used for the establishment of their absolute configurations. All pure metabolites demonstrated low micromolar potency for the reduction in viability of the DPM cell lines.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608206/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of Seafood Processing Wastes Using Subcritical Water Extraction-A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Laleh Nazari, Melissa Kosik","doi":"10.3390/md24090307","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24090307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global seafood industry generates substantial quantities of processing by-products such as heads, viscera, skin, bones, scales, and shells. These residues represent an underutilized resource rich in proteins, lipids, minerals, enzymes, and polysaccharides. Conventional valorization approaches such as chemical extraction, wet rendering, and enzymatic hydrolysis have been used to recover valuable compounds from seafood waste. However, conventional methods often involve high chemical consumption, long processing times, and environmental concerns. Green extraction technologies have emerged as promising alternatives, with subcritical water extraction (SWE) gaining significant attention due to its unique properties and ability to simultaneously extract and convert biomass components. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the valorization of seafood processing wastes using SWE. Particular emphasis is placed on the physicochemical properties of subcritical water, the reaction mechanisms governing the hydrolysis and transformation of proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides, and the key parameters influencing extraction performance. Recent advances in the recovery of value-added products such as amino acids, bioactive peptides, protein hydrolysates, omega-3-rich oils, chitin derivatives, and mineral-rich materials are summarized. In addition, the integration of SWE with complementary technologies such as supercritical CO₂ extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization is examined as a strategy for developing integrated seafood biorefineries.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608504/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cnidarian Venoms in the Omics Era: Toxin Discovery and Bioactive Potential.","authors":"R Alexandre Barroso, Agostinho Antunes","doi":"10.3390/md24090306","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24090306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cnidaria is a phylum of aquatic invertebrates that includes jellyfish, sea anemones and corals. Their venoms are among the oldest in the animal kingdom and an important source of bioactive molecules. Advances in omics technologies have revolutionized toxin discovery, yet knowledge of cnidarian toxin diversity remains fragmented across databases and individual studies. To address this gap, this review integrates information from 342 toxins curated in the ToxProt database, 76 additional toxins reported in the literature, and evidence from 81 proteomic and 31 transcriptomic studies. Toxins have been characterized from 145 species, with sea anemones accounting for the largest number of studied species (65). Cnidarian toxins are used for prey capture, predator deterrence, territorial competition and digestion. These include toxic enzymes, neurotoxins, protease inhibitors and pore-forming toxins, among others. To date, the three-dimensional structures of 37 toxins have been resolved, and 78 have reported biomedical or biotechnological potential, including antiarrhythmic, analgesic, anticancer, and insecticidal activities. According to omics studies, metalloproteinases, phospholipases, lectins, Kunitz-like peptides, venom coagulation factor and CRiSP/CAP toxins are the most widespread, whereas neurotoxins show a more restricted taxonomic distribution. The first venom-related transcriptomic analysis of three Corallimorpharia and two Antipatharia (black corals) species demonstrates putative pore-forming toxins, while black corals also harbor putative neurotoxins. Overall, this review synthesizes the current knowledge of cnidarian venoms and highlights their remarkable diversity and promise as a source of bioactive molecules.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical, Antioxidant and Toxicological Profile of the Tropical Marine Sponges <i>Suberites aurantiacus</i>, <i>Mycale angulosa</i> and Halichondrida from Brazil.","authors":"Nathália Cristina Lopes de Jorge, Paula Ivani Medeiros Dos Santos, Renata Mendonça Araujo, Jorge Anderson Nascimento Dos Santos, João Vinícius Soares Rocha, Leonardo de Medeiros Aquino, Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha, Raquel Cordeiro Theodoro, Geórggia Fátima Silva Naliato, Elizeu Antunes Dos Santos","doi":"10.3390/md24090305","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24090305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Potiguar Basin, in Rio Grande do Norte (Northeastern Brazil), has an extensive coastline with a rich diversity of marine sponges that remain poorly explored for their biotechnological potential. In this study, three sponge species-<i>Suberites aurantiacus</i>, <i>Mycale (Zygomycale) angulosa</i>, and Halichondrida-were collected, and a preliminary extraction was then performed to remove the most hydrophobic fraction with <i>n</i>-hexane. The remaining sediment was re-extracted with chloroform and methanol (1:1), and the resulting extracts (ESUB, EMYC, and EHALI, respectively) were analyzed. Chemical characterization using Gas-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed distinct profiles for each genus, with the presence of alcohols, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and lipids, mainly sterols. ESUB presented 17 identified compounds, EMYC had 15 identified and EHALI showed 15 identified. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated in vitro using DPPH radical scavenging, copper ion chelation, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The EC₅₀ values (mg/mL) for DPPH were 0.05 (ESUB), 0.14 (EMYC), and 0.06 (EHALI), while for copper chelation they were 0.03, 0.034, and 0.026, respectively. Preliminary toxicological assays indicated low toxicity, with IC₅₀ values above 9.6 mg/mL in human erythrocytes and <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> larvae, demonstrating a favorable safety profile for potential therapeutic applications. The study presents a preliminary screening of underexplored species in an equally underexplored region and supports further studies on their bioactive potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608089/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algal Cultivation for Obtaining High-Value Products, 2nd Edition.","authors":"Cecilia Faraloni, Eleftherios Touloupakis","doi":"10.3390/md24090304","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24090304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing demand for natural products in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic, food, and feed sectors has stimulated considerable interest in the identification and sustainable production of bioactive compounds from renewable biological