Landslides最新文献

{"title":"Failure mechanism of a massive fault–controlled rainfall–triggered landslide in northern Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Tayyib Riaz, Muhammad Basharat, Khawaja Shoaib Ahmed, Yasir Sirfraz, Amir Shahzad, Nisar Ali Shah","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02342-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02342-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A massive landslide occurred in Domeshi area, District Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, in two distinct phases: an initial movement on August 1, followed by complete failure on August 4, 2023. The landslide movement persisted for 96 h, with a runout distance of 500 m. The event destroyed numerous residential structures, impacting multiple families, and causing extensive damage to cultivated land and road infrastructure. To comprehensively understand the failure mechanisms, a detailed study was undertaken, encompassing site investigations, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photography, geotechnical and geophysical investigations, petrographic analysis, kinematics, and numerical simulations. The field evidence indicates that the active deformation along the Jhelum Fault (JF) within the landslide’s main body weakened the surrounding rock formations. Intense rainfall saturated pre-existing fractures, creating critical zones of weakness. Highly plastic clays along fault plane contributed significantly to volume changes, especially during and after rainfall events. Kinematic analysis identified bedding joints as prevalent failure planes for planar sliding. Geophysical survey revealed a layer of unconsolidated material extending 25–30 m below the landslide’s scarp, accompanied by various fractures, including a deep fracture (i.e., JF) up to 300 m depth. Petrographic investigations showed microfractures, micro faults, and intragranular mineral breakage, indicative of intense tectonic stresses. Slope stability analysis indicated factors of safety (FoS) and strength reduction factor (SRF) less than 1, suggesting the potential for further failure in the lower sections of the landslide. Multiple factors, including slope geometry, active tectonics, material composition, and anthropogenic factors (i.e., slope loading and cutting for road and building construction, improper drainage distribution), contributed to the landslide's occurrence, however, the rainfall emerged as the primary triggering event.</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of the failure of a slope comprising weathered granite soil under multistep excavation based on multidimensional displacement measurements","authors":"Katsuo Sasahara, Masahiro Katayama, Shigetaka Ishihama, Yoshihiro Hamada","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02334-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02334-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Measurements of slope displacements can be effective tools for the early warning of the collapse of slopes under excavation in construction projects in mountainous areas, while evaluating of instability based on measured displacement has not yet been accomplished for slopes under excavation. Measurements of displacements on sandy soil slopes under multistep excavation were made, and the measured data were analyzed to determine the characteristics of creep deformation of the slope during and after the excavation and to establish a procedure for evaluating instability of the slope under excavation in this paper. The following facts were derived from the examination of the measured data. Displacement was generated significantly in the latter stage of excavation, and it was generated not only during excavation but also after excavation. The ratio of the displacement after excavation to that from the start of the excavation to the start of the next excavation became larger as the displacement developed immediately before failure. It indicates that creep displacement after the excavation was more significant at latter excavation just prior to failure. The normal displacement converged to constant as the shear displacement increased under a steady state immediately before the failure in direct shear conditions, and the normal displacement can be an indicator of the instability of the slope. The normal displacement cannot remain constant when the inclination of the slope surface is different from that of the slip surface in the excavated slope in this paper. Different indicators are necessary in this case. The angle <i>α</i> between the slope surface and synthetic displacement (RD) on the slope derived from measured data was introduced instead of normal displacement. The synthetic displacement (RD) on the slope indicated the scalar of the synthesis of the displacements normal and downward to the surface of the slope and surface displacement. It converged to constant after excavation immediately before failure, and shear displacement showed an accelerative increase for constant <i>α</i>. This indicated that the angle <i>α</i> could be an indicator of the instability of the slope. This result showed that the angle <i>α</i> being constant indicated that the stress condition was almost in failure and the displacement increased acceleratively. Further examinations based on the measured data on other slope under excavation should be necessary for confirming the results in this paper based on only a case of experiment.</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term movement activity and internal structure of deep-seated landslide by using dendrochronology analysis and electric resistivity tomography in flysch rocks, Carpathians, Czech Republic","authors":"Jan Klimeš, Filip Hartvich, Karel Šilhán","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02330-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02330-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Complex or compound landslides, which combine different movement types with sliding planes at various depths and with varying movement acceleration frequencies, are highly demanding for landform mapping, movement monitoring and reliable hazard assessment. In this work, several techniques including dendrogeomorphological investigation were combined to describe surface morphology, underground structures and movement dynamics of the compound and deep-seated landslide aiming to provide reliable information for its hazard assessment. Interpretation of high-quality digital elevation model and detailed field morphological mapping along with geological information provided context for the interpretation of electric resistivity tomography profiles and enabled the description of properties of two distinct landforms, which are typically identified on a compound or complex deep-seated landslides in the studied region—shallow slides and landslide