Journal of Veterinary Research最新文献

{"title":"The yearly pattern of <i>Ashworthius sidemi</i> Schulz, 1933 infection in cervids: a 10-year study in southern Poland and northern Slovakia.","authors":"Jerzy Kowal, Anna Wyrobisz-Papiewska, Weronika Rynkiewicz, Marek Wajdzik, Paweł Nosal","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0037","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The widespread distribution of the blood-sucking parasitic species <i>Ashworthius sidemi</i> among cervids highlights the need for increased understanding of how to prevent its transmission to livestock. Such knowledge should include detailed data on its life cycle, which may provide insights into the pattern of invasion and guide control measures.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Adult and subadult specimens of <i>A. sidemi</i> were obtained by necropsy examinations of 108 naturally infected cervids between 2011 and 2021. The month of host collection was used to divide the obtained data into two periods of the year: warm (May to October) and cold (November to March). The differences in the overall mean intensity of infection within a particular month and between periods were statistically analysed. Molecular analyses were conducted to confirm species identification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 16,574 specimens were found. The mean intensity of infection for adults and for subadults differed significantly, both within a particular month and between the two periods of the year (P-value < 0.01). Correspondence analysis revealed two distinct groups based on the month of collection from the host and the increased occurrence of adults and/or subadults in the abomasum. The occurrence of adult specimens was the greatest during the warm periods of the year, with their first appearance recorded in May.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although infection intensity remains relatively stable throughout the year, eggs shedding may be influenced by the occurrence of adults, what depends on the period of the year.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 2","pages":"209-214"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13334291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between serum type-I, -III and -IV collagen concentrations and inguinal hernia status in piglets.","authors":"Adam Brodzki, Janusz Kocki, Paulina Gawin, Rafał Maszkowski, Magdalena Krakowiak","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0033","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Inguinal hernias are a significant health and economic problem in pig farming, affecting animal welfare and production profitability. Suspected aetiological factors include disorders in the metabolism of extracellular matrix components, including collagen, which is responsible for the integrity and strength of connective tissue. The aim of the study was to compare the concentrations of type-I, -III and -IV collagen in the blood serum of pigs with inguinal hernias to those in healthy animals.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The study used 87 pigs, comprised of 59 hernia-affected individuals in the experimental group and 28 unaffected counterparts in the control group. The animals were of the same age and came from the same genetic line. The study used ELISA tests for the quantitative measurement of serum collagen concentrations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed significantly higher concentrations of type-I (P-value < 0.001) and type-III (P-value < 0.01) collagen in the experimental group, indicating an association between collagen metabolism and hernia status. For type-IV collagen, the differences were not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Changes in type-I and type-III collagen levels may be associated with inguinal hernia status in pigs and warrant further investigation as potential risk biomarkers. Type-IV collagen showed no relationship with hernia status in the study population.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 2","pages":"335-340"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13334303/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal characterisation of spontaneous Merkel cell carcinoma in the endangered Caucasian squirrel <i>(Sciurus anomalus pallescens):</i> integrating spatial transcriptomics, imaging mass cytometry and metagenomic sequencing.","authors":"Peyman Mohammadzadeh, Amin Pilvaieh, Arshia Dousti, Mohammad Reza Salim Bahrami, Farshad Ziaee","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0034","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive neuroendocrine skin malignancy rarely reported in non-domestic species.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A cutaneous nodule from an endangered Caucasian squirrel (<i>Sciurus anomalus pallescens</i>) was examined using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, imaging mass cytometry, spatial transcriptomics (10× Visium) and metagenomic sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Histology revealed a high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma with frequent mitoses (52 per 2.37 mm²) and necrosis. Tumour cells were positive for cytokeratin 20 (paranuclear dot pattern), synaptophysin and chromogranin A, with a high Ki-67 index (68%). Spatial analyses delineated a distinct tumour core and combined invasive front and stromal compartments, revealing upregulation of neuroendocrine (atonal basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 1 and neurogenic differentiation factor 1) and proliferative (marker of proliferation Ki-67) programmes, and activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT serine/threonine kinase 1-mechanistic target of rapamycin and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. No evidence of Merkel cell polyomavirus was found. The tumour microenvironment was immune-excluded, with programmed-death ligand 1 expression on ~22% of tumour cells and CD8⁺ T cells restricted to the stroma.