Global Change Biology最新文献

{"title":"Cover Crop Root Channels Promote Bacterial Adaptation to Drought in the Maize Rhizosphere","authors":"Debjyoti Ghosh,&nbsp;Yijie Shi,&nbsp;Iris M. Zimmermann,&nbsp;Katja Holzhauser,&nbsp;Martin von Bergen,&nbsp;Anne-Kristin Kaster,&nbsp;Sandra Spielvogel,&nbsp;Michaela A. Dippold,&nbsp;Jochen A. Müller,&nbsp;Nico Jehmlich","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70512","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70512","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Increasing drought frequency poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity. A promising strategy to enhance crop resilience against drought is the utilisation of root channels left by winter cover crops, which can improve access to subsoil water and nutrients for subsequent cash crops like maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.). The impact of drought on bacterial communities inhabiting these root channels remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated drought-induced shifts in maize rhizosphere bacterial communities and their functional adaptation in cover crop root channels across three soil types in northern Germany (Luvisol, Podzol, and Phaeozem) using a multi-omics approach (16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, qPCR, and metaproteomics). Our results reveal a preference towards bacterial <i>K</i>-strategists under drought conditions, indicating a shift towards stress-tolerant populations. Under drought stress, the relative abundances of <i>Acidobacteriota</i>, <i>Actinomycetota</i>, <i>Planctomycetota</i>, and <i>Pseudomonadota</i> increased, while <i>Chloroflexota</i>, <i>Methylomirabilota</i>, <i>Ca</i>. Patescibacteria, and <i>Verrucomicrobiota</i> declined. Metaproteomics analyses revealed that drought-stressed aerobic taxa among the <i>Pseudomonadota</i> and <i>Verrucomicrobiota</i> upregulated the glyoxylate cycle, potentially enhancing carbon and energy conservation, and increased antioxidant defences (catalase–glutathione peroxidase and methionine cycle–transsulfuration pathway). These drought-mitigating strategies were especially pronounced in root channels formed by <i>Brassicaceae</i> and <i>Poaceae</i> cover crops in the Luvisol and Podzol soils. These findings demonstrate the functional plasticity of rhizosphere bacterial communities in reused root channels in response to drought, highlighting the potential to leverage microbiome-mediated resilience for agricultural practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145089934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio Can Predict the Grassland Biodiversity-Productivity Relationship: Evidence From Local, Regional, and Global Scales","authors":"Hongjin Zhang,&nbsp;Lin Jiang,&nbsp;Wei Wang","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70518","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70518","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil elemental stoichiometry serves as an inherent link between soil biogeochemistry and the structure and processes within plant communities, and thus is at the core of ecosystem functions. Yet, the regulatory role of soil stoichiometry, particularly the carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio, in shaping biodiversity-productivity relationships remains poorly understood. By integrating data from our regional field surveys (58 sites) and a local complementary N addition experiment in temperate grasslands, together with a global grassland dataset (74 sites), here we showed that plant productivity exhibited a unimodal response to increasing soil C:N ratios, with peaking values at the C:N ratio of approximately 15. At this critical value, the determinants driving grassland productivity undergo a fundamental shift: below the soil C:N of 15, plant diversity was positively related to productivity, while above this threshold, bacterial and fungal diversity showed a positive linkage with plant productivity. This divergence implies a stoichiometric “switch” in biodiversity-productivity relationships: high soil C:N ratios strengthen the reliance of productivity on soil bacterial and fungal diversity to mitigate N deficiency, while low C:N ratios shift the emphasis to plant diversity to exploit resource-rich environments. Our findings highlight that soil stoichiometry can predict biodiversity-productivity relationships, with important implications for grassland restoration and management.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-Driven Variability in Flowering Phenology Changes Across Subtropical Mountains: Traits, Elevation Shifts, and Biogeographic Patterns","authors":"Kuiling Zu,&nbsp;Zhiheng Wang,&nbsp;Fusheng Chen,&nbsp;Jonathan Lenoir,&nbsp;Xiangmin Fang,&nbsp;Fangchao Wang,&nbsp;Wensheng Bu,&nbsp;Jianjun Li,&nbsp;Yuan Luo,&nbsp;Yunyun Wang,&nbsp;Wenqi Song","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70516","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70516","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Flowering phenology has major impacts on physiological processes, survival, and reproductive success in angiosperms, serving as a critical biological indicator of climate change impacts. However, changes in flowering phenology and their determinants in subtropical montane ecosystems remain poorly quantified at continental extents. Here we investigated the determinants of flowering phenology shifts over the past century across 11 subtropical mountains in