Light-Science & Applications最新文献_第8页

Hybrid Kerr-electro-optic frequency combs on thin-film lithium niobate 铌酸锂薄膜上的混合克尔-电光频率梳

Light-Science & Applications Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-01906-x

Yunxiang Song, Yaowen Hu, Marko Lončar, Kiyoul Yang

{"title":"Hybrid Kerr-electro-optic frequency combs on thin-film lithium niobate","authors":"Yunxiang Song, Yaowen Hu, Marko Lončar, Kiyoul Yang","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-01906-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01906-x","url":null,"abstract":"Optical frequency combs are indispensable links between the optical and microwave domains. Chip-scale integration promises compact, scalable, and power-efficient frequency comb sources, enabled by the resonantly-enhanced Kerr effect or the electro-optic effect. While combs utilizing the former can reach octave-spanning bandwidths, and combs based on the latter can feature microwave-rate spacings, achieving both features at the same time has been challenging. Here, we simultaneously leverage the strong Kerr and electro-optic effects on thin-film lithium niobate, where dissipative Kerr soliton generation is followed by electro-optic phase modulation, to realize an integrated frequency comb reference with 2,589 lines spaced by 29.308 GHz and spanning 75.9 THz (588 nm). Further, we demonstrate electronic stabilization and control of the comb spacing, naturally facilitated by this approach. The broadband, microwave-rate frequency comb in our work overcomes the spacing-span tradeoff that exists in nonlinear integrated frequency comb sources, paving the way towards chip-scale solutions for next-generation laser spectroscopy, microwave and millimeter wave synthesis, as well as optical communications.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A dual-mode transparent device for 360° quasi-omnidirectional self-driven photodetection and efficient ultralow-power neuromorphic computing 一种用于360°准全向自驱动光探测和高效超低功耗神经形态计算的双模透明器件

Light-Science & Applications Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-01991-y

Min Jiang, Yukun Zhao, Tong Liu, Yanyan Chang, Yuan Tang, Min Zhou, Yiping Shi, Jianya Zhang, Lifeng Bian, Shulong Lu

{"title":"A dual-mode transparent device for 360° quasi-omnidirectional self-driven photodetection and efficient ultralow-power neuromorphic computing","authors":"Min Jiang, Yukun Zhao, Tong Liu, Yanyan Chang, Yuan Tang, Min Zhou, Yiping Shi, Jianya Zhang, Lifeng Bian, Shulong Lu","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-01991-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01991-y","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the extremely high manufacturing standards, the integration of quasi-omnidirectional photodetectors and synaptic devices within a single device remains a long-standing challenge. In this work, we have designed a graphene/(Al,Ga)N nanowire heterojunction, demonstrating the monolithic integration of self-driven 360° photodetectors and artificial synapses in a dual-mode transparent device successfully. By manipulating the carrier transport dynamics through controlling the bias voltage, the degree of oxygen vacancy ionization can be precisely regulated, ultimately realizing the monolithic dual-mode device. At 0 V bias, the device functions as a fast-response self-driven photodetector with stable optical communication capabilities, achieving 360° quasi-omnidirectional photodetection. Upon applying a bias voltage, the operating mode switches to a synaptic device, which successfully simulates brain-like paired-pulse facilitation, short-/long-term plasticity processes, and learning/forgetting behaviors. The device demonstrates an exceptionally high UV/visible rejection ratio of 1.29 × 104, coupled with an ultra-low dark current of less than 1 pA. Furthermore, this device has a low power consumption of 2.5 × 10−14 J per synaptic event, indicating an energy efficiency comparable to synaptic processes in the human brain. Moreover, nonlinear photoconductivity lets the device become a neuromorphic sensor for preprocessing images, enhancing recognition accuracy. Importantly, by leveraging the long-memory characteristic of the devices in open-circuit voltage mode, the devices have been successfully applied to guide humanoid robots in performing direction distinguishing and motion learning. This work provides new insights into the integrated manufacturing of multifunctional monolithic devices and foresees their immense potential in upcoming advanced, low-power neuromorphic computing systems.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A facile photonics reconfigurable memristor with dynamically allocated neurons and synapses functions 具有动态分配神经元和突触功能的简易光子可重构忆阻器

Light-Science & Applications Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-01928-5