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides a comprehensive methodological framework for high-resolution tumour profiling in conservation pathology and highlights the emergence of neoplasia in threatened wildlife.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 2","pages":"321-334"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13334306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the pathogenicity of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and the immunogenicity of its membrane proteins in geese.","authors":"Xueyan Wang, Baoyi Deng, Ming Li, Weihuo Li, Yangshuo Li, Sheng Yuan, Nan Zhang","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0031","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> (MG) imposes heavy losses on the goose industry in China, yet its goose-specific biology is poorly understood. In elucidation of the biology, the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of MG in geese were analysed.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Goslings were divided into three groups and either infected with the goose isolate MG-GD01/22, infected with chicken-derived MG R(low) or left untreated as controls. Clinical scores were recorded, and morbidity/mortality, air-sac lesions and tracheal and lung histopathology evaluated. Isolate membrane proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and screened by Western blot with goose hyper-immune sera.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both MG-GD01/22 and MG R(low) established infection, with morbidity rates of 90% and 80% and qPCR positivity of 100% and 80%, respectively. The MG-GD01/22 isolate caused 20% mortality and more severe respiratory signs, whereas MG R(low) induced milder disease without deaths. Both strains produced airsacculitis and interstitial pneumonia, but MG-GD01/22 caused more marked pulmonary haemorrhage. Gel electrophoresis showed similar bands at 50-130 kDa with differences at 25-50 kDa. Western blot revealed strong immune responses to conserved 75 kDa and 67 kDa proteins, particularly those of MG-GD01/22.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both strains are pathogenic in geese, with MG-GD01/22 exhibiting higher virulence. The conserved 75 kDa and 67 kDa proteins represent promising targets for the development of diagnostic assays and vaccines against <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> infection in geese.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 2","pages":"201-208"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13334300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic characterisation of <i>Pasteurella multocida</i> strains isolated from rabbits in Poland.","authors":"Sylwia Budniak, Agnieszka Kędrak-Jabłońska, Krzysztof Szulowski","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0029","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Pasteurella multocida</i> is an important pathogen in many species of domestic and wild mammals, as well as birds. It is also a commensal in the nasopharynx of clinically healthy animals. The aim of the study was to characterise and classify field strains of <i>P. multocida</i> isolated from rabbits in Poland.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A total of 115 field strains isolated from rabbits in 1999-2020 were used. The examined strains were evaluated morphologically and microscopically, and their ability to produce catalase and oxidase was determined. Identification of <i>P. multocida</i> strains was performed on basis of biochemical characteristics and serotype classification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on the biochemical profile assessment using API 20E and the ID 32E (bioMérieux), the strains isolated from rabbits were identified as <i>P. multocida</i>. Among 17.4% were classified as <i>P. multocida</i> subsp. <i>multocida</i>, 80% as ornithine decarboxylase negative <i>P. multocida</i> subsp. <i>multocida</i> and 2.6% as <i>P. multocida</i> subsp. <i>septica</i>. The capsule of type A was found in 87.8% of strains, type D in 8.7%, and type F in 3.5%. The somatic antigen of serotype 12 was present in 64.3% of strains, and serotype 3 in 36.7% of strains. The capsular type A was predominant among strains from rabbits that were asymptomatic carriers, while the capsular type D and F were found mainly in strains isolated from sick animals. In turn, the somatic antigen of serotype 12 was present in strains from both healthy and diseased animals, while strains of serotype 3 were much more frequently isolated from diseased rabbits.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The conducted research allowed to classify and obtain new in-depth data on the population structure of <i>P. multocida</i> strains isolated from rabbits in Poland.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 2","pages":"191-199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13334299/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic analysis of the vaginal microbiota in cows with ovarian cysts.","authors":"Gamze Evkuran Dal, Baran Çelik, Ahmet Sabuncu, Merve Yılmaz, Ayşe Ilgın Kekeç, Emek Dümen, Serkan İkiz, Kadir Serdar Diker","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0028","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study compared the vaginal microbiota composition of dairy cows with follicular and luteal ovarian cysts using metagenomic analysis.