China. Based on century-long herbarium collections of 784 flowering plant species in these mountains, we first used linear regression models to assess the magnitude and direction of changes in flowering time for each species in each mountain separately. Then, we investigated the underlying drivers of changes in flowering time, including climate changes, species traits as well as changes in species elevation range size. Our analyses revealed an average advancement in flowering phenology of 3.8 days per decade, though marked regional disparities emerged: flowering times were advanced in southeastern mountains but delayed in southwestern ones. Climate change, species functional traits, and mountain properties all had significant effects on the observed changes in flowering time. Notably, the flowering time of lowland and non-native plants was advanced more than that of alpine and native plants. A key finding was the negative correlation between flowering time changes and elevational range expansions, supporting the hypothesis that phenological plasticity facilitates range adjustments under environmental change. These findings demonstrate that flowering phenological responses are context-dependent, mediated by complex biotic–abiotic interactions. Our study provides the first biogeographical assessment of flowering phenology shifts in subtropical Asian mountains, offering critical insights for predicting ecosystem stability and informing biodiversity conservation strategies under ongoing climate change.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145083895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translocated Species Exceed Alien Species in Homogenizing Freshwater Fish Assemblages","authors":"Jie Wang,&nbsp;Juan Tao,&nbsp;Sébastien Brosse,&nbsp;Chunlong Liu,&nbsp;Qiyue Chen,&nbsp;Guangjie Cheng,&nbsp;Jianshuang Tao,&nbsp;Chengzhi Ding","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70506","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70506","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Human-driven introductions of nonnative species are accelerating biotic homogenization, threatening the distinctiveness of biota worldwide. However, the patterns and drivers of homogenization caused by nonnatives originating from other ecoregions (alien species) and those originating from the same ecoregion as natives (translocated species) remain highly uncertain across taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional biodiversity dimensions. This study compared the contributions of alien versus translocated fishes to the homogenization of freshwater fish assemblages, as well as the underlying drivers, in a biodiversity hotspot (Yunnan, China). We first quantified the cumulative beta-diversity changes caused by alien and translocated species across biodiversity dimensions prior to 1960 (P1960), 1980 (P1980), 2000 (P2000), and 2022 (P2022), respectively. We then assessed the influence of anthropogenic disturbance intensity, habitat variability, and the biotic resistance of native fauna on beta-diversity changes. We found an asynchronous pattern of homogenization and differentiation caused by alien and translocated fishes. Alien fishes initially contributed to differentiation, which then shifted to homogenization over time in the taxonomic and functional dimensions, whereas phylogenetic differentiation remained consistent through time. In contrast, translocated fishes consistently drove homogenization across all biodiversity dimensions over time. The cumulative intensity of homogenization caused by translocated fishes was up to four times greater than that induced by alien fishes. Anthropogenic disturbance intensity and habitat variability, along with native biotic resistance, positively contributed to fish assemblage homogenization through both direct and indirect pathways. Our findings reveal that translocated species have caused more pronounced homogenization effects in freshwater fish assemblages. Conservation and management strategies should prioritize the prevention of intra-regional species translocations and the mitigation of anthropogenic disturbances to preserve ecological distinctiveness and integrity.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought Intensity Shapes Soil Legacy Effects on Grassland Plant and Soil Microbial Communities and Their Responses to Future Drought","authors":"Natalie J. Oram,&nbsp;Nadine Praeg,&nbsp;Richard D. Bardgett,&nbsp;Fiona Brennan,&nbsp;Tancredi Caruso,&nbsp;Paul Illmer,&nbsp;Johannes Ingrisch,&nbsp;Michael Bahn","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70495","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70495","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Drought can have long-lasting legacy effects on terrestrial ecosystems via persistent shifts in soil microbial community structure and function. Yet, the role drought intensity plays in the formation of soil-mediated drought legacies and in determining plant and microbial responses to subsequent droughts is unknown. Here, we evaluate how soil-mediated drought legacies shaped by the intensity of an initial drought event influence plant and microbial communities in the following year and their response to a subsequent experimental drought. We determined these responses in two model grassland communities with contrasting resource acquisition strategies. We found that the intensity of the initial (i.e., past) drought shaped the composition, network structure and functioning of soil microbial communities, with stronger effects on prokaryotes than fungi. Moreover, drought intensity determined soil-mediated legacy effects on plant responses to a subsequent drought: increasing past drought intensity decreased the drought resistance of the slow-strategy plant community and reduced productivity overshoot in the fast-strategy community after re-wetting. Our findings demonstrate that increasing drought intensity can lead to distinct legacies in soil microbial community composition and function with impacts on plant responses to future droughts.