Journal of thermal biology最新文献

{"title":"Heat hardening enhances mosquito heat tolerance in a species-specific and assay-specific manner","authors":"Apeksha L. Warusawithana,&nbsp;Belinda van Heerwaarden,&nbsp;Ary A. Hoffmann,&nbsp;Perran A. Ross","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Models predict that the distribution of many mosquito species will shift with climate change, but few incorporate adaptive capacity. Acclimation is one mechanism that allows mosquitoes previously exposed to sub-lethal stress to better tolerate subsequent stress. In this study we evaluated the heat tolerance of three vector mosquitoes, <em>Aedes aegypti</em>, <em>Ae. notoscriptus</em> and <em>Culex quinquefasciatus,</em> after prior exposure to heat hardening. Adults from all species were heat-hardened by exposure to 41 °C for 1 h, subsequently tested for (1) heat survival and knockdown responses following 1-h heat shocks across a range of temperatures up to the lethal limit, (2) ramping CTmax assays and (3) static temperature knockdown time assays. Females from all three species were more heat tolerant than males in the 1-h heat shock assays, but effects of sex were absent or inconsistent for CTmax and heat knockdown time assays. A beneficial impact of heat hardening on subsequent heat shock knockdown was evident in both sexes of all three species. However, hardening effects differed substantially for survival 24 h later, ranging from no effect of hardening in <em>Cx. quinquefasciatus</em> to a ∼1 °C increase in LT₅₀ in <em>Ae. notoscriptus</em>. In contrast, no effects of heat hardening were detected for CTmax or static knockdown time assays. An additional experiment in <em>Ae. aegypti</em> detected no benefits of parental heat shock exposure on the thermal tolerance of offspring. Our findings emphasize the need to consider effects of acclimation including heat hardening in models to predict the response of mosquitoes to climate warming. They also have implications for measuring thermal tolerance more generally, as sex and hardening effects depend on the type of assay used and trait measured.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between cognitive and thermoregulatory performance in the common wall lizard","authors":"Ioanna Gavriilidi ,&nbsp;Elina Trafali ,&nbsp;Panayiotis Pafilis ,&nbsp;Raoul Van Damme","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Behavioural thermoregulation is critical for reptiles, because it allows them to maintain their body temperatures within a range that optimizes physiological functions. Behavioural thermoregulation requires sensing, processing, and retaining information on the thermal environment, potentially involving several cognitive processes. Surprisingly, the relationship between cognitive performance and thermoregulatory behaviour and accuracy has hitherto remained virtually unstudied. Here we examined whether enhanced spatial cognition is correlated with more efficient thermoregulation, while also taking into account the possible confounding role of personality. To do that, we first assessed the spatial cognitive abilities of male common wall lizards in two different spatial learning tasks, as well as three personality traits (boldness, explorativeness, and sociability). We then recorded lizards' preferred body temperature range in a thermal gradient. We assessed the lizards’ thermoregulatory performance by recording their body surface temperatures and heat source use in a large enclosure with different types of heat sources (lamps, heating stones, thermal mats), mimicking a spatiotemporally heterogeneous thermal environment. We found that individuals that performed well in the spatial cognition tests switched more often between different heat sources and tended to use them more evenly, but maintained lower overall body temperatures and tended to thermoregulate less accurately than their slow learning conspecifics. Social, shy, and more explorative lizards were more often observed near activated heat sources than lizards with opposite personalities, but personality profiles did not affect body temperature or thermoregulatory accuracy. Overall, spatial cognition and personality may play a role in better exploiting the thermal heterogeneity of the environment, but interestingly this did not translate into more accurate thermoregulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104393"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online decoupled estimation of temperature field in biological tissue during invasive laser thermal therapy","authors":"Zhaohui Mao ,&nbsp;Hong Chen ,&nbsp;Guangjun Wang ,&nbsp;Zhenbiao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Invasive laser-induced thermal therapy (LITT) is an emerging minimally invasive technique for treating deep-seated tumors. Online estimation of the transient temperature field in target biological tissue is crucial for the research and development of LITT technology. Existing state estimation theories, which employ the state-space model to describe the system, essentially belong to coupled estimation methods. They cannot achieve decoupled estimation of system states, leading to numerous challenges in applying current state estimation methods to temperature field estimation during LITT procedures. This paper