{"title":"A Gelatine-Methylene Blue Method for Enhanced Visualization of Digital Artery Perforators in Cadaveric Studies.","authors":"Rasyidah Rehir, Sameer Dhumale","doi":"10.1159/000549047","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000549047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Precise visualization of digital artery perforators (DAPs) is essential for anatomical research and microsurgical planning. Traditional injection techniques often fail to highlight small calibre vessels and pose technical or environmental limitations. Gelatine is biocompatible and easy to use, and methylene blue provides strong contrast. However, no prior studies have combined both for vascular enhancement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty digits from five fresh frozen cadaveric upper limbs (mean age: 83 years, all female) were used. After saline irrigation, radial and ulnar arteries were perfused with 24 g/L gelatine and 1% w/v methylene blue via 18-G cannulas. Limbs were warmed to enhance dye flow, then chilled overnight. Digits were dissected to expose DAPs. Kruskal-Wallis tests confirmed consistent perfusion and high inter- and intra-observer reliability (p ≥ 0.81).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This gelatine-methylene blue technique provides a reliable, cost-effective method for clear and reproducible vascular visualization in cadaveric studies and surgical training.</p>","PeriodicalId":17530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vascular Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146041227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic Gene Expression Signatures across Stages of Carotid Plaque Calcification.","authors":"Hiroyuki Katano, Tomoyasu Yamanaka, Teishiki Shibata, Yasuhide Inoue, Yusuke Nishikawa, Shigeki Yamada, Motoki Tanikawa, Kazuo Yamada, Mitsuhito Mase","doi":"10.1159/000550336","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000550336","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aims of the study were to elucidate gene expression changes associated with different stages of calcification in carotid artery plaques and clarify the dynamic biological processes underlying plaque maturation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Carotid plaque specimens were classified into four groups - mildly, moderately, severely, and very severely calcified - based on calcium scores derived from computed tomography. RNA-Seq (SMART-Seq) analysis and quantitative RT-PCR validation were performed to assess expression profiles of genes related to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype, inflammation, extracellular matrix (ECM), and calcification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mildly calcified plaques exhibited elevated inflammatory (CD68, TNF) and osteogenic (RUNX2, SPP1/OPN) gene expression. Moderately calcified plaques showed transient suppression of these genes with upregulation of ELN, suggesting structural stabilization. In severely calcified plaques, osteogenic and inflammatory gene expression persisted, while contractile markers (ACTA2, MYH11) showed limited reactivation. Very severely calcified plaques demonstrated downregulation of VSMC-related genes and selective ECM remodeling, indicating a quiescent, structurally stabilized stage.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Carotid plaque calcification represents a dynamic, multistage process characterized by reversible and irreversible transitions in VSMC phenotype and ECM composition. These findings emphasize that calcification is not merely passive deposition but reflects coordinated cellular and molecular remodeling, which may inform future stage-specific therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":17530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vascular Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12959890/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146003265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Differential Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Driven by Asymmetric Hypoperfusion in a Vascular Dementia Model.","authors":"Mengjun Dai, Kuizhi Qu, Ying Jiang, Song Gao, Yan-Ning Rui, Zhen Xu","doi":"10.1159/000548796","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548796","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction has been associated with vascular dementia (VaD). However, the underlying mechanisms causing BBB dysfunction remain unclear, especially regarding cerebral hypoperfusion. This study aimed to investigate the effects of asymmetric hypoperfusion on BBB permeability using a mouse model of VaD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Asymmetric bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (ACAS) was induced using ligature rings. BBB integrity was assessed on 3 days post-surgery using Evans blue, IgG, and albumin extravasation. A modified tissue processing protocol optimized endogenous marker detection. Regional and sex-based differences in BBB permeability were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Increased BBB permeability was observed in both corpus callosum and cortical areas, with significantly more severe leakage in the left cortex compared to the right, correlating directly with lower cerebral blood flow on the left side. In contrast, no significant asymmetrical difference in BBB permeability was detected in the corpus callosum. Additionally, male and female mice exhibited similar patterns of BBB permeability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides the first evidence that asymmetrical hypoperfusion significantly impacts regional BBB permeability in a mouse model of VaD. These findings highlight the importance of local hemodynamic changes in driving BBB dysfunction and underscore potential therapeutic targets for preventing or mitigating VaD progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":17530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vascular Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13023342/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145989758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joong Min Park, Ian Beckman, Kaye Beckman, Richard B Allan, Christopher L Delaney