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12445341/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145079083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Microbiota From Warmer and Drier Grasslands Are More Vulnerable to Drought Stress","authors":"Xihang Yang,&nbsp;Yong Zhang,&nbsp;Xinyue Zhang,&nbsp;Yuting Wang,&nbsp;Xiang Liu,&nbsp;Mu Liu,&nbsp;Yao Xiao,&nbsp;Jihua Wu","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70507","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70507","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The stability of soil microbial communities under drought stress is critical for sustaining ecosystem function in a changing climate. However, it remains unclear whether long-term exposure to arid environments strengthens microbial drought resistance through adaptation, or instead diminishes it by reducing diversity and shifting functional redundancy. To address this, we sampled soil microbiota (including bacteria, fungi, and protists) communities along a 3600-km aridity and temperature gradient in Chinese grasslands, and assessed their compositional resistance to experimental drought. We found that microbiota drought resistance decreased with increasing aridity and temperature, particularly for bacteria and protists. This reduced resistance was attributed to declines in taxonomic diversity, larger microbiota body size, and compositional shifts toward oligotrophic taxa in drier regions. These findings suggest that structural shifts in soil communities associated with chronic arid climate may heighten vulnerability to acute drought events, potentially eroding ecosystem resistance as future climate extremes intensify.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the Potential Risk of Coronavirus Spillovers in a Global Hotspot","authors":"R. Sedricke Lapuz,&nbsp;Ada Chornelia,&nbsp;Alice C. Hughes","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70504","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70504","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bats harbor approximately a third of known mammal viruses, including the recent coronaviruses SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 that likely spilled over in Asia. As spillover risk increases due to habitat loss and fragmentation, we identified potential zoonotic spillover and pandemic risk hotspots by combining landscape characteristics with the diversity of competent hosts, with horseshoe bats (genus <i>Rhinolophus</i>) used as proxies for zoonotic pathogen reservoir hosts. We estimated the risk of coronavirus emergence in South and Southeast Asia by integrating Rhinolophid species distributions, forest fragmentation, and human population density data. Two scenarios were considered: one using baseline forest cover data, and another incorporating new regional infrastructure which drives further fragmentation. Results showed that under both scenarios, spillover risk hotspots are concentrated in Indochina and southern China, where host species richness and fragmentation are high, and where coronaviruses were previously detected in bat populations. Simulation of pandemic spread from the spillover risk hotspots using network models revealed risk hotspots clustered in Bangladesh and northeast India. These results highlight the vulnerability of human population centers and heightened risks from habitat fragmentation in Asia, especially given its history of recent coronavirus spillovers that became pandemics. Identifying hotspots emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to protect ecosystem integrity for public health, paving the way for improved predictive capabilities and targeted disease surveillance in at-risk regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70504","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arctic Soil C and N Cycling Are Linked With Microbial Adaptations During Drought","authors":"Theis Thomsen,&nbsp;Morten Dencker Schostag,&nbsp;Anders Priemé,&nbsp;Jonathan Donhauser","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70502","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70502","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of drought events, yet the mechanisms of microbe-mediated soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling under drought are poorly understood. We conducted a microcosm experiment with a Greenlandic soil subjected to five levels of drought, reducing water content from 180% to 15% over the course of 3 weeks followed by rewetting, mimicking a natural drought event. We linked changes in microbial gene expression related to stress response as well as C and N cycling with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, extracellular enzyme activities, and soil C and N status. Maximum changes in gene expression occurred at intermediate levels of drought (80% water content), characterized by acclimation of microbial physiology to drought conditions, including production of osmolytes as well as cell wall and membrane modifications. This peak in gene expression changes marked a tipping point associated with a pronounced decline in microbial respiration as well as extracellular enzyme activities under more intense drought conditions. Interestingly, C-cycling gene expression correlated with soil dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻ and PO₄³⁻ contents. Moreover, N-cycling gene expression correlated with PO₄³⁻ contents and with the activity of laccases. These findings highlight linkages between microbial C, N, and P cycling because of stoichiometric constraints under drought. 