Zhenyu Zhou, Lulu Wang, Gongjie Liu, Yuchen Li, Zhiyuan Guan, Zixuan Zhang, Pengfei Li, Yifei Pei, Jianhui Zhao, Jiameng Sun, Yahong Wang, Yiduo Shao, Xiaobing Yan

{"title":"A facile photonics reconfigurable memristor with dynamically allocated neurons and synapses functions","authors":"Zhenyu Zhou, Lulu Wang, Gongjie Liu, Yuchen Li, Zhiyuan Guan, Zixuan Zhang, Pengfei Li, Yifei Pei, Jianhui Zhao, Jiameng Sun, Yahong Wang, Yiduo Shao, Xiaobing Yan","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-01928-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01928-5","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamic neural network function realized by reconfigurable memristors to implement artificial neurons and synapses is an effective method to complete the next generation of neuromorphic computing. However, due to the limitation of reconfiguration conditions, there are inconsistencies in the turn-on voltage and operating current before and after the reconfiguration of neuromorphic devices, which leads to huge difficulties in hardware application development and is an urgent problem to be solved. In this work, we introduced light as a regulatory means in the memristor and achieved the reconfiguration of volatile (endurance ~106 cycles) and non-volatile (retention ~104 s) characteristics with a unified working parameter through the photoelectric coupling mode. The switching voltage of the device can be controlled 100% by this method without any limiting current. This will allow neurons and synapses to be dynamically allocated on demand. We completed the verification such as Morse code decoding, Poisson coded image recognition, denoising in the image recognition process, and intelligent traffic signal recognition hardware system under different work modes. It is verified that the device can dynamically adjust the neuromorphic according to needs, providing a new idea for the further integration of neuromorphic computing in the future.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

15-Fold increase in solar thermoelectric generator performance through femtosecond-laser spectral engineering and thermal management 通过飞秒激光光谱工程和热管理，太阳能热电发电机性能提高15倍

Light-Science & Applications Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-01916-9

Tianshu Xu, Ran Wei, Subhash C. Singh, Chunlei Guo

{"title":"15-Fold increase in solar thermoelectric generator performance through femtosecond-laser spectral engineering and thermal management","authors":"Tianshu Xu, Ran Wei, Subhash C. Singh, Chunlei Guo","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-01916-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01916-9","url":null,"abstract":"Solar thermoelectric generators (STEGs) have recently gained increasing attention. However, their widespread adoption has been limited due to the lack of high-efficiency thermoelectric materials and compact heat sinks for effective heat dissipation. To address these issues, we develop a spectral engineering and thermal management strategy that significantly increases STEG power generation by 15 times with only a 25% increase in weight. At the hot side, we transform a regular tungsten (W) to a selective solar absorber (W-SSA) through a femtosecond (fs)-laser processing technique, which enhances the solar absorption while minimizing the IR emissivity, obtaining >80% absorption efficiency at elevated temperatures. We also design a greenhouse chamber for W-SSA and achieved >40% reduction in convective heat loss. At the cold side, we apply the fs laser processing to transform a regular aluminum (Al) to a super-high-capacity micro-structured heat dissipator (μ-dissipator), which improves the cold-side heat dissipation through both radiation and convection, achieving twice the cooling performance of a regular Al heat dissipator. These spectral engineering and thermal management increase the temperature difference across the STEG, resulting in a substantial increase in output power. The high-efficiency STEG can find a wide range of applications, such as wireless sensor networks, wearable electronics, and medical sensors.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Visualizing the internalization and biological impact of nanoplastics in live intestinal organoids by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) 荧光寿命成像显微镜（FLIM）观察纳米塑料在活体肠道类器官中的内化和生物学影响

Light-Science & Applications Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-01949-0

Irina A. Okkelman, Hang Zhou, Sergey M. Borisov, Angela C. Debruyne, Austin E. Y. T. Lefebvre, Marcelo Leomil Zoccoler, Linglong Chen, Bert Devriendt, Ruslan I. Dmitriev