{"title":"Investigating the Role of Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as a Biomarker of Inflammation in Patients with Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease.","authors":"Joong Min Park, Ian Beckman, Kaye Beckman, Richard B Allan, Christopher L Delaney","doi":"10.1159/000548113","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Inflammatory pathways in vascular disease are the focus of intense interest. Multiple studies have shown that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is strongly implicated in the atherosclerotic process. Accumulating evidence suggests a similar role for growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we measured and compared circulating levels of IL-6 and GDF-15 in a cohort of 20 vascular surgical patients with atherosclerotic disease presenting for surgical revascularization (carotid endarterectomy or common femoral artery endarterectomy) and in a similar number of age-matched healthy volunteers. A cross-sectional analysis of prospectively collected data was performed, with serum GDF-15 and IL-6 levels measured and assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed substantial circulating levels of GDF-15 in most patients (17/20) compared to the reference range upper limit of 1,500 pg/mL, irrespective of the type of vascular disease and revascularization procedure they were undergoing. In contrast, only 1 healthy control participant had a borderline high GDF-15 of 1,572 pg/mL. Indeed, the mean serum GDF-15 level between patients (2,515 pg/mL, SD 906) and healthy controls (1,016 pg/mL, SD 219) was highly significant (p value <0.001). On the other hand, although IL-6 levels between patients (mean 3.6, SD 2.54 pg/mL) and healthy controls (mean 2.2, SD 0.67 pg/mL) were significantly different (p = 0.020), only 7 patients had values above the reference range upper limit of 3.4 pg/mL.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest that serum GDF-15, but not IL-6, is a strong candidate for use as a biomarker of atherosclerotic vascular disease and may allow for earlier risk factor modification to help prevent disease onset and progression. Large-scale studies aimed at determining whether a rising GDF-15 is an indication of worsening outcome in a wider spectrum of patients with vascular disease are clearly warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":17530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vascular Research","volume":" ","pages":"42-52"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145000842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pekka Talke, Jonathan S Maltz, Marcus Talke, Mika Scheinin, Mohamed Kheir Diab
{"title":"Vasomotion in Human Fingers.","authors":"Pekka Talke, Jonathan S Maltz, Marcus Talke, Mika Scheinin, Mohamed Kheir Diab","doi":"10.1159/000548155","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><p>Introduction: We describe methods by which vasomotion can be recorded in awake and anesthetized human subjects without significant interference from other spontaneous vascular oscillations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In three separate studies, we used photoplethysmography (PPG) to record vasomotion in fingertips. In Study 1, we induced chemical sympathectomy in the studied hand of 11 awake subjects who received intravenous dexmedetomidine infusions. In Study 2, we administered four progressively increasing intravenous dexmedetomidine infusions to 16 awake volunteers. In Study 3, we recorded vasomotion simultaneously from 6 fingers of 7 patients who were under dexmedetomidine-based anesthesia. Five-minute epochs of PPG recordings that displayed slow vascular oscillations were analyzed for frequency and amplitude.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In Study 1, vasomotion frequencies were 0.025 ± 0.008 Hz. In Study 2, vasomotion frequencies were 0.033 ± 0.006 Hz, and 0.032 ± 0.008 Hz during the two highest dexmedetomidine infusion steps. In Study 3, vasomotion frequencies ranged from 0.020 to 0.037 Hz and were observed in all 6 fingers, with no synchrony between the six fingers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The vascular oscillations we observed without significant interference from other spontaneous oscillations are independent of neural activity (Study 1), local in nature (Study 3), and associated with alpha-2-adrenoceptor activation, consistent with known properties of vasomotion. </p>.