focuses on the online decoupled estimation of the temperature field in biological tissue during invasive LITT. By constructing an optimal estimation model and a spatiotemporal correlation model, it achieves online decoupled estimation of temperatures at critical discrete points throughout the invasive LITT process. This scheme effectively overcomes the difficulties inherent in existing temperature field estimation techniques based on state-space models. The reliability of the constructed biological model is validated using existing experimental data. Through numerical simulations, the impacts of the influence time domain, measurement noise, and model mismatch are analyzed. Comparison with the standard Kalman filter demonstrates that when only real-time temperature estimation of specific regions (such as tumor regions) is required, the decoupled estimation scheme proposed in this paper exhibits significant advantages in computational efficiency. This research provides reliable technical support for the online estimation of tissue temperature fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104413"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation study on the thermo-mechanical coupling damage mechanism in microwave ablation of lung tumors","authors":"Yujie Fu,&nbsp;Qun Nan","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lung cancer is one of the most threatening malignant tumors globally, and microwave ablation (MWA) serves as a crucial minimally invasive approach for treating early-stage patients who are intolerant to surgery. However, the lung, as a typical porous medium, remains unclear in terms of the correlation mechanism between thermal stress evolution during MWA and postoperative complications such as cavities. This study aims to reveal the thermo-mechanical coupling damage mechanism during lung MWA through numerical simulation. Based on the porous medium theory and the two-phase lag heat transfer model, an electromagnetic-thermal-mechanical multiphysics coupled finite element model was constructed to simulate the complete ablation process of lung tumors using a 2450 MHz microwave antenna. The simulation results indicate the presence of two damage risk zones with distinct mechanical characteristics during MWA: the high-temperature core zone, which is dominated by thermal coagulation necrosis and phase change contraction, bears the highest equivalent stress; whereas the tissue transition zone, due to significant gradients in temperature and material properties, becomes a region where strain first increases and then decreases, accompanied by shear stress concentration, making it a high-risk area for tearing-type damage and potential cavity formation. During the cooling phase, significant redistribution and relaxation of stress occur in both the core and transition zones. The presence of residual strain and stress confirms that irreversible phase change damage is the primary mechanism responsible for the permanent volume reduction of the ablation zone. This study systematically elucidates the “dual risk zone” mechanism of thermo-mechanical coupling damage in lung MWA, reveals the importance of mechanical evolution during the cooling phase, and provides an important theoretical basis for developing precise and safe ablation strategies based on mechanical thresholds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104404"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146157690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical thermal limits of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) larvae","authors":"Marta Moyano ,&nbsp;Edurne Blanco ,&nbsp;Aurelio Ortega ,&nbsp;Fernando De la Gándara ,&nbsp;Laia Armengol ,&nbsp;Myron A. Peck ,&nbsp;Patricia Reglero","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is a growing interest in understanding the thermal tolerance of ectotherms across life stages. Identifying the stages that are most sensitive can help develop more robust projections on the consequences of climate impacts to populations, as well as help guide management and conservation efforts. Here, we estimate upper and lower thermal tolerance (as Critical Thermal maximum, CTmax, and minimum, CTmin) of Atlantic bluefin tuna (<em>Thunnus thynnus</em>) larvae. This species is an iconic apex predator that exhibits regional endothermy during the adult stage, but thermal tolerance of larvae was unknown. CTmin and CTmax were estimated in larvae grown from wild eggs under laboratory conditions. The mean (±SE) CTmax and CTmin across all tested batches and developmental stages was 31.7 (±0.6) and 17.9 (±0.7)°C, respectively. Rate of temperature change (1.5, 3, 6, or 9 °C h⁻¹) had no effect on the thermal tolerance estimates. Similarly, CTmin and CTmax were consistent across preflexion, flexion, and postflexion larval stages. The observed high inter-individual variability in CTmin and CTmax (11-13 °C) likely reflects methodological challenges related to the extreme sensitivity of the species to handling stress and confinement. Present and future thermal safety margin (by 2060) for larvae in the Balearic Islands are 3.6 (±0.6 SE) °C and 1.8 (±0.6 SE)°C, respectively. Future research should continue exploring alternative methods for estimating thermal limits and incorporate experimental