Journal of Vector Borne Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi in whole blood samples with sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using rhoptry-associated protein 1 specific polyclonal antibodies.","authors":"Wan Siti Maryam Wan Nazri, Lau Yee Ling, Cheong Fei Wen","doi":"10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_55_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_55_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background objectives: </strong>Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria species, is now known to infect humans. Due to disadvantages in the current diagnosis methods, many efforts have been placed into developing new methods to diagnose the disease. This study assessed the ability of the PkRAP-1 sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) to detect P knowlesi antigens in whole blood specimens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Western blot assay was conducted to evaluate the ability of raised mouse and rabbit anti-PkRAP-1 polyclonal antibodies to bind to the native proteins in P. knowlesi lysate. The polyclonal antibodies were then used in sandwich ELISA to detect P. knowlesi. In the sandwich ELISA, mouse and rabbit polyclonal antibodies were used as the capture and detection antibodies, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) of the assay was determined using P. knowlesi A1H1 culture and purified recombinant PkRAP-1.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Western blot results showed positive reactions towards the proteins in P. knowlesi lysate. The LOD of the assay from three technical replicates was 0.068% parasitaemia. The assay performance in detecting P. knowlesi was 83% sensitivity and 70% specificity with positive and negative predictive values of 74% and 80%, respectively. The anti-PkRAP-1 polyclonal antibodies did not cross-react with P. falciparum and healthy samples, but P. vivax by detecting all 12 samples.</p><p><strong>Interpretation conclusion: </strong>PkRAP-1 has the potential as a biomarker for the development of a new diagnostic tool for P. knowlesi detection. Further studies need to be conducted to establish the full potential of the usage of anti-PkRAP-1 antibodies for P. knowlesi detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":17660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141450779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure-based virtual screening study for identification of potent insecticides against Anopheles gambiae to combat the malaria.","authors":"Nawal Helmi","doi":"10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_158_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_158_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background objectives: </strong>Vector-borne infectious diseases contribute significantly to global mortality, with over 700,000 annual deaths, and malaria alone accounts for more than 400,000 of these fatalities. Anopheles gambiae, a prominent mosquito species, serves as a primary vector for transmitting malaria to humans. To address this issue, researchers have identified the D1-like dopamine receptor (DAR), specifically DOP2, as a promising target for developing new insecticides.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The three-dimensional structure of DOP2 from A. gambiae was unavailable; in-silico approach was used to model and validate DOP2 structure. The Discovery Studio 2021 program was used to identify potential binding sites on DOP2. Virtual screening of 235 anti-parasitic compounds was performed against DOP2 using PyRx 0.8.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The screening demonstrated strong binding and interactions with active site residues of DOP2 for five compounds: Diclazuril, Kaempferol, Deracoxib, Clindamycin, and Diaveridine. These compounds exhibited higher binding affinity values compared to the control (Asenapine). In addition, the predicted physiochemical properties for these compounds were within acceptable ranges and there were no violations in drug-likeness properties.</p><p><strong>Interpretation conclusion: </strong>These compounds show promise as potential new insecticides targeting A. gambiae mosquito by inhibiting the DOP2 protein. However, additional experimental validation is required to optimize their efficacy as DOP2 inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":17660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141450825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microscopic and molecular investigation of vector borne haemoprotozoan diseases in dromedary camel of North Gujarat, India.","authors":"Dhyanjyoti Sarma, Bhupamani Das, Niral Patel, Arun Patel, Abhinav Suthar, Ankit Prajapati, R M Patel","doi":"10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_105_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_105_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background objectives: </strong>Vector-borne haemoprotozoan diseases comprise diverse group of single celled organism transmitted by haematophagus invertebrates. The current study was aimed at the identification of major haemoprotozoan (Babesia, Theileria and Trypanosoma) in dromedary camel of North Gujarat region in India using microscopy and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 234 blood samples were screened by the microscopic and molecular detection assays. Molecular prevalence studies of Theileria, Trypanosoma spp and Babesia was undertaken using 18s ribosomal DNA, RoTat 1.2 and SS rRNA gene respectively. The data relating to microscopic and molecular prevalence along with associated risk factors were analysed by statistical methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall prevalence of hamoprotozoan disease based on microscopic and molecular investigation was 23.50%. The sensitivity and specificity (95% Confidence Interval) of PCR assay was 100% in comparison to microscopy (45.45 % sensitive and 100 % specific). The kappa coefficient between PCR and microscopy indicated good level of agreement with a value of 0.704 and SE of 0.159.