24 h after rewetting, we found a shift in microbial expression of C usage genes towards more labile compounds, and an increase in genes related to anabolic activity and signaling, but no signatures of stress responses, suggesting that the microbial community had overcome rewetting-induced changes in osmotic pressure and allocated metabolic activity to growth. Overall, we show that microbial physiological drought responses and microbial resource usage related to C:N:P stoichiometry are key mechanisms of C and N cycling in the Arctic soil under drying and rewetting.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12445406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145079148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grassland Restoration Drives Strong Multitrophic Biodiversity Recovery, but Climate Extremes Jeopardize Drought-Sensitive Species","authors":"Elisabeth Prangel,&nbsp;Triin Reitalu,&nbsp;Liis Kasari-Toussaint,&nbsp;Riho Marja,&nbsp;Inga Jüriado,&nbsp;Tiiu Kupper,&nbsp;Nele Ingerpuu,&nbsp;Ede Oja,&nbsp;Anu Tiitsaar,&nbsp;Reet Karise,&nbsp;Villu Soon,&nbsp;Krista Takkis,&nbsp;Liis Keerberg,&nbsp;Mart Meriste,&nbsp;Aveliina Helm","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70496","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70496","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Semi-natural grasslands, Europe's most biodiverse ecosystems, are rapidly declining due to agricultural intensification, abandonment, and afforestation, leading to biodiversity loss and reduced ecosystem function. Despite their ecological value, grasslands are often overlooked, while afforestation, for instance, is prioritized for climate mitigation. This study assessed the effects of grassland abandonment, afforestation, and ecological restoration on multitrophic species richness and soil conditions. We used Estonian semi-natural calcareous grasslands (alvars) as a model system. Results showed that historically overgrown and afforested grasslands recover fast and rapidly become species-rich after woody plant removal and low-intensity grazing reinstatement. These grasslands also serve as stable carbon sinks, storing soil carbon at levels comparable to afforested grassland areas, with restoration having no negative impact on carbon storage. Multitrophic species richness responded to restoration in three main ways: fast responders (plants, pollinators, birds) recovered relatively quickly, slow responders (lichens, bryophytes, soil fungi) showed little to no short-term change, and drought-sensitive species (ground-dwelling arthropods) declined due to prolonged drought, which also potentially overshadowed the impact of restoration. Grassland restoration is vital for biodiversity, the sustainable supply of ecosystem services, and climate resilience, with long-term monitoring needed to track recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12441997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145074136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest Productivity Enhancement Over the Past Two Decades Is Associated With Plant–Microbial Interactions","authors":"Xuesen Pang,&nbsp;Tao Zhou,&nbsp;Chengjie Ren,&nbsp;Nianpeng He,&nbsp;Zhenghu Zhou","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70505","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70505","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Improving forest productivity is a key natural strategy for mitigating climate warming; however, the role of soil microbiomes in large-scale temporal trends in forest productivity has been largely overlooked. Here, we conducted a national-scale survey across China's forests to explore spatial variation in the temporal trend in forest productivity over the past two decades (2001–2023) and its covariation with soil microbiomes. The forest productivity in China (72 sites) showed an increasing trend over the past two decades, especially in temperate forests with high soil phosphorus availability. Moreover, our random forest analysis revealed that soil microbial traits were the most important factors that correlated with the temporal trend in forest productivity. Specifically, the enhancement of forest productivity was positively associated with high microbial diversity, abundant plant growth-promoting microbial genes, stronger mycorrhizal associations, and a microbial life history strategy of high yield, whether or not climates, soil properties, soil nutrients, forest age, and global change factors were controlled. Overall, our findings suggest that long-term co-adaptation between plants and microbes is likely to enhance forest productivity, which may provide a negative feedback to climate change by promoting forest carbon sinks.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145068727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}