Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics最新文献

{"title":"Correction to Supplement: 16th International Congress of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Thessaloniki, Greece, June 28–July 1, 2026. J Vet Pharmacol Therap, 49(S1), 1-124","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70095","url":null,"abstract":"<p>(2026), Oral Presentations. J Vet Pharmacol Therap, 49: S33-S77. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70079</p><p>The following abstracts were inadvertently omitted from the final published version and should be added to the publication.</p><p>\u0000 <b>O106</b>\u0000 </p><p>\u0000 <b>Modelling and integrating the interplay and management of human, animal and environmental health issues</b>\u0000 </p><p>\u0000 <b>L. Reeve-Johnson</b>\u0000 </p><p>\u0000 <i>Goyd Project Solutions - “An International One Health Consultancy”, Brisbane, Australia</i>\u0000 </p><p><b>Background and hypothesis:</b> A ‘One Health’ approach implies multiple stakeholders with different perceptions of utility. These evolve to greater complexity with interactions between human health, veterinary health, plants and environment which in turn are continually impacted by wider issues of politico-economic stability and human belief systems that affect attitudes to environmental encroachment. Each change to a health delivery system produces consequences that destabilise the <i>status quo</i> with iterative ramifications (“complexity economics”). The interplay between social, psychological, environmental and physical determinants for human health mean that for health literacy to improve, we use messages that are easily communicated, disease signs that are easily recognisable and viewpoints that are contiguous with belief systems. The result is inevitable over-simplification and avoidance of controversy. An example is human population growth that remains unaddressed as the ultimate determinate of the rate of habitat encroachment and disease transmission. This facilitates emergence of diseases from other reservoirs of infection and contaminates habitats with biological and non-biological pathogens. The human population has doubled from 4 to 8 billion in approx. 50 years with massive consequence to animal populations, diversity of species and environmental destruction. Every human brings an undeniable cost to the environment and an additive role in the spread of disease and life-long utilization of multiple resources. Game theory approaches are increasingly used to predict outcomes and cost with real-time dynamic predictive models. Mass migrations of the 21<sup>st</sup> century due to political instability fuelled by belief systems, poverty, disease or food and water shortages where local environments no longer sustain growing human populations have created new issues and tend to move the burden to another location while failing to address causative factors and draining countries of their intellectual and problem-solving abilities.</p><p><b>Conclusion:</b> Sustainable, holistic and logical global disease prevention will only occur with understanding the interplay between environment, plant and animal health; attention to the consequences of human encroachment on biodiverse habitats; an ability to more openly challenge current belief systems, ","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"49 5","pages":"564-565"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvp.70095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Enrofloxacin and Its Metabolite Ciprofloxacin Administered by Different Doses in Calves","authors":"Kamil Uney,&nbsp;Orhan Corum,&nbsp;Murat Yuksel,&nbsp;Mario Giorgi,&nbsp;Pedro Marin,&nbsp;Duygu Durna Corum,&nbsp;Amnart Poapolathep,&nbsp;Saranya Poapolathep,&nbsp;Halis Oguz,&nbsp;Enver Yazar,&nbsp;Muammer Elmas","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70081","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This research studied dose-dependent changes in the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin (ENR) and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin (CIP), in calves. The research was performed on eighteen calves utilizing a parallel pharmacokinetic approach. Calves were divided into three distinct dosage groups, receiving intravenous administration of ENR at doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 15 specified intervals during a 48-h duration. ENR and CIP plasma concentrations were quantified by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic data was obtained using non-compartmental analysis. The area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to last (AUC_0-last)/dose of ENR increased in a dose-dependent manner. The elimination half-life of ENR was prolonged from 2.41 to 3.47 h (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The total body clearance decreased significantly with the dose increase (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), while the volume of distribution at steady state remained comparable across dosage groups (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). The AUC_0-last of CIP increased in a dose-dependent manner (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), but no alteration was found in the conversion ratio of ENR to CIP (26%–28%, <i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). The results of the current investigation demonstrated that the pharmacokinetics of ENR and CIP in calves had considerable variability with dose. Assessing dose-dependent pharmacokinetic alterations in calves can aid in establishing the dosing regimen; however, additional research is required to confirm dose-dependent therapeutic efficacy and safety.