Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics最新文献

{"title":"The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics integration of tilmicosin against Mycoplasma synoviae in vitro and in vivo","authors":"Xiu Yan,&nbsp;Jinxin Liu,&nbsp;Weihuo Li,&nbsp;Shuti Song,&nbsp;Zhaofeng Yao,&nbsp;Yixin Jia,&nbsp;Sheng Yuan,&nbsp;Hong Yang,&nbsp;Nan Zhang","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13475","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13475","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Mycoplasma synoviae</i> (MS) infection is a serious threat to poultry industry in China. Tilmicosin is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic used only in animals and has shown potential efficacy against MS, but there were no reported articles concerning the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) interactions of tilmicosin against MS in vitro and vivo. This study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of tilmicosin against MS in vitro and in vivo using PK/PD model to provide maximal efficacy. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and killing rates of different drug concentrations were measured using the microdilution method in vitro. Then, tilmicosin was administered orally to the MS-infected chickens at doses of 7.5 and 60 mg/kg, and the PK parameters of tilmicosin in joint dialysates were determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) combined with the microdialysis technique. The antibacterial effect (△E) was calculated when the infected chickens were administered a single oral dose of tilmicosin at 4, 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg b.w. The PK and PD data were fitted using the Sigmoid <i>E</i>_max model to evaluate the PK/PD interactions of tilmicosin against MS. The bactericidal activity of tilmicosin against MS was concentration dependent. Furthermore, the PK/PD index of AUC_0–72h/MIC exhibited the most optimal fitting results (<i>R</i>² = .98). The MS load decreased by 1, 2, and 3 Log₁₀ CFU/mL, then AUC/MIC was determined as 13.99, 20.53, and 28.23 h, respectively, and the bactericidal effect can be achieved when the dose of MS-infected chickens is at 31.64 mg/kg b.w. The findings of this study hold significant implications for optimizing the treatment regimen for MS infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"47 6","pages":"503-511"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141971390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Oxolinic Acid in Rainbow Trout and Determination of In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Against Pathogenic Bacteria From Diseased Fish","authors":"Richa Pathak,&nbsp;Sumanta Kumar Mallik,&nbsp;Prasanna Kumar Patil,&nbsp;Neetu Shahi,&nbsp;Krishna Kala,&nbsp;Raja Adil Hussain Bhat,&nbsp;Ranjit Kumar Nadella,&nbsp;Nityanand Pandey,&nbsp;Pramod Kumar Pandey","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13477","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13477","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In response to the heightened risk of bacterial diseases in fish farms caused by increased demand for fish consumption and subsequent overcrowding, researchers are currently investigating the efficacy and residue management of oxolinic acid (OA) as a treatment for bacterial infections in fish. This research is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacokinetics of OA. The present study investigates pharmacokinetics of OA in juvenile rainbow trout. The fish were given a 12 mg kg⁻¹ dose of OA through their feed, and tissue samples were collected of the liver, kidney, gill, intestine, muscle, and plasma for analysis using LC-MS/MS. The highest concentrations of the drug were found in the gill (4096.55 μg kg⁻¹) and intestine (11592.98 μg kg⁻¹), with significant absorption also seen in the liver (0.36 L/h) and gill (0.07 L/h) (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The liver (0.21 L/h) and kidney (0.03 L/h) were found to be the most efficient (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) at eliminating the drug. The study also confirmed the drug antimicrobial effectiveness against several bacterial pathogens, including <i>Shewanella xiamenensis</i> (0.25 μg mL⁻¹), <i>Lactococcus garvieae</i> (1 μg mL⁻¹), and <i>Chryseobacterium aquaticum</i> (4 μg mL⁻¹). The study concludes significant variations among different fish tissues, with higher concentrations and longer half-lives observed in the kidney and intestine. The lowest MIC value recorded against major bacterial pathogens demonstrated its therapeutic potential in aquaculture. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding OA pharmacokinetics to optimize antimicrobial therapy in aquaculture.