</p>","PeriodicalId":17530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vascular Research","volume":" ","pages":"14-28"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12503831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144959076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evidence in Favor of Calcium-Sensing Receptor in L-Cysteine-Mediated Vasorelaxation of Mouse Thoracic Aorta.","authors":"Nuran Ogulener, Busra Akarsakarya, Fatma Aydinoglu","doi":"10.1159/000548774","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In our study, the possible role of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) pathway in L-cysteine-/hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)-induced vasorelaxations was investigated in isolated mouse thoracic aorta tissue.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For this purpose, vasorelaxations to L-cysteine (H<sub>2</sub>S substrate; 1 µ<sc>m</sc>-10 m<sc>m</sc>) and calindol (CaSR agonist; 0.3-10 μ<sc>m</sc>) were measured in endothelial-intact and -denuded thoracic aorta segments contracted with phenylephrine (5 μ<sc>m</sc>). Also, the effects of propargylglycine (PAG) and Calhex-231, cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE) and CaSR inhibitor, respectively, on L-cysteine- and calindol-induced vasorelaxations were investigated in thoracic aorta segments. In addition, the effects of L-cysteine, calindol, and endothelium on H<sub>2</sub>S generation in mouse aorta segments were investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>L-cysteine- and calindol-induced vasorelaxations were reduced in the presence of PAG and Calhex-231. Furthermore, in endothelium-denuded tissues, the vasorelaxations to calindol and L-cysteine were reduced compared to endothelium-intact tissues. Also, calindol increased basal H<sub>2</sub>S generation, and PAG and Calhex-231 reduced the increase in H<sub>2</sub>S production stimulated with calindol. Calhex-231 reduced the increase in H<sub>2</sub>S production in the presence of L-cysteine. Also, H<sub>2</sub>S production decreased in endothelium-denuded tissues.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Endogenous H<sub>2</sub>S generated by CSE produces endothelium-dependent relaxation by activating CaSR in mouse thoracic aorta tissue.</p>","PeriodicalId":17530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vascular Research","volume":" ","pages":"53-64"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145225671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nathaniel J Smail, Lujaina Kamar, Isabel Zimmerman, Jefferson C Frisbee, Stephanie J Frisbee
{"title":"Assessing Sex Differences in Metabolic Disease on Vasculopathy Using the Vascular Health Index.","authors":"Nathaniel J Smail, Lujaina Kamar, Isabel Zimmerman, Jefferson C Frisbee, Stephanie J Frisbee","doi":"10.1159/000549739","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000549739","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Investigation into vascular health and disease across elevated risk conditions has been intensively studied for many years. However, the ability to understand integrated vascular health status has been challenging, as most previous work has focused on specific outcomes, interventions, or potential mechanistic links. While these efforts have revealed many factors contributing to vasculopathy, challenges remain for comparing results across research groups, models, and conditions to understand vascular health status. In the present study, our objective was to quantify sex-dependent differences in peripheral and cerebral vascular health across metabolic disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Utilizing the vascular health index (VHI), a validated metric allowing for simultaneous assessment of vascular reactivity/endothelial function, vascular wall mechanics, and microvessel density within cerebral and skeletal muscle networks, we focus on the impact of elevated metabolic disease risk between male and female obese Zucker rats (OZR). In addition, we study VHI in female OZR following ovariectomy (OVX), with all outcomes compared to results from \"healthy\" lean Zucker rats (LZRs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across all ages, male and female LZR demonstrated comparable VHI, although increased metabolic disease risk reduced both skeletal muscle and cerebral VHI in male OZR more rapidly, and to a greater extent, as compared to female OZR. Protection for VHI for female OZR with elevated disease risk was dependent on intact sex hormone cycling, as OVX in female OZR removed protection in VHI compared to normal female OZR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results indicate that sex-based protections in peripheral and cerebral vascular health with metabolic disease in female OZR (versus males) are present at multiple levels of resolution and are dependent on normal female sex hormone cycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":17530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vascular Research","volume":" ","pages":"103-119"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145634838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"N6-Methyladenosine Modification in Vascular Smooth Muscle Disease: A Review.","authors":"Chengjun Huang, Xianping Long, Ranzun Zhao","doi":"10.1159/000548372","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548372","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The impairment of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) causes many vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart conditions. Research has shown that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification regulates VSMCs' function in a vascular environment.