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"49 5","pages":"525-532"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147839769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of Ceftiofur-Related Residues in Rabbits After Single Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration","authors":"Yan-Yan Gao,&nbsp;Ijaz Ahmad,&nbsp;Fan Yang","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70075","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ceftiofur is a third-generation cephalosporin widely used in veterinary medicine; however, pharmacokinetic data in rabbits remain limited. This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur in rabbits following single intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration and to evaluate its potential antibacterial efficacy using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices. Ceftiofur was administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight (BW) via IV and IM routes. Plasma ceftiofur-related concentrations (expressed as desfuroylceftiofur acetamide, DCA) were quantified using a validated analytical method, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. Following IM administration, ceftiofur was rapidly absorbed, with a median time to peak concentration (<i>T</i>_max) of 2 h and a high absolute bioavailability (88.72%). The drug exhibited moderate distribution, with a volume of distribution (<i>V</i>_Z) of 1.93 L/kg and a steady-state volume of distribution (<i>V</i>_SS) of 0.85 L/kg, and was eliminated slowly, with a systemic clearance of 0.083 L/h/kg. The mean residence time (MRT; 9.95 h) after IM administration was not longer than that observed after IV administration (10.34 h), precluding reliable estimation of the absorption half-life. Based on PK/PD analysis assuming a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≤ 1.0 μg/mL, the calculated time above MIC (T &gt; MIC) values following single IV and IM administration were approximately 4 and 5 h, respectively. These results indicate that although ceftiofur is rapidly and extensively absorbed in rabbits, a single IV or IM dose of 2 mg/kg BW may be insufficient to achieve effective exposure against bacterial pathogens with MIC values ≥ 1.0 μg/mL.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"49 5","pages":"444-449"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147775351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy Assessment of Long-Term Ivermectin Treatment in Canine Demodicosis: Drug Disposition and Clinical Outcomes Relationship.","authors":"S Martínez, M J Del Sole, L Maté, S Sánchez Bruni, A Lifschitz, M Ballent","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Canine demodicosis is an inflammatory skin disease caused by Demodex canis mites. While newer isoxazoline classes currently represent the standard of care where licensed and available, prolonged ivermectin treatment remains an effective and cost-effective alternative under specific socioeconomic contexts or clinical challenges associated with specific presentations, such as refractory pododemodicosis. Prolonged ivermectin treatment remains the primary choice, especially in resource-limited settings and certain disease presentations. The aim was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin following the reference multi-dose regimen in both healthy (simulated based on a single dose) and demodicosis-infested dogs, and to correlate systemic ivermectin exposure with clinical efficacy. Six healthy dogs received a single oral dose of ivermectin (0.5 mg/kg), and their profiles were extrapolated to a 56-day regimen, while six demodicosis-infested dogs were treated for 56 days at the same dose rate. MDR1 genotyping was performed in infested dogs prior to treatment. Plasma ivermectin concentrations were quantified by HPLC. After 56 days, trough plasma concentration (C_min) values increased 3.48-fold, consistent with C_max increments (p > 0.05). Comparative concentration ratios were 2.04 in healthy and 2.56 in infested dogs, without statistical differences (p > 0.05). Plasma concentration-time curves showed similar profiles, with comparable C_max and AUC_0-24 values (3231 vs. 3074 ng·h/mL). The same trend was observed when ivermectin accumulated after long-term exposure (AUC_0-56) (315,476 vs. 294,442). Skin scrapings confirmed mite clearance in treated dogs by Day 56. These findings suggest that prolonged ivermectin administration is safe and effective for treating canine demodicosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148829680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Extrapolation Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Doxycycline to Predict Withdrawal Times in Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).","authors":"Ning Xu, Jiangtao Li, Shun Zhou, Jing Dong, Yongzhen Ding, Xiaohui Ai","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to establish an extrapolation physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of doxycycline (DC) to