resources [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608558/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of Anti-Melanogenic Activity of <i>Pinctada martensii</i> Nacre-Derived Peptide Through <i>C</i>-Terminal Amidation: Mechanism Investigation in B16F10 Cells.","authors":"Haisheng Lin, Ruonan Chang, Fei Li, Jialong Gao, Zhongqin Chen, Yuanwei Liang, Wenhong Cao, Huina Zheng","doi":"10.3390/md24090303","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24090303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Excessive melanin accumulation induced by UV exposure and hormonal changes poses significant challenges to skin health, necessitating safe and effective tyrosinase inhibitors. Pearl and nacre powder have long been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for skin whitening. Our previous study identified a tyrosinase inhibitory peptide (Ala-His-Tyr-Tyr-Asp) from <i>Pinctada martensii</i> nacre in silico; however, chemical modification strategies for enhancing bioactive peptide efficacy remain underexplored. The present study investigated the structure-activity relationship of NP-TIP-1 (Tyrosinase Inhibitory Peptide of Nacre Powder-1) through three chemical modifications (<i>C</i>-terminal amidation, <i>N</i>-terminal acetylation, and <i>N</i>-terminal palmitoylation). <i>C</i>-terminal amidation significantly improved tyrosinase inhibitory potency, reducing the IC50 value from 2.012 ± 0.088 mM to 0.979 ± 0.028 mM, while retaining thermal stability and copper ion chelating capacity comparable to the native peptide. In B16F10 melanoma cells, NP-TIP-1-NH₂ (C-terminally amidated NP-TIP-1) exhibited no cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 600 μM and concentration-dependently suppressed intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content. Mechanistic investigation revealed that NP-TIP-1-NH₂ treatment downregulates the mRNA and protein expression of TYR and TRP-1 without affecting MITF (Microphthalmia-associated Transcription Factor) or TRP-2, suggesting a potential regulatory mechanism independent of MITF-mediated transcriptional control. Non-targeted metabolomics further identified nucleotide metabolism, purine metabolism, and glycine/serine/threonine metabolism as the most significantly perturbed pathways, with cytosine and GMP downregulated while guanosine and guanine were upregulated. This study establishes NP-TIP-1-NH₂ as a promising candidate for multifunctional food preservatives and nutraceuticals, providing a strategic framework for <i>C</i>-terminal amidation as a structure-activity optimization approach for marine-derived anti-melanogenic peptides.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive Chitosan Oligosaccharides Derived from Crab Shell Waste Stimulate Osteogenic Differentiation in Pre-Osteoblast Cells.","authors":"Supawadee Duangprom, Piyapon Janpan, Sineenart Songkoomkrong, Siriporn Namwongsa, Prateep Amonruttanapun, Jirawat Saetan, Yujun Sung, Vichapol Prasattongosoth, Yutthakan Saengkun, Montakan Tamtin, Prasert Sobhon, Napamanee Kornthong","doi":"10.3390/md24090302","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24090302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crustacean shell waste from the seafood industry represents an underutilized food waste with the potential to produce chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), with promising applications in bone regeneration. However, the molecular mechanisms of COS during osteogenic differentiation remain uncharacterized. In this study, chitosan was extracted from mud crab (<i>Scylla olivacea</i>) shell waste and COS was prepared from chitosan by acid hydrolysis and then characterized by FT-IR and FESEM, confirming the chitosan backbone and a degree of deacetylation (DD) exceeding 80%. The COS treatment in the concentration range of 5-320 µg/mL significantly enhanced MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast proliferation without cytotoxicity, and it increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, extracellular matrix mineralization, and Runx2/osterix (OSX) expression. Transcriptomics of pre-osteoblasts treated with COS at 320 µg/mL for 21 days identified 19,643 differentially expressed genes, revealing coordinated activation of multiple osteogenesis-related signaling pathways, including ECM-integrin/focal adhesion, PI3K-Akt/MAPK, TGF-β/BMP, Wnt/β-catenin, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) synthesis. These findings demonstrate that marine-derived COS promotes osteoblast differentiation through the coordinated activation of multiple signaling pathways, providing the first comprehensive transcriptomic characterization of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast directly treated with COS during osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, this study supports the use of COS as a promising bioactive oligosaccharide for bone regeneration and osteoporosis management, and further in vivo and clinical studies are recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Larimichthys crocea</i>-Derived Calcium-Chelating Peptides Attenuate Leuprorelin-Induced Bone Loss and Lipid Metabolic Alterations in Mice.","authors":"Xiaoping Wu, Shixian Zheng, Fang Liu, Junhong Liu, Yanyan Zhuang, Ding Li, Weiqing Huang","doi":"10.3390/md24090301","DOIUrl":"10.3390/md24090301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Estrogen deficiency induces bone loss and is accompanied by lipid metabolic disturbances. This study investigated the protective effects of <i>Larimichthys crocea</i>-derived calcium-chelating peptides (LCP) in a leuprorelin-induced estrogen-deficient mouse model. LCP attenuated tibial trabecular deterioration, increased serum procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP), osteocalcin (OCN), and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), and reduced C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I). Histological analyses further showed increased trabecular area and OCN expression and reduced marrow adiposity. LCP also attenuated alterations in serum lipid profiles and circulating levels of leptin and adiponectin, while reducing adipogenesis-related gene expression in femoral tissue and white adipose tissue. Exploratory assays using group-pooled cultures of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) showed differentiation-related patterns that were directionally consistent with the in vivo findings, but these descriptive observations require confirmation using independent biological replicates. Correlation analysis revealed associations among bone mass, osteogenesis-related indicators, and lipid metabolism-related parameters. Collectively, LCP attenuated estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss together with favorable changes in indicators related to bone formation, adipogenesis, and lipid metabolism. These findings support further investigation of LCP as a food-derived nutritional ingredient for supporting bone health under estrogen-deficient conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18222,"journal":{"name":"Marine Drugs","volume":"24 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608619/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}