Landslides最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic fragmentation of intact rock blocks and its influence on mobility: insights from discrete element analysis","authors":"Zhenyu Liu, Lijun Su, Bin Wang, Shuaisheng Miao, Hongyan Tian","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02349-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02349-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rockslides at high elevations often transform into rock avalanches due to fragmentation, posing a significant threat. However, the underlying mechanism for the high mobility of rock avalanches remains unclear. The discrete element method is employed to simulate the process of blocks varying in rock strength moving on an inclined plane varying in slope angle, impacting the horizontal plane and subsequently spreading. The internal damage distribution, velocity profile, granular agitation, and energy conversion are analyzed. The results indicate multistyle fragmentation modes, including sliding friction fragmentation, compressive collision fragmentation, and bending tensile fragmentation. Rock strength and slope angle influence the final fragmentation phenomenon and degree of fragmentation by altering the weights of different fragmentation modes. A non-monotonic and segmented relationship between the degree of fragmentation and friction coefficient is found, which appears to be induced by the competitive relationship between positive and negative feedback effects on mobility. When only impact fragmentation occurs, despite the boost in horizontal momentum facilitating the transport of fragments, the negative feedback effect on mobility caused by impact fragmentation energy consumption plays a dominant role. Basal fragmentation occurs under specific combinations of rock strength and slope angle, causing a rock avalanche in a shear-dominated dense flow state with low internal disturbance. At this point, the positive feedback effect on mobility caused by the basal fragmentation-induced unique flow structure takes the lead. This study highlights the contribution of flow regime changes induced by fragmentation to energy conversion, thereby affecting the mobility of rock avalanches.</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"203 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142196998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the failure mechanisms of the 2017 Santa Lucía landslide, Patagonian Andes, using remote sensing and 3D numerical modelling techniques","authors":"Jaspreet Singh, Sergio A. Sepúlveda","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02346-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02346-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The occurrences of large rock slides often result in catastrophic debris flow within high mountain environments. Discontinuity intersected blocks meeting kinematic conditions stemming from deglaciation-related damage can be triggered by external factors, leading to massive rock slides with a significant downstream hazard. This study presents a comprehensive analysis underlining the mechanism and evolution of the failure during the 2017 Santa Lucía landslide, Patagonian Andes, Chile, utilizing remote sensing and numerical modelling. Due to the remote location, aerial photogrammetry was used to unravel the structural and geomorphological configuration, and four discontinuity sets were identified. Based on colour-shaded relief and slope kinematic analysis, it was found that the failure is governed by combinations of three different discontinuity sets. The failure in the crown portion is complex due to resulting planar and wedge surfaces, whereas in the toe region, the failure is governed by the wedge formation between bedding and other joint set. To further examine its mechanism and evolution, rigid block numerical models were developed in 3DEC to reproduce the failure with real topography and joint parameters. The maximum displacement was observed in the same topographical region where the actual failure occurred, thus conforming to the role of discontinuities in the evolution of the catastrophic failure. Acting on a reduced strength due to rock damage, the modelled slope boosts the instability leading to higher displacements along bonding surfaces with similar attributes as observed in the field. A detailed methodology is discussed regarding coupling remote sensing and 3D numerical modelling for detailed insights into the failure mechanism of the landslides. Overall, our results demonstrate that the Santa Lucía rock slide is a structurally controlled failure where joints provided kinematic freedom, favoured by long-term rock slope damage due to deglaciation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Displacement residuals reveal landslide regime shifts","authors":"Lorenzo Nava, Antoinette Tordesillas, Guoqi Qian, Filippo Catani","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02353-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02353-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite significant progress in the development of advanced technologies for detecting and monitoring unstable slopes, accurately predicting catastrophic landslides remains a challenge. To tackle this challenge, our research integrates advanced prediction models and granular systems theory to provide insights into regime shifts within slow-moving deep-seated landslide dynamics. Our approach is designed to discern exceptional departures from historical landslide dynamics. The approach leverages the “group dynamics,” crucial for identifying precursory failure indicators, according to the generic dynamics of the precursory failure regime in