designs with multiple stressors such as exposing well- and poorly-fed larvae to heatwaves and/or different light levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104410"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146202013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactive oxygen species mediated-photo-sono-ablation of melanoma cells using a novel nanocomposite of platinum-polypyrrole as a nanozyme","authors":"H. Haghighi ,&nbsp;P. Tamaddon ,&nbsp;P. Faghani-Eskandarkolaei ,&nbsp;H. Heli ,&nbsp;M. Haghani ,&nbsp;N. Sattarahmady","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tumor eradication in non-invasive photothermal (PTT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) approaches is favorable in melanoma cancer. However, finding a sensitizer for synchronous PTT and SDT is a desirable request, especially if this sensitizer material has other benefits in tumor treatment. Here, a platinum (Pt)/polypyrrole nanocomposite (Pt@PPy NC) was introduced for synchronous synergistic PTT and SDT of melanoma cancer cells. To compare and clarify the effect of the nanocomposite components, platinum nanoparticles (NPs) and polypyrrole (PPy) NPs were also synthesized and evaluated. Pt@PPy NC consisted of near-spherical Pt NPs adhered by a network of PPy. Pt NPs, PPy NPs, and Pt@PPy NC had mean diameters of 13 ± 7, 177 ± 48, and 16.5 ± 2.5 nm, respectively. The results of cytotoxicity assessment of B16-F10 cells treated with Pt@PPy NC revealed that while it was cytocompatible, it represented enhanced photothermal and sonodynamic cytotoxicity (with a deeper cytotoxicity effect, compared to Pt NPs and PPy NPs). Cell viability assessments revealed that the cell killing ability was attained in a synergistic manner from the effects of Pt@PPy NC, 808-nm light, and ultrasound waves. Detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production revealed that the effect of PTT and SDT using Pt@PPy NC arose from induction of oxidative stress. Pt@PPy NC also represented catalase-mimicking activity and could be considered for combination therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104428"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146258594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesizing evidence to beat the heat: a guideline for thermal tolerance reporting","authors":"Helena S. Bayat ,&nbsp;Sebastian Prati ,&nbsp;Ralf B. Schäfer","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite widespread popularity throughout the last century, thermal tolerance methods lack a standardized reporting format. A standardized reporting format streamlines the compilation, synthesis, and analysis of physiological measures of thermal tolerance across the literature, enabling large-scale analyses. These analyses are increasingly valuable in the context of accelerating global warming, as they provide the statistical power to address questions on the determinants and implications of thermal tolerance at scale. We fill this gap by providing a brief history of methods used to determine thermal tolerance, describing variables pertinent to each method, and proposing a reporting format for variables associated with each method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104432"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146776385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple stressors, including cold exposure, disrupt growth and intestinal homeostasis via TLR4/p38MAPK/NF-κB and AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathways in layer chicks","authors":"Qingqing Chang ,&nbsp;Haiyue Gong ,&nbsp;Liying Pan ,&nbsp;Zhaohong Pu ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianhong Li ,&nbsp;Jun Bao ,&nbsp;Runxiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chronic and multifactorial stressors, including low-temperature exposure, represent major challenges in modern poultry systems. This study evaluated the effects of a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model on growth performance and intestinal homeostasis in layer chicks. A total of 300 one-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to either a control (CON) group or CUMS group for a 5-week trial. CUMS significantly reduced body weight (BW) and feed intake (ADFI) while increasing the feed conversion ratio (F/G) (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Serum biochemical alterations indicated disrupted protein and lipid metabolism and elevated liver enzyme activity. CUMS markedly increased serum diamine oxidase (DAO) and D-lactic acid (D-LA) levels (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Histological, ultrastructural and immunofluorescence analyses showed villus damage, reduced goblet cells, disrupted tight-junction proteins, and notable mitochondrial abnormalities, including swollen mitochondria, loss of cristae integrity, and increased ROS accumulation; ATP concentrations were significantly reduced across intestinal segments (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Mechanistically, CUMS suppressed humoral immunity and activated TLR4/p38MAPK/NF-κB signaling with increased pro-inflammatory and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Oxidative stress was evidenced by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced antioxidant