</p><p><strong>Interpretation conclusion: </strong>Despite holding much significance to the animal sector, little work has been undertaken in regional parts of India regarding camel parasites. The present study offers first preliminary research data investigating haemoprotozoan disease using parasitological and molecular methods in camels in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":17660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141450824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bamboo stumps that are artificially in use put pressure on dengue and chikungunya vector control in Dhaka city, Bangladesh.","authors":"Rajib Chowdhury, Shyla Faria, Vashkar Chowdhury, Md Sahidul Islam, Shireen Akther, Sakila Akter","doi":"10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_152_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_152_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background objectives: </strong>Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes breed in natural and artificial containers, and they transmit dengue and chikungunya. A study was conducted to identify the contribution of bamboo stumps to these disease vectors that were used in the flower garden as pillars to hold the bamboo flex fence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two sizes of whole bamboo were used to hold fences around gardens at Dhaka University, Bangladesh, and were painted red and green. Mosquito larvae and pupae were collected from bamboo stumps between July and August, and vectors were identified up to the species level. The data were analyzed using the STATA/MP 14.2 version.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>83.5% and 0.2% were Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti, respectively, and the remaining were Culex and Ar-migeres species. Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegypti, and both species-positive bamboo stumps were 46.9, 0.7, and 47.1%, respectively. 54.5% of the bamboo stumps had at least one mosquito species. The average stump depth for Aedes positive stumps (mean=11.7 cm, SE = 0.5) was significantly (p <0.001) higher than the Aedes negative stumps (mean = 9.5 cm, SE = 0.4). 53.8% and 38.0% stumps were found Aedes positive on the ground and upper sides of fences, respectively, and found significant (p<0.01) differences between both sides. A zero-inflated negative binomial count model is significant at a 5% level of significance, χ2(4) = 11.8, p = 0.019 (<0.05) for Ae. albopictus. Stump depth is found to have a significant positive effect on the number of Aedes-positive stumps.</p><p><strong>Interpretation conclusion: </strong>Artificially used natural containers are adding pressure to current mosquito control activities as mosquitoes are breeding on them, which needs additional attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":17660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141450778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of repellent from patchouli (Pogestemon cablin) varieties of Southeast Sulawesi against Aedes aegypti.","authors":"Reni Yunus, Mubarak, Nurhayu Malik, Dian Yuniar Syanti Rahayu, Muhammad Sultanul Aulyah, Ida Mardhiah Afrini","doi":"10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_38_22","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_38_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background objectives: </strong>The incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) continues to increase over time in the world, including Indonesia. One of the prevention efforts against dengue virus transmission is to avoid vector mosquito bites by the use of repellants. Using repellents can reduce exposure to mosquito bites that may cause infection with the dengue virus. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of repellent lotion composed of patchouli batik extract (Pogostemon cablin) from Southeast Sulawesi varieties against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The research subjects were Aedes aegypti adult mosquitoes. The research consisted of three stages. The first stage was a phytochemical test (qualitative method), the second stage was the analysis of patchouli essential oil (GC-MS method) and the third stage was a test of the effectiveness of lotions made from patchouli extract in lotion preparations against Aedes aegypti.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of the effectiveness test of patchouli leaf repellent (Pogestemon cablin) lotion preparations were as follows: for a concentration of 2.5%, protective power 81.5%; concentration 5%, protection power 83.67%; concentration 7.5%, protection power 88.64 %; the concentration of 10%, protection power 90.44%, and the concentration of 12.5% had protection power 90.89%. Probit analysis and linear regression showed the value of ProbitLc 50 was 6.631.</p><p><strong>Interpretation conclusion: </strong>The results of the effectiveness test of Pogestemon cablin repellent lotion preparations with the most effective concentrations were 10% and 12.5%. The results of ANOVA test indicated there was no difference in the average value of the protection power in patchouli leaves.