Journal of Veterinary Research最新文献

{"title":"Breed-related and stage-related differences in the immune response to <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> carriage in sheep during the periparturient period.","authors":"Agata Hahaj-Siembida, Aneta Nowakiewicz, Mariola Bochniarz, Aleksandra Trościańczyk, Marcelina Osińska, Andrzej Junkuszew, Karina Savvulidi Vargova, Monika Gregula-Kania","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0043","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is ubiquitous as a commensal bacterium and a frequent opportunistic pathogenic one in animals including livestock. The aim of this study was to analyse the expression levels of ovine cytokine genes and acute-phase proteins in response to the presence of <i>S. aureus</i>.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Four different anatomical swabs, milk and blood samples came from 50 ewes from the native Uhruska and Świniarka breeds. The Uhruska breed exhibits high fertility and meat performance and the Świniarka breed is considered a primitive breed. Isolation and identification of <i>S. aureus</i>, haematological analysis, and analysis of cytokine and acute phase protein gene expression levels were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> strains were isolated from swabs and milk from sheep of both breeds. A significant increase in <i>IL6</i> and <i>Hp</i> (haptoglobin) gene expression was observed in leucocytes in samples from Uhruska sheep in which the presence of <i>S. aureus</i> was detected.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The expression level of selected cytokine and acute-phase protein genes have shown that even local carriage of <i>S. aureus</i> in small ruminants can lead to a systemic immune response, manifested by increased expression of <i>IL6</i> and <i>Hp</i> genes in leucocytes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 3","pages":"445-454"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13665697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149193946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porcine circovirus 4 status of domestic pigs and wild animals in Poland.","authors":"Agata Augustyniak, Ewelina Czyżewska-Dors, Dominik Łagowski, Iwona Giska, Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0044","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Given the threat that porcine circovirus (PCV) 2 and PCV3 pose to the pig industry, the epidemiology of emerging PCV4 warrants further investigation. Until 2023, PCV4 had only been confirmed in Asia, with the majority of reports originating from China. More recently, PCV4 DNA has also been detected in samples from Spain and the United States, indicating a potentially broader geographic distribution. Furthermore, PCV4 DNA has been identified in samples from other animal species. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of PCV4 in samples collected from domestic pigs, wild boars and wild ruminants in Poland using its <i>Rep</i> (replicase) gene.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A total of 474 serum samples from domestic pigs and 226 blood and internal organ samples (lymph nodes, spleen and lungs) from 20 wild boars, 33 fallow deer, 4 red deer and 6 roe deer were tested using qPCR to detect the presence of PCV4 DNA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No PCV4 was detected in any of the samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The presence of PCV4 in other populations or regions of Poland cannot be excluded. Further research is needed to monitor the epidemiological situation in the country, particularly in light of emerging reports confirming the presence of the virus in Europe.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 3","pages":"363-369"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13665698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149194760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Mycoplasma gallinarum</i> infection associated with apparent <i>Mycoplasma meleagridis</i> seropositivity in breeder turkey flocks.","authors":"Joanna Kowalczyk, Marcin Śmiałek, Olimpia Kursa","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2026-0041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Monitored EU-wide, mycoplasmosis is a significant poultry disease caused by bacteria of the genus <i>Mycoplasma</i>, among which <i>M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, M. meleagridis</i> and <i>M. iowae</i> are of major importance. Infection can lead to clinical disease and economic losses. Serological assays can give false positive results because of antigenic cross-reactivity among <i>Mycoplasma</i> species. Molecular diagnostics provide greater specificity and reliability. This study investigated suspected cases of <i>Mycoplasma meleagridis</i> infection in turkeys and assessed whether the observed serological reactivity was by cross-reactive antibodies rather than a sign of <i>M. meleagridis</i> infection.