enzyme activities (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), alongside inhibition of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Apoptosis was enhanced via mitochondrial and death receptor pathways, with reduced Bcl-2/Bax ratios and elevated cleaved Caspase-3 (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway and mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes were significantly suppressed (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Overall, multi-stressor CUMS model compromises intestinal homeostasis and growth through convergent inflammatory, oxidative, apoptotic, and mitochondrial mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104431"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147271352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio and cell-free DNA dynamics during excessive heat stress in occupational and experimental settings","authors":"Erik Hansson ,&nbsp;Rachel E. Gilworth ,&nbsp;Jason R. Glaser ,&nbsp;Denis Chavarría ,&nbsp;Bethany D. Skinner ,&nbsp;Ilana Weiss ,&nbsp;Richard J. Johnson ,&nbsp;Magdalena Madero ,&nbsp;Mårten Segelmark ,&nbsp;David H. Wegman ,&nbsp;Catharina Wesseling ,&nbsp;Kristina Jakobsson ,&nbsp;Rebekah A.I. Lucas","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Systemic inflammation is postulated to mediate heat stroke and heat-related organ injury, yet acute inflammatory responses among heat-stressed workers remains poorly understood. We aimed to describe neutrophil mobilisation and potential release of DNA during heat stress in multiple hot occupational settings and a controlled experimental setting.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was investigated in six sugarcane worker groups: Nicaraguan cohorts consisting of 1a) workers undergoing pre-employment screening (N = 5257), 1b) workers with acute kidney injury (AKI, N = 470); 2) Salvadoran cane cutters (N = 45) sampled pre/post-shift before and during a rest-shade-hydration intervention; 3) Mexican cane workers performing 3a) heavy (N = 148) and 3b) light-moderate (N = 24) work, sampled pre/post shift; and 4) Honduran cane cutters sampled pre/post-shift (N = 72). Cell-free DNA (cf-DNA) was measured in two cross-shift sugarcane worker groups (N = 26, El Salvador and N = 20, Nicaragua). NLR and cf-DNA was also measured in research participants (N = 10) exercising in temperate and hot conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>NLR was elevated in sugarcane workers with AKI and increased during work shifts. Large positive NLR changes were associated with not having rest-shade-hydration, heavy workload, high environmental heat and high core body temperatures. cf-DNA increased across work-shifts in both cane cutter groups and after exercise in heat.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Neutrophil mobilisation was common among workers with AKI, and NLR and cf-DNA increased during and after field-based occupational and experimental heat stress. The findings indicate that acute systemic inflammation with neutrophil activation and destruction is common during excessive exertional heat stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147284271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migration phenology of adult Chinook salmon: tradeoffs among acute and cumulative thermal exposure risks","authors":"Matthew L. Keefer,&nbsp;Christopher C. Caudill","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Migratory coldwater species like anadromous salmonids are highly sensitive to river temperatures and methods are needed for estimating their exposure and risk. We built an agent-based model (ABM) for a threatened spring-run Chinook salmon population over 220-km of their adult migration in Oregon’s Willamette and North Santiam River basins. Upstream movement rules for the ABM were derived from a companion study of 161 radio-tagged salmon that moved through five study reaches before reaching prespawn holding sites. Tagged fish moved faster when river temperatures were warmer in all reaches, informing movement rules. We used the ABM to simulate continuous thermal histories for salmon migrating in two years (2011, 2015) with sharply contrasting thermal regimes and used the simulations to address hypotheses about thermal exposure and prespawn mortality risks. In both cool (2011) and warm (2015) years, early-run salmon had high cumulative exposure, whereas late-run salmon encountered acutely high temperatures, indicating substantive risk trade-offs within annual runs. On average, total degree day (DD) accumulations during migration and holding were ∼1100 (2011) and ∼1500 DD (2015), with 56 % and 69 %, respectively, accruing during holding in the terminal reach. Approximately 3 % (2011) and 24 % (2015) of simulated salmon encountered temperature maxima ≥21 °C, a threshold with known behavioral and physiological impacts. Estimates of prespawn mortality from an independent carcass dataset were ∼29 % (2011) and ∼61 % (2015), but it is unknown whether cumulative or acute processes (or both) precipitated the mortality. ABMs can help fisheries managers quantify environmental exposure, identify risks, and develop temperature mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104388"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}