Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society最新文献

{"title":"Influenza B Outbreak Investigation and Response at a Camp for Children with Type 1 Diabetes.","authors":"Kyle H Koester, Nicholas D Hysmith, Kathryn M Sumpter","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag072","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag072","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148760808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Pathogens in the Gut Microbiome Prior to Bloodstream Infection in Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia or Mature B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.","authors":"Juliëtte Schmidt, Maria Miguélez Sánchez, Tom Wolfs, Jop Jans, Jan-Tom van der Bruggen, Andries Budding, Sofia El Manouni El Hassani, Tim de Meij, Hermie Harmsen, Bianca Goemans, Friederike Meyer-Wentrup, Louis Bont, Wim Tissing","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag066","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bloodstream infections (BSIs) cause significant morbidity and mortality in children with hematological malignancies. The gut may serve as a potential reservoir for BSI-causing bacteria. Therefore, this longitudinal study aimed to assess the abundance of BSI-causing bacterial strains in the gut microbiota prior to BSI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective longitudinal cohort study included children (1-18 years) diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia or mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Fecal samples were collected twice weekly, and additionally whenever a BSI was suspected. Gut microbiota were profiled at species level using the PCR-based assay Molecular Culture.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We recruited 26 children, of whom 16 experienced a total of 31 BSI episodes. In total, 18 out of 38 BSI pathogens (47.4%) could be detected in fecal samples prior to BSI. In the BSI episodes caused by enteric bacteria, 75% of all causative enteric bacteria could be found prior to BSI. Also, bacteria not typically associated with the gut could be detected prior to BSI in feces (Streptococcus mitis in 100% of cases, Staphylococcus epidermidis in 29% of cases). Furthermore, in fecal samples collected after BSI onset and start of antibiotic treatment, 58% of the BSI pathogens could be detected.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>BSI pathogens, both gram-negative and gram-positive, can be detected in the gut microbiome prior to BSI, and an increase in relative abundance is related to BSI. Secondly, BSI pathogens may persist despite BSI-directed intravenous antibiotic therapy, potentially preceding future BSIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13464703/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148604336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Duty to Act.","authors":"Emily Sickbert-Bennett, Philip J Rosenthal, Cesar A Arias, Gonzalo M Bearman, Paul E Sax, Graeme Forrest, David P Calfee, Romney M Humphries, Stanley Maloy, Ravi Jhaveri, Ira Blader, Ashley Shade, Roger Bedimo, Cynthia L Sears, Paul Katz, Barbara Resnick","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag082","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag082","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13531718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148865075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Phase 3 Study of Ensitrelvir in Japanese Participants Aged 6-11 Years with SARS-CoV-2 Infection.","authors":"Takashi Nakano, Hiroyuki Moriuchi, Isao Miyairi, Takumi Imamura, Maria Matsumoto, Yuko Tsuge, Takeki Uehara","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag071","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children aged <12 years with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have limited treatment options; currently approved oral antivirals are restricted by age or bodyweight. We evaluated the safety and plasma concentration-time profiles and exploratory efficacy of ensitrelvir, a once-daily oral 3C-like protease inhibitor, in children with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in Japan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled study randomized (2:1) participants aged 6 to <12 years presenting ≤72 h after COVID-19 onset to receive ensitrelvir (bodyweight-based dosing) or placebo once daily for 5 days. Primary endpoints were safety and pharmacokinetics. Secondary endpoints included change in viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) and time to resolution (TTR) of key COVID-19 symptoms (stuffy or runny nose and cough) plus fever.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 117 randomized participants (median age 10 years), 78 received ensitrelvir and 39 received placebo. Ensitrelvir was well tolerated with no new safety concerns. Plasma concentration-time profiles were similar across bodyweight categories (20 to <30, 30 to <40, and ≥40 kg). Ensitrelvir reduced viral RNA vs placebo on Day 4, by approximately 1.0 log10 copies/mL (95% CI, -1.45 to -0.47). Median TTR of key COVID-19 symptoms was 140.5 h with ensitrelvir and 146.2 h with placebo (median difference -5.7 h [95% CI, -73.6 to 43.4 h]).