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Ovarian cysts, which impair reproductive performance through endocrine disruption, were diagnosed by ultrasonography and serum hormone evaluation in Holstein cows 30-60 d postpartum. Forty-five cows were initially included and divided into follicular cyst, luteal cyst and control groups. Vaginal lavage samples were analysed using third-generation sequencing, and taxonomic classification was performed through 16S rRNA gene analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 258 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, with the highest diversity observed in the control group (mean of 56.8 OTUs) and the lowest in the luteal cyst group (mean of 49.0 OTUs). Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum across all groups (93.4%), followed by Tenericutes (5.9%). Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria accounted for less than 1%. At the family level, Burkholderiaceae (62.7%) and Pasteurellaceae (24.0%) were predominant, while of the genera, <i>Ralstonia</i> was the most abundant (62.2%). The luteal group had the highest relative abundance of Burkholderiaceae, whereas Pasteurellaceae was most abundant in the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results indicate that cystic cows exhibit reduced microbial diversity and altered bacterial composition in comparison with healthy animals. The predominance of Proteobacteria and <i>Ralstonia</i> suggests a potential link between endocrine imbalance and changes in the vaginal microenvironment. Hormonal analyses supported the classification of cyst types, with follicular cyst cows showing low progesterone (0.31 ± 0.05 ng/mL) and high oestradiol-17β concentrations (55.57 ± 7.91 pg/mL), whereas luteal cyst cows exhibited higher progesterone (2.89 ± 0.74 ng/mL) and lower oestradiol-17β concentrations (6.19 ± 0.56 pg/mL) (P < 0.001). These results may support future studies evaluating vaginal microbial profiles as complementary indicators of ovarian status in dairy cows.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 2","pages":"215-225"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13334294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cervical mucus proteomics approach for swamp buffalo secreted fertility biomarker identification.","authors":"Muhammad Yusuf, Abdul Latief Toleng, Hasrin Hasrin, Abdullah Baharun, Athhar Manabi Diansyah, Ekayanti Mulyati Kaiin, Masturi Masturi, Sahiruddin Sahiruddin, Miftahul Jannah","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0025","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Reproductive efficiency in swamp buffalo (<i>Bubalus bubalis</i>) remains constrained by the lack of molecular tools to identify fertile females before service. The aim of this study was to discover biologically grounded biomarkers of fertility.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Cervical mucus was profiled using high-resolution proteomic analysis, with quantitative and functional enrichment used to prioritise biologically relevant fertility markers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cervical-mucus proteome exhibited a conserved secreted core with marked quantitative shifts that separated favourable-quality from poor-quality mucus. Favourable mucus was characterised by a barrier- and adhesion-associated profile with antimicrobial and antioxidant features, its proteins including integrin/extracellular matrix interactors, redox enzymes, lipocalin 2 (LCN2), secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and heat-shock protein B6 (HSPB6). Poor mucus showed a neutrophil-acute-phase axis with complement engagement and oxidative chemistry, typified by myeloperoxidase (MPO), pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Functional enrichment emphasised extracellular and host-defence processes consistent with these opposing mucosal states. These six proteins were consistently the leading discriminants and had coherent biological roles.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Swamp-buffalo cervical mucus is variously in a barrier-competent state and a neutrophil-dominant state. This dichotomy provides a mechanistic explanation for fertility differences at the cervix and yields actionable, secreted protein biomarkers - LCN2/SLPI/HSPB6 in favourable mucus and MPO/PTX3/CRP in poor mucus - for targeted assays and pre-service screening in tropical production systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 2","pages":"303-312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13334295/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a nicosulfuron-based herbicide on common carp <i>(Cyprinus carpio)</i> under laboratory conditions: pathophysiological and histopathological evaluation.","authors":"Bartosz Bojarski, Artur Osikowski, Sebastian Hofman, Leszek Szała, Patrycja Jurecka, Agnieszka Rombel-Bryzek","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0027","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Contamination with herbicides is a frequent environmental issue. The aim of the study was to evaluate haematological and blood biochemical parameters, and the microstructure of selected organs in control and herbicide-exposed fish.