</p>","PeriodicalId":17660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141450781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential habitat and environmental fitness change of Aedes albopictus in Western Eurasia for 2081-2100.","authors":"Attila J Trájer","doi":"10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_143_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_143_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background objectives: </strong>The range of Aedes albopictus, the most important vector mosquito in Western Eurasia is growing due to climate change. However, it is not known how it will influence the habitats occupied by the species and its environmental fitness within its future range.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To study this question, the habitat characteristic of the mosquito was investigated for 2081-2100.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The models suggest a notable future spread of the mosquito in the direction of Northern Europe and the parallel northward and westward shift of the southern and eastern potential occurrences of the mosquito. The models suggest a notable increase in generation numbers in the warmest quarter, which can reach 4-5 generations in the peri-Mediterranean region. However, both the joint survival rate of larvae and pupae and the number of survival days of adults in the warmest quarter exhibit decreasing values, as does the potential disappearance of the mosquito in the southern regions of Europe and Asia Minor, along with the growing atmospheric CO2 concentration-based scenarios.</p><p><strong>Interpretation conclusion: </strong>While in 1970-2000 Aedes albopictus mainly occupied the hot and warm summer temperate regions of Europe, the species will inhabit dominantly the cool summer temperate (oceanic) and the humid continental climate territories of North and North-Eastern Europe in 2081-2100.</p>","PeriodicalId":17660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141450827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An eco-epidemiological analysis of dengue outbreak in Port Blair, South Andaman Island, India.","authors":"Sasmita Rani Jena, M Kaliyamoorthy, T K Bhattacharyya, Kalpana Baruah","doi":"10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_144_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_144_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background objectives: </strong>In Port Blair, the capital of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, in the Bay of Bengal, India, there was a sudden increase in fever cases resembling the symptoms of dengue in the monsoon period of 2022. Hence, an investigation was carried out to find out epidemiological and entomological reasons behind the outbreak.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An entomological survey was carried out in 24 wards of Port Blair Municipal Council (PBMC) area, epidemiological data of last six years (January-December 2017-2021 and January-October 2022) and patient details of the year 2022 were collected. Both the epidemiological and entomological data were analyzed concerning time and place.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During this outbreak period tyres (22.4%) came out as a major breeding habitat followed by small discarded materials (17.5%), metal drums (15.3%), and plastic drums (11.7%). In rainy season, peri-domestic breeding (55%) was more than the domestic breeding (45%) habitat. Ae. aegypti had a high preference for indoor large containers (100-1000 L) like plastic tank, metal drum and cement tank whereasAe. albopictus prefers to breed in medium sized plastic container (20-100 L) and outdoor water receptacles like tyres, flower pots, and domestic discarded materials.</p><p><strong>Interpretation conclusion: </strong>By source reduction, indoor space spray and outdoor fogging, vector density was controlled which curtailed the transmission and within eight weeks a decreasing trend of dengue cases was noticed. A regular entomological survey is crucial to know the seasonality and key breeding habitats of the vector for proper planning of vector control.</p>","PeriodicalId":17660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141450777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of conjunctival swabs and blood samples in dogs for molecular and serological detection of Leishmania infantum infection in Colombia.","authors":"Mejía-Chimá Wilmer A, Hernández-Vera Samuel D, Pérez-Vargas Oscar Y, Rivero Rodriguez Matilde E, Paternina Luis E, Bejarano Eduar E","doi":"10.4103/JVBD.JVBD_182_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/JVBD.JVBD_182_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background objectives: </strong>Surveillance of canine leishmaniasis in Colombia is restricted to the appearance of visceral leishmaniasis cases in humans, and is mainly performed by serological tests. This requires blood sampling by veterinarians or technicians according to Colombian laws. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of conjunctival swabs in the molecular detection of Leishmania in dogs from the municipality of Ovejas, Sucre.