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>One case in a breeder turkey flock was investigated during the rearing period, and another case in a similar flock was explored in the laying period. Both flocks had serology results positive for <i>M. meleagridis</i>. The rearing flock was monitored with ELISA, PCR and sequencing for extended time after a single positive result, whereas the laying flock was testing using rapid plate agglutination (RPA) in addition because mortality was higher and egg production lower. In both cases, swab and blood samples were taken to verify the initial serological findings and assess the potential presence of <i>M. meleagridis</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the breeding flock, ELISA detected a single positive reaction against <i>M. meleagridis</i> in one of three houses. However, a PCR did not confirm the presence of <i>M. meleagridis</i> DNA, although <i>Mycoplasma</i> spp. DNA was detected at low/inconclusive levels. In the laying flock, the RPA test gave several seropositive reactions against <i>M. meleagridis</i>, whereas a PCR did not confirm its presence. Microbiological culture, 16S rRNA PCR and Sanger sequencing identified <i>M. gallinarum</i> in both flocks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results highlight the limited specificity of serological assays and the necessity of molecular confirmation for accurate diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 3","pages":"389-395"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13664713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pericardial effusion as a manifestation of feline infectious peritonitis.","authors":"Łukasz Mazurek, Stanisław Winiarczyk, Łukasz Adaszek, Katarzyna Michalak, Dorota Pietras-Ożga","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2026-0039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease caused by feline coronavirus, most commonly associated with effusions in body cavities, while pericardial involvement remains rarely described.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A three-year clinical study (2021-2024) included 256 cats with PCR-confirmed effusive FIP, of which 37 presented fluid accumulation exclusively in the pericardial sac. Diagnosis was based on real-time PCR analysis of pericardial fluid, echocardiographic examination and measurement of serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mutant feline coronavirus RNA was detected in pericardial fluid samples from all cats, with threshold cycle values ranging from 22 to 26 and highly specific PCR amplification confirmed by consistent melting temperatures (81.0-81.2°C). Ultrasonography revealed pericardial effusion in all 37 cats, with cardiac tamponade observed in 27% of cases and significantly higher NT-proBNP concentrations in affected individuals. Statistical analyses showed no significant associations between breed, age or sex and the occurrence of pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade or NT-proBNP serum concentrations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade may represent under-recognised manifestations of effusive FIP. Routine echocardiographic evaluation and molecular analysis of pericardial fluid should be considered in cats with suspected FIP and cardiopulmonary signs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 3","pages":"371-378"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13664717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149194722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphohistometric evaluation of the embryological development of the heart in chicks.","authors":"Muhammet Lütfi Selçuk, Fatma Kayıkcı Hekim","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2026-0042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate the morphohistometric development of the chick heart at certain incubation periods using quantitative methods.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In the study, the hearts of 24 Babcock White Leghorn chicks, six each from the 10^th, 13^th, 16^th and 21^st days of incubation, were used. The hearts were weighed, and their diameters were measured with a digital caliper. Paraffin blocks of heart tissue were then prepared, and serial sections were taken at 5 μm and 10 μm thickness, stained with Crossmon's triple staining method and photographed under a microscope. The areas of the sections were calculated in an image analysis tool, and the heart volume was calculated using the Cavalieri method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was observed that the right atrium wall was thicker than the left atrium wall on the 10^th and 13^th days, and that the left atrium wall became thicker than the right one on the16^th day still was on the 21^st day. The left ventricular wall was thicker than the right one. It was observed that the diameter, wall diameter and lumen area of the aorta increased significantly towards the last day of incubation. The lumen diameter of the aorta increased until the 16^th day but had decreased by the 21^st day.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Besides contributing to existing anatomical knowledge with the presented morphometric data, these findings are expected to form a benchmark for imaging system data used in clinical practice, serve as reference values for clinical sciences and aid physicians in disease diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 3","pages":"485-492"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13664716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149194694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid efficacy testing of cattle footbath disinfectants by flow cytometry: a laboratory-validated screening method complementary to EN 1656.","authors":"Lucie Langová, Petr Kouřil, Vladimír Zmrhal, Lenka Hromádková, Miroslav Macháček, Libor Kalhotka, Zdeněk Havlíček","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2026-0038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Disinfectants are essential for preventing infectious diseases in livestock, particularly in cattle footbath applications. Conventional culture-based methods for assessing bactericidal efficacy are reliable but time-consuming, leaving the need unmet for rapid laboratory-based screening approaches.