granular systems. We select three different monitored slow-moving landslides as test cases. We employ an error correction cointegration vector autoregression model together with an exogenous regressor to encode historical spatiotemporal landslide dynamics and predict displacement at multiple locations by considering the historical landslide motion and relationship with external triggers. Displacement residuals are obtained by computing the difference between predicted and measured displacement for a given historical calibration time window. Threshold values for the displacement residuals are determined by analyzing the historical distribution of these residuals. Lastly, persistence in time of the threshold exceedance and the number of monitoring points that exceed the threshold at the same time are considered to encode the group dynamics. This approach offers several advantages, including the effective identification of critical regime shifts, adaptability, and transferability, and it introduces regime shift information into local landslide early warning systems. This approach can enhance confidence in the resultant alert, particularly when integrated with conventional alert systems, thereby improving the reliability of landslide warning systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are the historically known landslide events really the biggest? An insight using dendrogeomorphology","authors":"Karel Šilhán","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02354-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02354-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The construction of the magnitude-frequency relationship is one of the key bases for the estimation of landslide hazard. However, data on past landslide occurrence are mostly from archival sources, and it is assumed that only the largest events are recorded. This situation may result in a critical underestimation or overestimation of the resulting landslide hazard. Therefore, in this study, chronological and spatial parameters were verified using dendrogeomorphic methods for six selected landslides for which at least one reactivation was historically known. The selected tree-ring-based parameters were thus compared between historically known events and other events that were identified using dendrogeomorphic reconstruction. In total, disturbed trees were analyzed, and growth disturbances were identified from their tree-ring series, from which landslide reactivations (including historically known ones) were reconstructed. The results suggest that for half of the landslides studied, the historically known event can indeed be assumed to have been the largest in area over the time period covered by the tree-ring data. However, for some of these landslides, the results suggest that the magnitude of movement (the rate of rotation of the landslide blocks) was significantly smaller than historically known. Conversely, for landslides whose reactivated area was smaller than that of historically known landslides for all unknown events, the results suggest that the magnitude of movement was significantly larger. In the case of only one landslide, the results suggest that the historically known event was one of the smallest, and most of the previously unknown reactivations (revealed by dendrogeomorphic analysis) were larger in area with greater rates of movement. The results thus provide new and original insight into the issue of the size of historically known landslide reactivations.</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution characteristics and cumulative effects of landslides triggered by multiple moderate-magnitude earthquakes: a case study of the comprehensive seismic impact area in Yibin, Sichuan, China","authors":"Yuandong Huang, Chong Xu, Xiangli He, Jia Cheng, Yu Huang, Lizhou Wu, Xiwei Xu","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02351-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02351-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sichuan Province, as one of the active seismic regions in China, has historically suffered from strong earthquakes. The Xingwen Ms5.7 earthquake in 2018 and the Changning Ms6.0 earthquake in 2019, two moderate-magnitude earthquakes that occurred in Sichuan Province in recent years, happened in quick succession and triggered numerous landslides under similar geological structural conditions. These events provide a rare case study for researching the distribution characteristics and cumulative effects of landslides triggered by multiple earthquakes. This study aims to explore the distribution characteristics and superposition effects of landslides from these two earthquakes and to reveal the complexity and regularity of landslides triggered by multiple moderate magnitude earthquakes by comparing and analyzing the spatial distribution, scale size, and influence factors of landslides from the two earthquakes. The results show that 455 landslides were triggered by the Xingwen earthquake event and 511 landslides were triggered by the Changning earthquake event. The landslides are all mainly small and medium-sized, covering a total area of about 2.33 km², with similar area frequency distribution trends. There is a certain correlation between the number and area of landslides and each factor. In addition, the landslides are mainly distributed in the middle and lower slopes of slower slopes, and the landslide H/L values are positively correlated with the slope gradient. This study reveals the spatial distribution characteristics and morphological parameter features of landslides triggered by the two earthquakes and their aftershocks, which provides a reference basis for landslide hazard assessment and risk management, as well as a case study and inspiration for the study of landslides under the action of multiple earthquakes.