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>By regulating RNA metabolism, m6A modification affects key biological processes in VSMCs, such as proliferation, migration, phenotypic transformation, and apoptosis. We aim to examine the role of m6A modification and its associated enzymes in vascular diseases caused by VSMC dysfunction and explore its potential as a therapeutic target so that we can develop drugs targeting VSMC dysfunction on a scientific basis.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>m6A modification's role in cardiovascular disorders and potential as a therapeutic target demand further study as a critical regulating component in VSMC biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":17530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vascular Research","volume":" ","pages":"65-75"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145244985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mei Xue, Hannah Chang, Bo-Chun Wang, Ning Ma, Xiao-Qian Zhang, Xiao-Qian Wang, Wen-Quan Niu, Xiao-Qun Dong, Chung-Chou H Chang
{"title":"Development of an Explainable Machine Learning Model for Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Prediction Based on Dietary Antioxidants in a National Population.","authors":"Mei Xue, Hannah Chang, Bo-Chun Wang, Ning Ma, Xiao-Qian Zhang, Xiao-Qian Wang, Wen-Quan Niu, Xiao-Qun Dong, Chung-Chou H Chang","doi":"10.1159/000549326","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000549326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><p>Introduction: The role of dietary antioxidants in preventing or delaying the progression of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome remains underexplored. We aimed to develop and interpret a machine learning (ML) model to predict advanced CKM stages based on dietary antioxidant profiles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were analyzed from 10,257 adults aged >30 years in the NHANES 2007-2010 and 2017-2018 cycles. Dietary antioxidant intake was estimated using two 24-h dietary recalls. Five ML algorithms were trained with rigorous hyperparameter optimization and evaluated comprehensively. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) was applied to elucidate feature importance and individual-level contributions. An online prediction tool was deployed to enhance clinical utility.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model achieved the highest predictive performance, yielding an area under the curve of 0.901. SHAP analysis identified seven key predictors: age, sex, smoking status, magnesium, zinc, myricetin, and catechin. Older age, male sex, and smoking were associated with increased CKM risk, whereas higher intakes of magnesium, myricetin, zinc, and catechin were protective.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>XGBoost effectively predicted advanced CKM stages using a concise set of seven features. Explainable AI approaches such as SHAP enhance model transparency and clinical translation, supporting personalized CKM risk stratification based on dietary antioxidant patterns. </p>.</p>","PeriodicalId":17530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vascular Research","volume":" ","pages":"76-102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12707898/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145459027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Water Temperature during Aquatic Exercise on Cognitive Impairment in Mice with Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion.","authors":"Chiyeon Lim, Sehyun Lim, Sung Min Moon, Suin Cho","doi":"10.1159/000550096","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000550096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><p>Introduction: Given the lack of effective pharmacotherapy for vascular dementia (VaD) and the reported benefits of exercise, this study examined the impact of water temperature during aquatic exercise (AE) on cognitive and pathological outcomes in a mouse model of VaD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve-month-old male mice underwent bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) to induce chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Groups included sham, BCAS control (no exercise), and BCAS mice assigned to AE in water baths at 25°C, 30°C, or 35°C. Cognitive performance was assessed using the elevated plus maze, Y-maze, and novel object recognition test (NORT). Brain tissues were analyzed for microglial marker CD68, astrocytic marker GFAP, and myelin basic protein (MBP) in the corpus callosum.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 30°C AE group showed the greatest improvement in NORT performance and swim activity. CD68 expression was unchanged across groups, but GFAP expression was significantly reduced at 30°C, suggesting suppressed astrocyte activation. Furthermore, the decline in MBP expression after BCAS was attenuated in this group, indicating preserved white matter integrity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AE at approximately 30°C alleviated cognitive deficits in a VaD model, likely by reducing neuroinflammation and protecting myelin. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of optimizing AE conditions, particularly water temperature, for dementia-related rehabilitation. </p>.</p>","PeriodicalId":17530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vascular Research","volume":" ","pages":"120-134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12845522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145768657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}