predict its withdrawal times (WTs) in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). The body weight, organ volumes, hematocrit, and plasma protein binding ratio were determined experimentally. Other parameters were cited from references or estimated by fitting pharmacokinetic data. A local sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the sensitive parameter. WTs were predicted by Monto Carlo analysis. The final results demonstrated that the model simulation finely captured the depletion profile of DC in tissues and organs in yellow catfish (except for blood) and crayfish. The estimated WT of DC in the muscle of yellow catfish was 25 days, that was only 3 days longer than the measured value by the traditional method. The predicted WT in the muscle of crayfish was 43 days, being equal to the experimental value. Overall, this extrapolation model was successfully established among aquatic species to provide a novel and convenient tool for the surveillance of food safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148794988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Levamisole in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Ewes: A Longitudinal Study.","authors":"Orhan Corum, Pedro Marin, Murat Yuksel, Duygu Durna Corum, Erdinc Turk, Devran Coskun, Hatice Rumeysa Ceyhan, Elena Badillo, Kamil Uney","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The influence of the state of pregnancy (days 45, 90, and 135 of gestation) on the pharmacokinetics of levamisole was investigated in ewes. Twelve healthy Merino female sheep were allocated into two groups (n = 6 per group). The ewes in group 1 (non-pregnant) were not mated, while the ewes in group 2 (pregnant) were mated with rams by synchronizing their estrus cycles. Levamisole was injected intramuscularly once at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg into all ewes. Blood samples were taken at 13 different times over a 48-h period according to a defined protocol. Plasma samples were analyzed for levamisole via high-performance liquid chromatography. Pregnant ewes had significantly lower C_max, AUC_0-last, and t_1/2ʎz of levamisole than non-pregnant ewes. There were no significant differences in T_max between the two groups. The values of AUC_0-last, C_max, and t_1/2ʎz decreased as pregnancy progressed. These results indicated that pregnancy reduced exposure (AUC_0-last) and duration of levamisole presence in the body. This information contributes to the use of levamisole in pregnant ewes, but further studies are needed to determine the change in therapeutic effect related to pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148761885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Quinidine-Induced Dominant Frequency Reduction in Thoroughbred Horses With Atrial Fibrillation.","authors":"Taisuke Kuroda, Yohei Minamijima, Yuji Takahashi, Yusaku Ebisuda, Kaori Yoshida, Hiroshi Ishikawa, Kei-Ichi Ishihara, Hiroshi Mita, Motoi Nomura, Toshio Nukada, Yuhiro Ishikawa","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quinidine has long been used for the pharmacological treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) in horses; however, the plasma concentration required for conversion to sinus rhythm remains unclear. Dominant frequency (DF), derived from surface electrocardiograms, reflects atrial activation rate during AF. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between plasma quinidine concentration and DF using a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) approach. Ten Thoroughbred horses with naturally occurring AF received quinidine sulfate via a nasogastric tube. Plasma quinidine concentrations and DF values, calculated from digitized atrial fibrillatory segments, were measured during treatment. PK/PD was analyzed using a sigmoid inhibitory E_max model, with typical parameters including a baseline DF of 6.27 Hz, a maximal DF reduction of 3.63 Hz, a theoretical minimum DF of 2.64 Hz, an EC₅₀ of 0.78 μg/mL, and a Hill coefficient of 1.81. Nine horses converted to sinus rhythm, with median DF decreasing from 6.4 Hz to 3.0 Hz immediately before conversion. Model simulations indicated a pharmacodynamic plateau, with an increase in plasma quinidine concentration from 4 to 5 μg/mL resulting in only a 0.06-Hz reduction in DF. A model-predicted plasma quinidine concentration of 2.6 μg/mL achieved a DF of 3.0 Hz and may represent a target concentration for conversion.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148758874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics, Amino Acid Responses, and Short-Term Tolerability of Intravenous and Oral L-Citrulline in Healthy Neonatal Holstein Calves.","authors":"Mehmet Gültekin, Murat Boyacıoğlu, Hasan Erdoğan, Kerem Ural, Hüseyin Voyvoda, Gamze Gültekin, Gizem Gönülveren, Onur Yılmazer, Ece Eylül Sönmez","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>L-citrulline is a precursor for endogenous arginine synthesis, supporting nitric oxide production and urea cycle function, yet its pharmacokinetics in neonatal calves are unknown. This study characterized and compared the pharmacokinetics of L-citrulline after intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration in healthy neonatal Holstein calves and evaluated associated amino acid responses and short-term clinical and laboratory