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present study was cross-sectional, descriptive. The collection source of samples and information was primary. Blood samples and conjunctival swabs from 121 dogs were analysed by PCR-ITS1 to detect Leishmania spp. Positive samples were used to amplify a conserved region of the Leishmania infantum kinetoplast minicircle. Performance of both sample types was calculated by proportion of positive samples of each type and the degree of agreement between them was determined by Cohen's kappa (κ) agreement index.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Leishmania infection was detected in 17.4% (21/121) of blood samples and in 16.5% (20/121) of conjunctival swabs. In total, 28.1% (34/121) of the canines were infected, of which 11.8% (4/34) were infected with L. infantum in the conjunctival swabs and 5.9 % (2/34) in the blood samples. The agreement between blood and conjunctiva was medium (κ = 0.207) by PCR-ITS1 amplification.</p><p><strong>Interpretation conclusion: </strong>The use of conjunctival swab as a non-invasive sample could be used as an alternative method for surveillance of canine leishmaniasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":17660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139912899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing healthcare access and malaria management via mobile clinics and phone call services in Nuh district of Haryana, India.","authors":"Manju Rahi, Aarifa Nazmeen, Sanjeev Kumar, Chander Prakash Yadav, Gaurav Kumar, Peeyush Mittal, Sam Joy, Sachin Sharma, Rajendra Kumar Baharia, Gaurav Bhati, Pawan Goel, Amit Sharma","doi":"10.4103/JVBD.JVBD_163_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/JVBD.JVBD_163_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background objectives: </strong>Malaria remains a complex challenge in India due to its diverse epidemiology, multi-ethnic population, and multiplicity of malaria vectors. While progress has been made in reducing malaria nationally, persistent pockets hinder elimination efforts. These challenges include hidden reservoirs, inadequate healthcare, suboptimal surveillance, non-compliance, and subclinical infections. Shortage of grassroot level and primary care health staff, transportation issues and general inaccessibility and unavailability of healthcare services are additional challenges.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mobile healthcare vans have been tried and found useful in enhancing healthcare availability in several health conditions in different settings. Nuh (Mewat) district in Haryana is a malaria endemic region; it is indeed one of the districts included by NITI Aayog in the Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP) a government initiative that focuses on rapidly transforming and developing the most underdeveloped districts in India. With an aim to improve the health care seeking behavior of malaria endemic community of selected villages of Nuh district, we carried out a study to using interventions in two villages of Nuh district like mobile malaria clinics and toll-free telephone services in enhancing healthcare access.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that the Sangel village had higher literacy rates (60.6%) as compared to 39.4% in Naushera. Similarly, the unemployment rate was higher for Naushera. The mobile malaria clinic was deployed from December 2019 to July 2020 and a total of 269 phone calls were received from both the villages. A similar number of rapid tests and microscopy smears were examined and all were negative for malaria. The febrile patients were referred to the nearest healthcare facility.</p><p><strong>Interpretation conclusion: </strong>The study shows that the community is open to using these healthcare interventions and these initiatives of mobile malaria clinics and toll-free telephone services can bridge healthcare gaps, especially in malaria-endemic regions, aligning with India's malaria elimination and equitable healthcare access goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":17660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139912900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining trends in epidemic typhus using historical texts.","authors":"Mark David Walker","doi":"10.4103/JVBD.JVBD_201_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/JVBD.JVBD_201_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background objectives: </strong>Although associated with conflict, epidemic typhus was endemic across Europe into the modern period. The extent of the problem it caused is uncertain as record keeping for those socio-economic groups most affected was rare. Google's Ngram Viewer details the frequency of word usage in written language over time. The objective was to examine whether use of the word typhus reflected potential patterns in epidemic typhus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The frequency the word 'typhus' was used in British English was studied between 1800 and 2019 and trends examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Clear differences in word usage were apparent; use increased throughout the 19th century corresponding to increasing industrialisation. Peaks coinciding with WW1 and WW2 were apparent. Strong correlations with the words 'conflict', 'warfare' and 'industry' were seen. Mean shifts corresponded to public health legislation in the UK and the introduction of antibiotics.</p><p><strong>Interpretation conclusion: </strong>The study illustrates how examination of word usage can illuminate aspects of disease occurrence where official data sources are lacking.</p>","PeriodicalId":17660,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139735564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}