{"title":"Visualizing the internalization and biological impact of nanoplastics in live intestinal organoids by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM)","authors":"Irina A. Okkelman, Hang Zhou, Sergey M. Borisov, Angela C. Debruyne, Austin E. Y. T. Lefebvre, Marcelo Leomil Zoccoler, Linglong Chen, Bert Devriendt, Ruslan I. Dmitriev","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-01949-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01949-0","url":null,"abstract":"Increased micro- and nanoplastic (MNP) pollution poses significant health risks, yet the mechanisms of their accumulation and effects on absorptive tissues remain poorly understood. Addressing this knowledge gap requires tractable models coupled to dynamic live cell imaging methods, enabling multi-parameter single cell analysis. We report a new method combining adult stem cell-derived small intestinal organoid cultures with live fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to study MNP interactions with gut epithelium. To facilitate this, we optimized live imaging of porcine and mouse small intestinal organoids with an ‘apical-out’ topology. Subsequently, we produced a set of pristine MNPs based on PMMA and PS (<200 nm, doped with deep-red fluorescent dye) and evaluated their interaction with organoids displaying controlled epithelial polarity. We found that nanoparticles interacted differently with apical and basal membranes of the organoids and showed a species-specific pattern of cellular uptake. Using a phasor analysis approach, we demonstrate improved sensitivity of FLIM over conventional intensity-based microscopy. The resulting ‘fluorescence lifetime barcoding’ enabled distinguishing of different types of MNP and their interaction sites within organoids. Finally, we studied short (1 day)- and long (3 day)-term exposure effects of PMMA and PS-based MNPs on mitochondrial function, total cell energy budget and epithelial inflammation. We found that even pristine MNPs could disrupt chemokine production and mitochondrial membrane potential in intestinal epithelial cells. The presented FLIM approach will advance the study of MNP toxicity, their biological impacts on gastrointestinal tissue and enable the tracing of other fluorescent nanoparticles in live organoid and 3D ex vivo systems.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Functional Yb-doped fiber with a bat-type refractive index distribution for beyond kilowatt all-fiber single-frequency laser amplification 具有蝙蝠型折射率分布的超千瓦全光纤单频激光放大功能掺镱光纤

Light-Science & Applications Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-01956-1

Wei Li, Wei Liu, Yu Deng, Yisha Chen, Huan Yang, Qi Chen, Junjie Zheng, Hu Xiao, Zilun Chen, Zhiyong Pan, Pengfei Ma, Zefeng Wang, Lei Si, Shanhui Xu, Jinbao Chen

{"title":"Functional Yb-doped fiber with a bat-type refractive index distribution for beyond kilowatt all-fiber single-frequency laser amplification","authors":"Wei Li, Wei Liu, Yu Deng, Yisha Chen, Huan Yang, Qi Chen, Junjie Zheng, Hu Xiao, Zilun Chen, Zhiyong Pan, Pengfei Ma, Zefeng Wang, Lei Si, Shanhui Xu, Jinbao Chen","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-01956-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01956-1","url":null,"abstract":"High-power single-frequency fiber lasers with diffraction-limited spots are indispensable for a wide range of photonic applications and are particularly in advanced detection and sensing technologies. However, the simultaneous achievement of kilowatt-level output power and diffraction-limited beam quality has remained elusive in all reported single-frequency fiber laser systems to date, primarily due to limitations imposed by the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) effect and transverse mode instability (TMI) effect. In this study, we demonstrate the design and manufacturing of an ultra-low numerical aperture (NA) functional Yb-doped fiber featuring a bat-type refractive index distribution, specifically engineered for single-frequency laser amplification. In the fabrication, we implemented multiple chelate gas filling and particle deposition iterations, leading to an active fiber with a bat-type refractive index distribution. The unique capabilities of this large mode area and high-order modes leakage fiber (HOMLF) were demonstrated by stably amplifying the single-frequency laser with more than one kilowatt output power and near single mode beam quality (Mx2 = 1.10, Mx2 = 1.18) for the first time. This fiber design advances the leap forward in single-frequency fiber lasers, which could contribute as a novel and efficient laser amplification technique for the next generation of gravitational wave detection systems.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ultrahigh-throughput single-pixel complex-field microscopy with frequency-comb acousto-optic coherent encoding (FACE) 频率梳声光相干编码（FACE）的超高通量单像素复场显微镜

Light-Science & Applications Pub Date : 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-01931-w

Daixuan Wu, Yuecheng Shen, Zhongzheng Zhu, Tijian Li, Jiawei Luo, Zhengyang Wang, Jiaming Liang, Zhiling Zhang, Yunhua Yao, Dalong Qi, Lianzhong Deng, Zhenrong Sun, Meng Liu, Zhi-Chao Luo, Shian Zhang