tolerability. Six healthy male calves (2-4 weeks old) received a single 150 mg/kg dose of L-citrulline as extemporaneously prepared 5% (w/v) IV and 10% (w/v) PO formulations in a randomized 2-period crossover design with a 7-day washout. Blood samples were collected pre-dose and up to 48 h post-dose. Plasma amino acids were quantified by LC-MS/MS, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using non-compartmental analysis. After IV administration, the highest observed total plasma L-citrulline concentration was detected at the first post-dose sampling time, 5 min after bolus administration (C_peak 2213 ± 629 μmol/L; range, 1329-2830 μmol/L). After PO administration, C_max was 1107 ± 371 μmol/L (range, 623-1478 μmol/L), with a median T_max of 60 min (range, 45-120 min). Baseline-corrected non-compartmental analysis yielded t_1/2 values of 2.32 ± 0.79 h after IV administration and 2.23 ± 0.60 h after PO administration, with AUC_0-∞ values of 4130 ± 558 and 3444 ± 1067 μmol·h/L, respectively. Absolute oral bioavailability was 0.86 ± 0.32 (range, 0.52-1.28). Both routes increased plasma arginine (max +159% IV; +122% PO) and ornithine (max +132% IV; +149% PO) with no clinically relevant adverse effects or laboratory abnormalities during short-term monitoring of clinical, hematological, biochemical, blood gas/electrolyte, and coagulation variables. These findings support further evaluation of L-citrulline as a nutritional and/or therapeutic supplement in neonatal calves.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148678908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trimethoprim Urine Excretion and Its Potential for Treating Canine Urinary Tract Infections.","authors":"Butch KuKanich, Kate KuKanich, Brooke Paisley","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistant urinary tract infections (UTI) in dogs are becoming more common, and treatment options can be limited. Sulfonamide antimicrobials, often in combination with trimethoprim, can be used. However, sulfonamides may produce severe adverse effects in dogs, including death. Trimethoprim, without a sulfonamide, is routinely used in humans for UTI. Our objective was to evaluate trimethoprim urine concentrations in dogs after a single oral trimethoprim dose. We hypothesized trimethoprim can sustain urine concentrations that may be effective for treating canine UTI. Our Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved the study. Nine healthy client-owned dogs of varying breeds received a single oral dose of trimethoprim 5 mg/kg. Clients collected urine (free catch) before trimethoprim administration and then at 6-, 8-, 12-, and 24-h post administration. Trimethoprim urine concentrations were analyzed via validated mass spectrometry. The range of urine concentrations at 6 h (69.9-413 mcg/mL), 8 h (46.2-405 mcg/mL), 12 h (34.5-220 mcg/mL) and 24 h (17.2-154 mcg/mL) all exceeded 8 mcg/mL, the susceptible breakpoint for Enterobacterales UTI in human patients. However, specific breakpoints and pharmacodynamics in dogs have not been reported. These data suggest oral trimethoprim may be effective for canine Enterobacterales UTI. Further research is needed to confirm the clinical efficacy of trimethoprim in canine UTI.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148584780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous and Intramuscular Nalbuphine in Isoflurane-Anesthetized Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).","authors":"Eduardo Almeida Ruivo Dos Santos, Eduardo Raposo Monteiro, Laura Ben Olivo, Luciana Branquinho Queiroga, Roberta Picoli, Haiumy Garcia Cardozo, Tiago Franco de Oliveira, Bibiana Verlindo de Araújo","doi":"10.1111/jvp.70099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.70099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics of nalbuphine following intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) administration in six adult H&N Brown chickens anesthetized with isoflurane. In a randomized crossover study, nalbuphine (12.5 mg/kg) was administered IV and IM to isoflurane-anesthetized chickens (end-tidal isoflurane concentration: 1.2%-1.4%), with 1-week intervals between experiments. Blood samples were collected immediately before and at predetermined time points up to 480 min after administration. Plasma concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and models were fitted to plasma concentration versus time data. Cardiovascular variables were recorded concurrently at the same time points. A three-compartment model best described nalbuphine plasma concentration changes. Estimated distribution volumes were 1.4 L/kg for the central compartment and 0.57 and 2.5 L/kg for the first and second peripheral compartments, respectively. Metabolic clearance was 7.59 L/kg/h, and distribution clearances were 0.25 and 11 L/kg/h for the first and second peripheral compartments, respectively. Bioavailability after IM administration was 98%. The plasma concentration at time zero was 11.81 mg/L. Heart rate slightly decreased at 4 and 8 min after IV or IM drug administration. Nalbuphine exhibited a high volume of distribution and clearance in isoflurane-anesthetized chickens, and demonstrated excellent bioavailability after IM administration.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148549607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}