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Thirteen commercially available cattle footbath disinfectants were evaluated using the EN 1656 dilution-neutralisation method and flow cytometry (FCM) with propidium iodide (PI) staining. A binary logistic regression model was developed to relate the proportion of PI⁺ cells to bactericidal efficacy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Disinfectants containing iodine or iodide, organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, glutaraldehyde or alcohol showed high bactericidal efficacy, whereas those with zinc sulphate were ineffective. The predictive model demonstrated good performance (AUC = 0.787) and identified an optimal threshold of approximately 80% PI⁺ cells, yielding 85.47% sensitivity and 76.92% specificity. Agreement between FCM and the EN 1656 method was high, with 7.69% inconsistent classifications.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Flow cytometry represents a rapid and efficient laboratory-based screening method with the potential to complement culture-based approaches for evaluating bovine footbath disinfectant efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 3","pages":"519-528"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13664710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149194701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First identification of orf virus from an outbreak of contagious ecthyma in Polish sheep.","authors":"Magdalena Larska, Agnieszka Nowakowska, Urszula Pękala-Duda","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0035","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Contagious ecthyma (CE) is a skin disease of goats, sheep and some other domesticated and wild ruminants worldwide, including Poland. The infection is caused by the orf virus (ORFV) of the <i>Parapoxvirus</i> genus. It is characterised by the appearance of skin lesions in the form of papules and pustules, most often in the area of the mouth and nostrils, hooves and genitals. The disease causes economic losses, especially in countries with high sheep and goat production. In Europe, the threat posed by this disease is rather underestimated, but following the re-emergence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the region in 2025, there is increased vigilance and a need to have differential diagnostic methods proven and ready.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>DNA was extracted from lesions on mouth and hooves of sheep. The animals were on a farm located in southwestern Poland on which FMD was ruled out. A PCR was performed using two pairs of specific primers for detecting <i>vIL10</i> and <i>GIF</i> gene fragments which were then sequenced.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sequencing confirmed ORFV infection in all tested sheep samples. The sequences obtained for Polish viruses were also highly homologous to other parapoxviruses, indicating that the method used may be applicable for broad diagnosis of parapoxvirus infections not only in ruminants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first molecular characterisation of ORFV in sheep in Poland. It signals a potential herd biosecurity problem in view of the neglected but re-emerging nature of CE. The marked genetic divergence between Polish field ORFV isolates and currently available vaccine strains may influence CE vaccine efficacy in Poland.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 2","pages":"177-184"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13334292/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paraben concentrations in cat hair samples.","authors":"Sławomir Gonkowski, Manolis Tzatzarakis, Elena Vakonaki, Thomas Lamprakis, Krystyna Makowska","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0036","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Parabens, organic substances used as preservatives in various branches of industry, penetrate the environment and living organisms. There is only scant knowledge of cats' exposure to parabens. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the levels of common industrial parabens in samples of cat hair.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Concentration levels of four parabens (methylparaben - MeP, ethylparaben - EtP, propylparaben - PrP and butylparaben - BuP) were analysed in cat hair samples (n = 70) using a liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The signalment, body condition score and possibility of outdoor access were recorded for each cat.