{"title":"Ultrahigh-throughput single-pixel complex-field microscopy with frequency-comb acousto-optic coherent encoding (FACE)","authors":"Daixuan Wu, Yuecheng Shen, Zhongzheng Zhu, Tijian Li, Jiawei Luo, Zhengyang Wang, Jiaming Liang, Zhiling Zhang, Yunhua Yao, Dalong Qi, Lianzhong Deng, Zhenrong Sun, Meng Liu, Zhi-Chao Luo, Shian Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-01931-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01931-w","url":null,"abstract":"Single-pixel imaging (SPI) is a promising technology for optical imaging beyond the visible spectrum, where commercial cameras are expensive or unavailable. However, limitations such as slow pattern projection rates and time-consuming reconstruction algorithms hinder its throughput for real-time imaging. Consequently, conventional SPI is inadequate for high-speed, high-resolution tasks. To address these challenges, we developed an ultrahigh-throughput single-pixel complex-field microscopy (SPCM) system utilizing frequency-comb acousto-optic coherent encoding (FACE). This system enables real-time complex-field monitoring in the non-visible domain. Operating at 1030 nm, our system achieves a record-high space-bandwidth-time product (SBP-T) of 1.3 × 107, surpassing previous SPCM (~104), SPI (~105), and even certain types of commercial near-infrared cameras (~106). It supports real-time streaming at 1000 Hz with a frame size of 80 × 81 pixels and a lateral resolution of 3.76 μm across an approximately 300 μm field of view. We validated the system by imaging dynamic transparent scenes, including microfluidics, live microorganisms, chemical reactions, as well as imaging through scattering media. This advancement offers a superior solution for high-speed, high-resolution complex-field imaging beyond the visible spectrum, significantly enhancing SPI performance across various applications.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"143 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144812895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electrical-gain-assisted circularly polarized photodetection based on chiral plasmonic metamaterials 基于手性等离子体超材料的电增益辅助圆偏振光探测

Light-Science & Applications Pub Date : 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-01932-9

Chenghao Chen, Zhenhai Yang, Tianyi Hang, Yining Hao, Yijing Chen, Chengzhuang Zhang, Jiong Yang, Xiaoyi Liu, Xiaofeng Li, Guoyang Cao

{"title":"Electrical-gain-assisted circularly polarized photodetection based on chiral plasmonic metamaterials","authors":"Chenghao Chen, Zhenhai Yang, Tianyi Hang, Yining Hao, Yijing Chen, Chengzhuang Zhang, Jiong Yang, Xiaoyi Liu, Xiaofeng Li, Guoyang Cao","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-01932-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01932-9","url":null,"abstract":"Circularly polarized light (CPL) detectors based on chiral organic materials or inorganic structures hold great potential for highly integrated on-chip applications; however, these devices usually have to seek an optimal balance among the asymmetry factor (g), responsivity (R), and stability. Here, we aim to break such a limitation by combining chiral inorganic plasmonic metamaterials with electrical gain, by which one can enhance both g and R while simultaneously securing the stability. We demonstrate a CPL detector based on “S”-shaped chiral Ag nanowires/InAs/Si heterostructures, where the meticulous construction of the “S”-shaped chiral Ag nanowires with the overlaying InAs channel enables a substantial absorption asymmetry in InAs due to differentiated localized surface plasmon resonances excited by left- and right-circularly polarized (LCP and RCP) light. The InAs serves as a conductive channel, achieving significant electrical gain through photoconductive effects assisted by photogating, gate modulation, and trap effects. The proposed inorganic stable device exhibits a high electrical g of ~1.56, an ultra-high R of ~33,900 A W−1, a large specific detectivity of ~1.8 × 1011 Jones, and an ultra-short response time of ~23 ns, with the high performance achieved in a broad spectral range from 2 μm to 2.8 μm. Ultimately, by encoding ASCII code 1 and 0 onto LCP and RCP light, respectively, and leveraging the device’s heightened discrimination and response performance to these polarizations, we demonstrate a simple yet key-free optical encryption communication scheme at the device level, highlighting its extensive potential for system-level applications.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144812893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Broadband unidirectional visible imaging using wafer-scale nano-fabrication of multi-layer diffractive optical processors 利用晶圆级纳米制造多层衍射光学处理器的宽带单向可见光成像