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In this study, 108 common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) were exposed to a commercial herbicide with nicosulfuron as its active substance. Three groups of fish were established: control, TAM1 (nicosulfuron at 1 mg/L), and TAM2 (nicosulfuron at 5 mg/L). Treatment lasted 1, 3 or 10 days. Functional (pathophysiological) and structural (histopathological) alterations in control and herbicide-exposed fish were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Various haematological changes and some biochemical alterations were detected. The pathophysiological changes suggested erythrocyte damage, compensatory response (as indicated by an increase in red blood cell count and erythroblast percentage), stress response (as evidenced by an increase in glucose concentration) and possible lipid metabolism disorders (as indicated by a decrease in cholesterol concentration). More differences in pathophysiological parameters were detected between TAM2 fish and control fish than between TAM1 fish and control fish. Histopathological analysis revealed renal tubule necrosis, of which the severity depended on herbicide concentration and exposure duration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The exposure of common carp to the tested nicosulfuron-based herbicide formulation led to pathophysiological and histopathological alterations, indicating the need for systematic detection and quantification of nicosulfuron in aquatic environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 2","pages":"257-268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13334304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of allicin on the intestinal microbiota and production efficiency in selected farm animals.","authors":"Aleksandra Jarosz, Kamil Drabik, Piotr Domaradzki, Magdalena Sapała, Monika Ziomek, Justyna Batkowska, Tomasz Grenda","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0026","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Allicin is a sulphur-containing bioactive compound naturally synthesised in several <i>Allium</i> species, including white garlic (<i>Allium sativum</i> L.), bear garlic (<i>Allium ursinum</i> L.) and field garlic (<i>Allium vineale</i> L.). Current literature indicates that allicin exhibits a wide range of therapeutic activities, most notably antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antioxidant, antiviral and antifungal effects. Its biological action is primarily driven by two key mechanisms: rapid penetration into pathogenic cells and the induction of lethal intracellular alterations. The breadth of allicin's biological properties has prompted growing interest in its potential applications in the livestock industry. Dietary supplementation with allicin has been associated with improved growth performance, enhanced immune function, better quality of animal-derived products and favourable modulation of the intestinal microbiota - an aspect of particular relevance because of the central role of gut microorganisms in animal health. The aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge on the biological properties of allicin, and to particularly consider its effects on intestinal microbial modulation and its potential to improve the production efficiency of livestock.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 2","pages":"269-278"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13334308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and residue depletion of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in land snails <i>(Cornu aspersum maxima)</i>.","authors":"Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska, Monika Ziomek, Anna Gajda, Ewelina Nowacka-Kozak, Amnart Poapolathep, Mario Giorgi","doi":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0024","DOIUrl":"10.2478/jvetres-2026-0024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution of enrofloxacin (EF) and its main metabolite, ciprofloxacin (CP), were determined in land snails (<i>Cornu aspersum maxima</i>) dosed singly and multiply orally or intrahaemolymphatically (IHL).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In the single-dose regimen, snails received EF <i>via</i> IHL injection (1 mg/kg), gavage (30 mg/kg) or medicated wafer (30 mg/kg). Haemolymph was sampled up to 72 h post administration. In the multiple-dose regimen, snails were treated with 10 mg/kg EF <i>via</i> gavage for five days. Tissues and body fluids were sampled up to 240 h. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry simultaneously determined the concentrations of EF and CP.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Concentrations of EF in haemolymph after IHL administration remained above the limit of quantification up to 72 h post dose. Enrofloxacin had a 15-19 h elimination half-life. It was more bioavailable from medicated wafers (74.6%) than from gavage (27.7%); however, variability and small sample sizes prevented statistical analysis. Concentrations of CP were inconsistently detectable and often below quantification limits, suggesting limited EF biotransformation. After multiple dosing, EF accumulated predominantly in the hepatopancreas, and less in muscle, the albumen gland and mucus. Tissue contained detectable CP but haemolymph did not. Persistence of EF was noted in tissues beyond 240 h at concentrations often exceeding the 100-300 μg/kg maximum residue limits for other food-producing species.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This preliminary study indicates that EF clears slowly and metabolises incompletely to CP in snails, resembling its PK patterns in aquatic and reptilian species. The persistence of EF in edible tissues suggests that withdrawal periods may need to be considerably longer than those for other terrestrial animals. Further depletion studies with extended sampling times, assessment of minimum inhibitory concentration values for snail pathogens and protein binding data are warranted to support safe and rational EF use in heliciculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":17617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Research","volume":"70 2","pages":"245-256"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13334301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}