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"48 1","pages":"44-55"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141907003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and Alterations in Glucose and Insulin Levels After a Single Dose of Canagliflozin in Healthy Icelandic Horses","authors":"Peter Michanek,&nbsp;Johan Bröjer,&nbsp;Inger Lilliehöök,&nbsp;Cathrine T. Fjordbakk,&nbsp;Minerva Löwgren,&nbsp;Mikael Hedeland,&nbsp;Jonas Bergquist,&nbsp;Carl Ekstrand","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13476","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13476","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Canagliflozin (CFZ) is a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor that has shown promising results as a drug for the treatment of insulin dysregulation in horses. Even though CFZ is used clinically, no pharmacokinetic data has previously been published. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of CFZ after administration of a single oral dose of 1.8 mg/kg in eight healthy Icelandic horses was examined. Additionally, the effect of treatment on glucose and insulin levels in response to a graded glucose infusion was investigated. Plasma samples for CFZ quantification were taken at 0, 0.33, 0.66, 1, 1.33, 1.66, 2, 2.33, 2.66, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 24, 32, and 48 h post administration. CFZ was quantified using UHPLC coupled to tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). A non-compartmental analysis revealed key pharmacokinetic parameters, including a median <i>T</i>_max of 7 h, a <i>C</i>_max of 2350 ng/mL, and a <i>t</i>_1/2Z of 28.5 h. CFZ treatment reduced glucose (AUC_GLU, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and insulin (AUC_INS, <i>p</i> = 0.04) response to a graded glucose infusion administered 5 h after treatment. This indicates a rapid onset of action following a single dose in healthy Icelandic horses. No obvious adverse effects related to the treatment were observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"48 S1","pages":"41-49"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736998/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141902186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two in-feed chlortetracycline regimens provided to beef cattle","authors":"Alyssa R. Toillion,&nbsp;Michael D. Apley,&nbsp;Johann F. Coetzee,&nbsp;Kushan Kompalage","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13474","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13474","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plasma chlortetracycline (CTC) concentration data were subjected to Monte Carlo simulation of area under the concentration curve (AUC) values related to bovine respiratory disease pathogen MIC distributions to evaluate target attainment rates. Crossbred Hereford heifers were randomly assigned into two treatment groups. Treatment group (A) received chlortetracycline (CTC) at a target dose of 22 mg/kg of bodyweight daily for 5 consecutive days (<i>n</i> = 8) and group (B) received CTC at 350 mg/head per day (1.5 ± 0.2 mg/kg based on actual bodyweights) for seven consecutive days (<i>n</i> = 8). Non-compartmental analysis was used to calculate plasma-free drug CTC area under the concentration curves. The mean observed (±SD) free drug AUC values were 4.18 (±1.72) μg × h/mL and 0.30 (±0.06) μg × h/mL for treatment groups A and B, respectively. The probability of target attainment for AUC₂₄/MIC values of 25 and 12.5 was modeled using Monte Carlo simulations. Treatment group A achieved &gt;90% target attainment (AUC₂₄/MIC of 25) at an MIC of 0.06 μg/mL, whereas treatment group B displayed only 12.6% target attainment (AUC₂₄/MIC of 12.5) at the lowest MIC evaluated (0.015 μg/mL). Both in-feed CTC regimens failed to obtain a reasonable target attainment rate in light of expected MIC distributions of potential pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"47 6","pages":"469-477"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141748497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single intravenous and oral dose pharmacokinetics of the antiseizure medication brivaracetam in healthy cats","authors":"Tom Jukier,&nbsp;Chu Zhang,&nbsp;Robert D. Arnold,&nbsp;Amanda Gross","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13473","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13473","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The number of available antiseizure medications with demonstrated efficacy in cats is limited. As such, there is a need to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of newer medications so that proper dosing regimens can be made. Brivaracetam (BRV) is a more potent analogue of levetiracetam, and is Food and Drug Administration approved for use in people. The goal of this study was to describe the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral doses of BRV in healthy cats. A cross-over study involving eight healthy cats, that were administered 10 mg of BRV intravenously as a bolus and orally in the fasted state. Blood samples were collected over 24 h. Analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data were subjected to non-compartmental analysis. Median (min–max) of maximal concentration, time to maximal concentration, area under the curve, elimination half-life and oral absolute bioavailability were 902 (682–1036) ng/mL, 0.6 (0.5–2.0) h, 6.4 (5.2–7.2) h, 8145 (6669–9351) ng × h/mL and 100% (85–110) respectively. BRV appeared to be well tolerated by all cats. A single dose of BRV is well tolerated both orally and intravenously. Maximal concentrations are produced rapidly and within the human reference interval considered to be therapeutic.