Light-Science & Applications Pub Date : 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-01971-2

Che-Yung Shen, Paolo Batoni, Xilin Yang, Jingxi Li, Kun Liao, Jared Stack, Jeff Gardner, Kevin Welch, Aydogan Ozcan

{"title":"Broadband unidirectional visible imaging using wafer-scale nano-fabrication of multi-layer diffractive optical processors","authors":"Che-Yung Shen, Paolo Batoni, Xilin Yang, Jingxi Li, Kun Liao, Jared Stack, Jeff Gardner, Kevin Welch, Aydogan Ozcan","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-01971-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01971-2","url":null,"abstract":"We present a broadband and polarization-insensitive unidirectional imager that operates at the visible part of the spectrum, where image formation occurs in one direction, while in the opposite direction, it is blocked. This approach is enabled by deep learning-driven diffractive optical design with wafer-scale nano-fabrication using high-purity fused silica to ensure optical transparency and thermal stability. Our design achieves unidirectional imaging across three visible wavelengths (covering red, green, and blue parts of the spectrum), and we experimentally validated this broadband unidirectional imager by creating high-fidelity images in the forward direction and generating weak, distorted output patterns in the backward direction, in alignment with our numerical simulations. This work demonstrates wafer-scale production of diffractive optical processors, featuring 16 levels of nanoscale phase features distributed across two axially aligned diffractive layers for visible unidirectional imaging. This approach facilitates mass-scale production of ~0.5 billion nanoscale phase features per wafer, supporting high-throughput manufacturing of hundreds to thousands of multi-layer diffractive processors suitable for large apertures and parallel processing of multiple tasks. Beyond broadband unidirectional imaging in the visible spectrum, this study establishes a pathway for artificial-intelligence-enabled diffractive optics with versatile applications, signaling a new era in optical device functionality with industrial-level, massively scalable fabrication.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144812886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multi-photon, label-free photoacoustic and optical imaging of NADH in brain cells 脑细胞内NADH的多光子、无标记光声和光学成像

Light-Science & Applications Pub Date : 2025-08-07 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-01895-x

Tatsuya Osaki, W. David Lee, Xiang Zhang, Rebecca E. Zubajlo, Mercedes Balcells-Camps, Elazer R. Edelman, Brian W. Anthony, Mriganka Sur, Peter T. C. So

{"title":"Multi-photon, label-free photoacoustic and optical imaging of NADH in brain cells","authors":"Tatsuya Osaki, W. David Lee, Xiang Zhang, Rebecca E. Zubajlo, Mercedes Balcells-Camps, Elazer R. Edelman, Brian W. Anthony, Mriganka Sur, Peter T. C. So","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-01895-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01895-x","url":null,"abstract":"Label-free detection of biological events at single-cell resolution in the brain can non-invasively capture brain status for medical diagnosis and basic neuroscience research. NADH is an universal coenzyme that not only plays a central role in cellular metabolism but may also be used as a biomarker to capture metabolic processes in brain cells and structures. We have developed a new label-free, multiphoton photoacoustic microscope (LF-MP-PAM) with a near-infrared femtosecond laser to observe endogenous NAD(P)H in living cells. The imaging depth of NAD(P)H in tissues with all-optical methods is limited to ~100 μm in brain tissue by the strong absorption of the near-ultraviolet fluorescence. Here, acoustic detection of the thermal signature of multi-photon (three-photon) excitation of NAD(P)H, a low quantum yield fluorophore, allows detection at an unprecedented depth while the focused excitation ensures high spatial resolution. We validated the photoacoustic detection of NAD(P)H by monitoring an increase in intracellular NAD(P)H in HEK293T cells and HepG2 cells incubated in NADH solution. We also demonstrated the detection of endogenous NAD(P)H photoacoustic signals in brain slices to 700 μm depth and in cerebral organoids to 1100 μm depth. Finally, we developed and demonstrated simultaneous photoacoustic and optical imaging of NAD(P)H in brain cells with a real-time image acquisition and processing pipeline. This approach could open a new door to monitor brain metabolic changes during development and disease, and changes due to neuronal activity, at single-cell level deep in the brains of both humans and animals.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144792644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0