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landslides along the Engineering Corridors in the Northeastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China: Comprehensive Inventory and Mechanism Analysis","authors":"Jing Zhang, Jie Chen, Chengqiu Li, Wei Lu, Junming Hao, Pengfei Niu, Kechang Li, Siyuan Ma, Ren-mao Yuan","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02341-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02341-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change, earthquakes, and human activities are accelerating the degradation of permafrost, leading to loess failures and slope instability. Some engineering corridors (ECs)/infrastructures located on the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (NE-QTP) of China are heavily influenced by landslide phenomena due to being built on permafrost, loess, and seasonally frozen ground. However, few systematic investigations have been carried out in this area. To compile a comprehensive landslide inventory, we visually interpreted 11,914 landslides in GaoFen-6 images taken from 2021 to 2022. We observe that approximately 44.85% of the infrastructures are affected by landslides. Then, based on the ground types and triggering factors, landslides are classified into three types: freeze‒thaw landslides (FTLs), loess landslides (LLs), and general landslides (GLs). More specifically, FTLs are mainly distributed in the boundary regions between permafrost and seasonally frozen ground. The LLs exhibit high-density clustered distribution characteristics. GLs have significant transitional characteristics and commonalities between FTLs and LLs. Furthermore, we apply the geographical detector to determine the controlling factors of the landslides that occurred. We find that the temperature change is the primary controller on the FTLs. The water exhibits a certain correlation with LLs. And the earthquake is the most important factor on the GLs. Our study provides a significant dataset for quantifying the analysis of landslides in NE-QTP.</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progressive deformation mechanism of colluvial landslides induced by rainfall: insights from long-term field monitoring and numerical study","authors":"Li Wang, Keying Zhang, Yushan Chen, Shimei Wang, Dongfang Tian, Xiaowei Li, Yuanyuan He","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02344-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02344-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Colluvial landslides develop in loose Quaternary deposits, with deformation generally being progressive and crack development dominant in the sliding mass surface layer. With the Tanjiawan landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir (China) as a case study, field investigations, deformation monitoring, and groundwater level monitoring data were integrated to analyze the landslide deformation characteristics and elucidate the influence of cracks on its deformation. We used numerical simulations, including the finite element and discrete element methods, for investigating the progressive deformation mechanism of rainfall-triggered landslides in the accumulation layer and predicting the failure process. The results indicated that crack formation instigated a preferential seepage channel in the shallow layer of the sliding mass, rainfall infiltration along cracks generated water pressure, and the landslide gradually morphed from a stable into a “step-like” progressive deformation state. Preferential flow inside the cracks effectively elevated the groundwater level within the landslide, and either the number or depth of cracks significantly affected the groundwater seepage field, thereby influencing slide stability. Geological conditions controlled the deformation and failure processes of each landslide section. The uplifted bedrock on the right side blocked the sliding process of the rear sliding mass, and the middle and front sliding masses moved faster but the sliding distance was shorter. The deformation trend is deformation, crack formation, preferential flow occurrence, crack extension, and deformation. The ultimate cause of failure was a steep rise in groundwater level following short duration heavy rainfall or long duration light rainfall.</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical model experiment of rainfall-induced instability of a two-layer slope: implications for early warning","authors":"Bian Shiqiang, Guan Chen, Xingmin Meng, Yunpeng Yang, Jie Wu, Fengchun Huang, Bing Wu, Jiacheng Jin, Feiyu Qiao, Yan Chong, Donglin Cheng","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02339-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02339-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the slope hydrology and failure processes of rainfall-induced landslides is key to landslide early warning; the heterogeneity of soil (e.g., grain-size distribution in different layers) can markedly affect rainfall infiltration and slope failure patterns. However, the hydrological and failure processes of heterogeneous slopes layered by different soil groups have received little attention. In this study, we use a typical landslide soil composition of rainfall-induced landslide in fault zones as a prototype and via flume experiments to simulate the hydrological evolution, failure processes, and patterns under rainfall conditions on material heterogeneity slopes with a combination of colluvial deposit and fault gouge. Our results showed that rainfall-induced slope settlement and rapid saturation of shallow layers