blocks. Dendrogeomorphological investigation proved for the first time the movement accelerations of the landslide blocks, which reactivate approximately half as often as shallow slides. It also showed different trees’ responses to the movements of these two landforms. Trees on the shallow landslide responded mainly with abrupt growth suppression (54.4%) to movements of its highly disturbed material. In contrast, trees on landslide blocks exhibited a dominant response (84.7%) with reaction wood to tilting of the landslide blocks composed of more coherent rock material. The research demonstrated that the dendrogeomorphological investigations provide reliable identification of years with accelerated movements, which corresponds well to instrumental, near-surface monitoring of the landslide. And at the same time, the method provided densely spatially distributed information about partial landslide reactivations during several decades in conditions (e.g. dense forests), where remote sensing methods are difficult to apply. Therefore, we argue that the dendrogeomorphological research is well applicable for hazard assessment of partial failures (cf., shallow slides and landslide blocks) of compound or complex landslides providing information also about the type of landslide movements (sliding vs. surface tilting) and character of the deformed material (highly disturbed vs. more coherent).</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Image analysis and LSTM methods for forecasting surficial displacements of a landslide triggered by snowfall and rainfall","authors":"Yuting Liu, Lorenzo Brezzi, Zhipeng Liang, Fabio Gabrieli, Zihan Zhou, Simonetta Cola","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02328-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02328-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Landslide-prone areas, predominantly located in mountainous regions with abundant rainfall, present unique challenges when subject to significant snowfall at high altitudes. Understanding the role of snow accumulation and melting, alongside rainfall and other environmental variables like temperature and humidity, is crucial for assessing landslide stability. To pursue this aim, the present study focuses first on the quantification of snow accumulated on a slope through a simple parameter obtained with image processing. Then, this parameter is included in a slope displacement prediction analysis carried out with long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. By employing image processing algorithms and filtering out noise from white-shown rocks, the methodology evaluates the percentage of snow cover in RGB images. Subsequent LSTM forecasts of landslide displacement utilize 28-day historical data on rainfall, snow, and slope movements. The presented procedure is applied to the case of a deep-seated landslide in Italy, a site that in winter 2020–2021 experienced heavy snowfall, leading to significant snow accumulation on the slope. These episodes motivated a study aimed at forecasting the superficial displacements of this landslide, considering the presence of snow both at that time and in the following days, along with humidity and temperature. This approach indirectly incorporates snow accumulation and potential melting phenomena into the model. Although the subsequent winters were characterized by reduced snowfall, including this information in the LSTM model for the period characterized by snow on the slope demonstrated a dependency of the predictions on this parameter, thus suggesting that snow is indeed a significant factor in accelerating landslide movements. In this context, detecting snow and incorporating it into the predictive model emerges as a significant aspect for considering the effects of winter snowfall. The method aims to propose an innovative strategy that can be applied in the future to the study of the landslide analyzed in this paper during upcoming winters characterized by significant snowfall, as well as to other case studies of landslides at high altitudes that lack precise snow precipitation recording instruments.</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Watershed-oriented and multifactor-integrated identification and hazard evaluation of debris-flow-prone watersheds in Danba, China","authors":"Xiaojun Luo, Mingyue Hou, Jiayin Fan, Rui Li, Jiawen Bao, Chenhao Li, Hang Li, Jie Deng","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02326-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02326-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Early identification of debris-flow-prone watersheds and determination of the initiation location of debris flows are prerequisites for debris flow monitoring and early warning. The high altitude, steep slope, dense vegetation, and influence of numerous factors triggering debris flows (FTDFs) in Danba, China, pose great difficulties in identifying debris-flow-prone watersheds and locating the possible initiation position of debris flows in this area. We propose a watershed-oriented and multifactor-integrated (WOMI) method for identifying debris-flow-prone watersheds in Danba. This method integrates various FTDFs, uses the watershed as an analysis unit, and detects the debris-flow-prone watersheds with a random forest (RF) algorithm. Moreover, we propose a statistical similarity metric to evaluate the rationality of identification results and introduce the extenics theory to evaluate the debris-flow hazard of the identified debris-flow-prone watersheds and their tributaries, thereby locating the possible initiation positions of debris flow in the identified debris-flow-prone watersheds. Based on 26 FTDFs derived from multi-source data between 2015 and 2019 in Danba, 36 new debris-flow-prone watersheds between 2015 and 2019 were discovered in this study. Nine debris-flow-prone watersheds and their 17 tributaries have very high hazard. “6.17” Meilong Valley debris flow just erupted in one of the identified debris-flow-prone watersheds in 2020. The statistical analysis and occurrence status of debris flows validated the proposed methodology and the identified debris-flow-prone watersheds in Danba. The research results of this article assisted in the investigation, early warning, and prevention of debris flows in Danba.