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All four parabens were found in the cat hair. The concentrations of parabens in pg/mg were as follows: MeP - range 28.7-7,094.7, median 273.5 and mean 620.6 ± 1,193; EtP - range 10.8-6,458.2, median 43.1 and mean 188.2 ± 778.1; PrP - range 6.6-1,793, median 33.2 and mean 107.5 ± 246.9; and BuP - range 8.9-276.5, median 11.5 and mean 27.2 ± 49.5. Statistically significantly higher levels of PrP were noted in strictly indoor cats compared to cats with outdoor access. Statistically significant differences in paraben levels between animals of different sexes, ages and body conditions were not observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The obtained results have shown that cats are exposed to parabens to a considerable extent, which suggests that the exposure to these compounds may negatively affect cats' health.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 2","pages":"341-351"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13334297/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Tectum opticum</i> development in embryonic quail <i>(Coturnix japonica)</i> and the role of HSP70 in the developmental process.","authors":"Dilem Gülece Ermutlu, Serap İlhan Aksu, Turgay Deprem, Serap Koral Taşçi, Şahin Aslan, Rumeysa Nur Aslan","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0030","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The <i>tectum opticum</i>, which is a section of the mesencephalon, is located between the cerebellum and the ventral hemispherium of birds. In birds, the <i>tectum opticum</i> has a well-developed, thick, layered structure. It is quite large compared to those of other vertebrates and is considered the primary pathway of visual information to the telencephalon. Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are molecules that help fold newly synthesised polypeptides, assemble multiprotein complexes and transport proteins across cellular membranes.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In this study, 50 fertilised quail eggs were used to monitor embryonic development. The fixed tissues were blocked in paraffin, and Crossmonn's triple stain was applied to these sections for histological examination. The avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique was applied to determine the immunohistochemical localisation of HSP70.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Histologically, the <i>tectum opticum</i> was observed to consist of six main layers. They were formed starting from embryonic day 7 (E7). Ten sublayers of the <i>stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale</i> layer became clear starting from embryonic day 12. Immunohistochemical staining showed HSP70 immunoreactivity in neuron bodies and nerve fibres starting from E7.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings suggest that HSP70 contributes to the protection of cells and the continuity of developmental processes. The regulatory effect of HSP70 on cell cycle, apoptosis and differentiation processes during embryonic development is of vital importance for the healthy development of avian embryos. Therefore, it is clear that the mechanisms of HSP70 expression need to be known.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 2","pages":"313-320"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13334307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of sales of antimicrobials used in veterinary medicine in Poland compared to Europe.","authors":"Ilona Barbara Materek, Katarzyna Pasik, Ewa Borzym","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0032","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global threat to public and animal health, and its progression is closely linked to the use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine. In Europe, programmes such as the European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (ESVAC) and subsequently European Sales and Use of Antimicrobials for Veterinary Medicine (ESUAvet) monitor and attempt to reduce the consumption of antimicrobials in food-producing animals. The study analyses the trends in the volume and sales structure of veterinary antimicrobials in Poland in 2011-2023 and compares them with data reported by other European countries.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The analysis was based on data from ESVAC reports (2011-2022) and the first ESUAvet report (2023), as well as data from the European Medicines Agency's Antimicrobial Sales and Use Platform. The data were evaluated by antimicrobial class, pharmaceutical form and Antimicrobial Advice Ad-hoc Expert Group (AMEG) categories, the latter being A (avoid), B (restrict), C (caution) and D (prudence).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While total sales of veterinary antimicrobials in Europe decreased by 48.0% between 2011 and 2023, in Poland they increased by 19.5% during the same period. In Poland, the predominance of AMEG category D antimicrobials persisted, although their share declined from 79% to 64% with a concurrent increase in sales of category C. The sales structure shifted significantly towards oral solutions, replacing oral powders. Penicillins became the dominant antimicrobial group in the later years, while tetracyclines sales declined.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Polish trend diverges from the European one of reducing veterinary antimicrobial consumption. To align with EU reduction targets, Poland should strengthen antimicrobial stewardship, tighten prescription control and promote preventive measures such as vaccination and higher biosecurity within the One Health framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 2","pages":"233-244"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13334298/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}