of colluvial deposits led to the occurrence of layer-by-layer shallow flow-slides. The spatial variability of infiltration led to the generation of a relatively dry‒wet interface in deeper layers, causing differential changes in the mechanical properties of the fault gouge; this was conducive to the formation of a steep landslide back wall, perched water table in the shallow layer of the fault gouge, and a rapid increase in porewater pressure, which triggered deep sliding, with a change in the failure pattern to a retrogressive mode. There was a strong linear correlation between the displacement rate before slope instability and the Arias intensity (<i>I</i>_A) of the seismic signal; an abrupt change and rapid increase in <i>I</i>_A may indicate that the slope entered an accelerating creep stage before failure. The results of this study provide a physical basis for related numerical simulation research and a reference for landslide early warning based on seismic signals.</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"188 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of conventional and machine learning techniques for rainfall threshold evaluation under complex geological conditions","authors":"Dal Seno Nicola, Evangelista D., Piccolomini E., Berti M.","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02336-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02336-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research focuses on the essential task of defining rainfall thresholds in regions with complex geological features, specifically at a regional scale. It examines a variety of methodologies, from traditional empirical-statistical methods to cutting-edge machine learning (ML) techniques, for establishing these thresholds. The Emilia-Romagna region in Italy, known for its intricate geological structure and prevalence of weak rocks that often lead to large and deep-seated landslides, serves as the study area. The region’s complex interplay between rainfall and landslide incidences poses a significant challenge in accurately determining rainfall thresholds. The effectiveness of ML methods is compared against conventional empirical-statistical approaches, evaluating factors such as prediction accuracy, model complexity, and the interpretability of results for use by regional landslide warning system operators. The findings indicate that machine learning techniques have an edge over traditional methods, yielding higher performance scores and fewer false positives. Nevertheless, these advancements are modest when considering the increased complexity of ML methods and the incorporation of additional rainfall parameters. This underlines the continued need for improvements in data quality and volume. The study stresses the importance of enhancing data collection and analysis techniques, especially in an era where advanced AI tools are increasingly available, to improve the accuracy of predicting rainfall thresholds for effective landslide warning systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative identification of landslide hazard in mountainous open-pit mining areas combined with ascending and descending orbit InSAR technology","authors":"Meiyi Dai, Hengkai Li, Beiping Long, Xiuli Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10346-024-02325-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02325-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Numerous open-pit mines are scattered within the southern mountainous areas of China. Due to the complex mountainous terrain and abundant rainfall, surface disturbances caused by open-pit mining activities pose a serious risk of landslides. To identify potential landslide hazards in mountainous open-pit mining areas in advance, this study proposes a quantitative method that utilizes ascending and descending orbit Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology to accurately identify landslide hazards. We select the Xiaolongtan coal mining area in Yunnan, China, as a case study. Small Baseline Subset InSAR (SBAS-InSAR) technology was employed to obtain the Line of Sight (LOS) deformation of ascending and descending orbits from November 2019 to November 2021. Following this, two-dimensional deformations were calculated based on the obtained LOS deformations. Multiple remote sensing data sources, including Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), were utilized to extract potential landslide points based on vertical deformation. A combined subjective and objective weighting method was then used to assess the landslide hazard in the study area, and an information quantity model was constructed for landslide hazards in the mining area. Finally, based on high-resolution remote sensing images from the study period, potential landslide hazards were identified in the study area. The results reveal that the vertical deformation rate in the mining area ranges from − 231.73 to 81.42 mm/year, indicating significant subsidence and uplift tendencies. A total of 2353 potential landslide points were identified, primarily located near the slopes of two open-pit mines and in areas with low vegetation coverage. The Xiaolongtan and Buzhaoba open-pit mines, along with the surrounding regions in the study area, were identified to exhibit relatively high landslide hazards. Among the three coal mine waste dumps, the Beipingba waste dump presents a higher landslide hazard. This study provides a scientific basis and practical reference for identifying landslide hazards in mountainous open-pit mining areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":17938,"journal":{"name":"Landslides","volume":"203 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}