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"47 6","pages":"461-468"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141627115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of meloxicam in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii)","authors":"Emily J. Trumbull,&nbsp;Mark G. Papich,&nbsp;Mattison Peters,&nbsp;Emily R. Whitmer,&nbsp;Michelle Rivard,&nbsp;Cara L. Field","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13469","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13469","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pharmacokinetics studies have investigated meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, dosing strategies in a wide variety of non-domestic animals; however, there is no prior study examining well-founded dosing for pinnipeds. To develop dosing protocols, pharmacokinetic information is needed, with an examination of differences between pinniped species. Apparently, healthy California sea lions (<i>Zalophus californianus</i>: CSL; <i>n</i> = 13) and Pacific harbor seals (<i>Phoca vitulina richardii</i>: PHS; <i>n</i> = 17) that had completed rehabilitation were enrolled into a population-based pharmacokinetic study. Each animal was administered a single oral dose of meloxicam at 0.1 mg/kg, and two blood samples were collected from each animal at varying intervals during a 96-h study period. Plasma concentrations of meloxicam were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed with nonlinear mixed effects modeling (Phoenix® NLME™, Certara, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA). The results indicated that in PHS, peak plasma concentration (C_max) was 0.33 μg/mL with an elimination half-life (K_e t½) of 31.53 h. In CSL, C_max was 0.17 μg/mL with K_e t½ of 32.71 h. All animals enrolled completed the study without outward adverse clinical signs. The elimination half-life was longer than previously recommended dosing intervals for pinnipeds; however, we cannot speculate in the optimum clinical dose from these results.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"47 6","pages":"485-491"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvp.13469","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141603816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitors: Will these drugs benefit non-diabetic veterinary patients with cardiac and kidney diseases?","authors":"Jonathan Elliott,&nbsp;Mark A. Oyama","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13472","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13472","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sodium glucose transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been introduced into human medicine where their beneficial effects go beyond the expected improvement in blood glucose control. These drugs appear to prevent progression of both cardiovascular and kidney diseases, not only in diabetic but also in non-diabetic human patients. As these drugs have received conditional approval for use in diabetic cats and are being used in other veterinary species, the intriguing question as to whether they will have similar cardioprotective and nephroprotective effects in dogs and cats is being asked. The primary mechanism(s) by which SGLT2 inhibitors are cardio- and nephroprotective remain to be fully characterized. This paper reviews these suggested mechanisms in the context of the pathophysiology of progressive cardiovascular and kidney diseases in dogs and cats with the goal of predicting which categories of non-diabetic veterinary patients these drugs might be of most benefit.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"48 S1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11737021/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141600313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitor use in the management of insulin dysregulation in ponies and horses","authors":"Nicola J. Menzies-Gow,&nbsp;Edward J. Knowles","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13470","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13470","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Laminitis is a common and painful condition of the equine foot and approximately 90% of cases are associated with insulin dysregulation (ID) that is a central feature of the common endocrine disorder equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and occurs in a subset of animals with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Additional features of EMS include obesity, altered circulating concentrations of adipokines (particularly adiponectin and leptin) and hypertriglyceridaemia. Obesity, ID, hypoadiponectinaemia, hyperleptinaemia and an altered plasma lipid profile are also features of human metabolic syndrome (HMS) alongside hyperglycaemia. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a novel class of oral hypoglycaemic agents used in combination with lifestyle changes in the management of HMS. SGLT2 receptors are responsible for 90% of the renal glucose reabsorption that occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule. Thus, these drugs increase urinary glucose excretion by suppressing glucose reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate resulting in urinary calorie loss with consequent weight loss and improvements in ID, hyperglycemia, hypoadiponectinaemia and hyperleptinaemia. There are no licenced veterinary drugs available for treating ID and preventing insulin-associated laminitis in horses. Thus, the use of SGLT2i for the control of equine hyperinsulinaemia with the goal of improving recovery from associated active laminitis or preventing future laminitis has recently been advocated. There are a small number of published studies reporting the use of the SGLT2i canagliflozin, ertugliflozin and velagliflozin to aid the management of equine ID. However, the doses used are largely extrapolated from human studies with limited consideration of species-specific variations. In addition, there is limited evaluation of the fundamental differences between ID in horses and humans, particularly the fact that most horses with ID remain hyperinsulinaemic but normoglycaemic such that increased urinary loss of glucose may not explain the beneficial effects of these drugs. Further study of the potential deleterious effects of treatment-associated hypertriglyceridaemia is required together with the effect of SGLT2i therapy on circulating concentrations of adipokines in horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"48 S1","pages":"31-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141563661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doxycycline pharmacokinetics and tissue depletion in striped catfish (Pagasianodon hypophthalmus) after oral administration.","authors":"Pham Quang Vinh, Nguyen Quoc Thinh, Mathias Devreese, Siska Croubels, Dang Thi Hoang Oanh, Anders Dalsgaard, Masashi Maita, Tran Minh Phu","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.13471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pharmacokinetics and residue depletion of doxycycline (DOX) in striped catfish (Pagasianodon hypophthalmus) after oral dosage were investigated. The pharmacokinetic experiment was conducted in an aquarium, while the experiment of residue depletion was performed in both an aquarium and earth ponds. Medicated feed was administered orally using the gavage method at a dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight. Blood, liver, and kidney from medicated fish samples were collected. In the depletion experiments, fish were fed medicated feed for five consecutive days at a dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight, with samples collected during and after medication. The concentrations of DOX were quantified using an LC-MS/MS system. The pharmacokinetics parameters of DOX in striped catfish included the absorption rate constant (k_a), absorption half-life (T_1/2abs), maximal plasma concentration (C_max), time to maximal plasma concentration (T_max), and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to 96 h (AUC_{0-96 h}) which were 0.12 h^-1, 5.68 h, 1123.45 ng/mL, 8.19 h, and 25,018 ng/mL/h, respectively. Residue depletion results indicated that the withdrawal times of DOX in muscle (with skin) from fish kept in the aquarium were slightly longer than that in fish raised in earth ponds, corresponding to 194 degree-days compared with 150 degree-days. In conclusion, administration of DOX at the dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight can be used for treatment of bacterial infections in striped catfish, and a withdrawal time of 5 days at 29.4°C will ensure consumer food safety due to the rapid depletion of DOX from muscle and skin.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141580107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SGLT2 inhibitor use in the management of feline diabetes mellitus","authors":"Audrey K. Cook,&nbsp;Ellen Behrend","doi":"10.1111/jvp.13466","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvp.13466","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are routinely used in the management of human type 2 diabetes and have been shown to effectively mitigate hyperglycemia and reduce the risks of cardiovascular and renal compromise. Two SGLT2 inhibitors, namely bexagliflozin and velagliflozin, were recently FDA approved for the treatment of uncomplicated feline diabetes mellitus. These oral hypoglycemic agents are a suitable option for many newly diagnosed cats, with rapid improvements in glycemic control and clinical signs. Suitable candidates must have some residual β-cell function, as some endogenous insulin production is required to prevent ketosis. Appropriate patient selection and monitoring are necessary, and practitioners should be aware of serious complications such as euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":17596,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"48 S1","pages":"19-30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736986/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141492495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}