</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"1116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study cases of complex paleo-landslides in the south of France","authors":"Kévin Elkharrat, Catherine Homberg, Sara Lafuerza, Nicolas Loget, Muriel Gasc-Barbier, Stephanie Gautier","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02329-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02329-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cross-spatial network based on efficient multi-scale attention for landslide recognition","authors":"Xu Zhang, Liangzhi Li, Ling Han","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02323-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02323-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Landslide disasters are one of the frequently occurring geological hazards, posing a significant threat to human life and property safety. Swift and accurate identification of landslide areas is crucial for disaster prevention and mitigation. Current object detection algorithms have limitations in the localization and recognition of landslide areas. To address this issue, this paper proposes a cross-spatial network based on efficient multi-scale attention (EMA-Net) landslide recognition model. The proposed EMA-Net model incorporates the efficient multi-scale attention (EMA) for cross space learning, enhancing the model’s focus on landslide areas. Additionally, by employing convolution with absolute positioning (CoordConv), the positional information of features is retained to enhance the capability of multiscale feature extraction. The utilization of the SCYLLA-IoU (SIoU )loss function enhances regression learning ability for model prediction borders, thereby improving the efficiency and accuracy of the model. To assess its performance, EMA-Net is evaluated against other models, including Yolov5<span>(-)</span>5.0, Yolov5<span>(-)</span>6.1, Yolov7, and Faster-R-CNN. The evaluation demonstrates that the proposed EMA-Net achieves a precision of 0.980, recall of 0.982, and mAP of 0.717, exhibiting clear improvement over the compared networks. Furthermore, through visualized analysis, the proposed network is capable of effectively identifying landslides within a smaller range. Comparative analysis of the aforementioned experiments validates the superiority of the proposed network.</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landslides triggered by the July 2023 extreme rainstorm in the Haihe River Basin, China","authors":"Huiran Gao, Chong Xu, Chenchen Xie, Junxue Ma, Zikang Xiao","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02322-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02322-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactivated mechanism of a slow-moving landslide with two shear zones based on ring shear test and in situ monitoring","authors":"Mingjie Dai, Deshan Cui, Qiong Chen, Jipeng Wei, Jincheng Wang, Guangcheng Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02320-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02320-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The reactivation mechanism of multi-slide landslides entails high complexity, and the shear mechanical properties of high groundwater-level landslides are crucial for analyzing the formation mechanism of reactivated landslides. Taking the K39 landslide of Wenma Expressway in Yunnan Province as the research object, we identified the geological and hydrogeological conditions of the landslide, the physical and mechanical properties of the slip zone soil, and the landslide deformation law using geological mapping, geotechnical engineering, indoor testing, and in situ monitoring. The results show the landslide exhibited alternating acceleration and deceleration movements under seasonal heavy rainfall and high groundwater levels. The shear strength of the soil in the deep sliding zone was greater than that of the soil in the shallow sliding zone. The deep and shallow sliding zone soils showed a decrease in shear strength with increased water content. Moreover, the residual strength of the deep sliding zone soil displayed a negative rate with an increased shear rate. In contrast, the residual strength of the shallow sliding zone soil exhibited a positive rate. Furthermore, under different shear rates, the residual internal friction angle and cohesion of the deep sliding zone soil decreased with increased water content, whereas only the residual internal friction angle of the shallow sliding zone soil followed this pattern. Finally, we performed a sensitivity analysis using the GA-BP neural network for the ring shear test parameters of the deep and shallow sliding zone soils, which included consolidation pressure, water content, and shear rate. Our analysis revealed that the residual strength of deep sliding zone soils is most affected by water content, whereas the residual strength of shallow sliding zone soils is most affected by consolidation pressure. Furthermore, it was found that the effect of water content on residual strength is much greater than the effect of shear rate on residual strength for both deep and shallow sliding zone soils. The study results contribute to a unified understanding of how shear rate affects residual strength mechanisms, support research on shear mechanical properties for multiple landslide revivals, and inform engineering practices and policies in landslide-prone areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rainfall-induced Guilong landslide-mudflow in a terraced field of southwestern China on 22 June 2022","authors":"Fawu Wang, Bo Zhang, Kongming Yan, Weichao Liu, Jie Gao","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02332-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02332-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extreme rainfall events, within the context of climate change, pose a heightened risk of geohazards to mountainous regions. On 22 June 2022, a rainstorm-induced landslide-mudflow occurred in a terraced field in Longsheng County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. The disaster began as a rotational slide, and mobilized into a mudflow with high mobility and long runout, causing significant damage to the local community. This event served as a wake-up call not only for the safety of mountain settlements, but also for the protection of terraced fields as Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems. To elucidate the trigger and mudflow mobilization of the event, field investigation, hydrological and agricultural analyses, and laboratory tests were conducted. It was found that the persistent and record-breaking rainfall directly triggered the disaster by increasing pore water pressure. The transition from paddy terraces to dry terraces was deduced to have contributed to a lack of maintenance in the terrace drainage system, thereby heightening the likelihood of landslides. The mudflow mobilization was attributed to excess pore water pressure generated by soil contraction and an undrained condition maintained by low permeability soil. Soil experiencing sliding may be more susceptible to shear contraction, consequently resulting in long-runout motion. Under conditions of increasing extreme rainfall, greater attention needs to be paid to geo-disaster prevention and terraced field protection in mountainous regions.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}