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In children aged 6 to <12 years with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 treated with ensitrelvir, we observed a favorable safety profile, adult-matched plasma concentration-time profile, and a greater reduction in viral RNA vs placebo. Ensitrelvir represents a potential treatment option for underserved pediatric patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>Japan Registry of Clinical Trials, jRCT2031230140 (https://jrct.mhlw.go.jp/en-latest-detail/jRCT2031230140).</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13526401/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148794869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Washington and Oregon, United States, 2022-2024.","authors":"Tara M Babu, Amanda Casto, Madison Hollcroft, Katherine L Hoffman, Sarah N Cox, Zachary Acker, Julia C Bennett, Cassandra L Boisvert, Melissa Briggs-Hagen, Erica Clark, Mark Drummond, Brenna Ehmen, Anna Elias-Warren, Leora R Feldstein, Stephen P Fortmann, Collrane Frivold, Luis Gamboa, Holly C Groom, Peter Han, Chidozie D Iwu, Jennifer L Kuntz, Christina M Lockwood, Melissa MacMillan, Jean F Mernaugh, Richard A Mularski, Ian D Plumb, Tara Hatchie, Sacha Reich, Mark A Schmidt, Ning Smith, Lea Starita, Alexandra Varga, Neil Yetz, Janet A Englund, Ana A Weil, Claire M Midgley, Marco Carone, Allison L Naleway, Helen Y Chu","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag061","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Households remain high-risk settings for SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Identifying contemporaneous risk factors for infection among household contacts of an index case can guide public health strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a prospective observational household study in Oregon and Washington, USA, during 2022-2024. Participants completed enrollment, weekly, and follow-up symptom surveys and submitted sera and weekly nasal swabs. Swabs were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ; a subset of positive specimens underwent whole genome sequencing. Sera was tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We evaluated individual and household-level factors associated with risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection after 1-14 days (likely secondary infection) among household contacts within households with a distinct (ie, single) index case.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, we identified 617 households with a distinct index case, of which 46% were children. The estimated secondary infection rate was 16% (95% CI 13.6%, 18.8%), reflecting 203 secondary infections among 1267 household contacts. Among household contacts, factors associated with secondary infection included low anti-nucleocapsid antibody titers (RR: 1.88, 95% CI 1.34, 2.64), or residing with an index case who was symptomatic (RR: 1.85; 95% CI 1.04, 3.23), or had viral detection >1 week (RR: 2.15, 95% CI 1.55, 2.97). Among 136 sequenced index-secondary case pairs, 128 (94%) shared SARS-CoV-2 lineages.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>During 2022-2024, 1 in 7 household contacts of index cases were infected within two weeks, with higher rates in contacts with lower antibody levels and when index cases had symptoms or longer viral detection. These findings can inform ongoing strategies to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 community transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148536406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RSV-Associated Hospitalizations among American Indian and Alaska Native Children in Alaska and the Southwest United States, 2019-2023.","authors":"Rachel M Hartman, Catherine G Sutcliffe, James Keck, Jessica E Atwell, Amanda Burrage, Angela P Campbell, James Chappell, Fatimah S Dawood, Christine Desnoyers, Jennifer Dobson, Joel S Espinoza, Starla Garcia, Natasha Halasa, Elvira Honie, Verlena Little, James B McAuley, Meredith L McMorrow, Kelly Menachof, Dennie Parker Riley, Mila M Prill, Amy Swango-Wilson, Lauryl Torkelson, Dan VanDeRiet, Rosalyn J Singleton, Laura L Hammitt","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag058","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We conducted active surveillance for acute respiratory infection among hospitalized AI/AN children ages <5 years at select health facilities in Alaska and the Southwest United States. Children in these communities continue to experience high rates of respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalization, underscoring the need for prevention products.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148471528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Call is Coming from Inside the House: Effects of U.S. Immigration and Global Health Policy Changes on Patients and the Domestic Pediatric Infectious Diseases Workforce.","authors":"Rachel Martin-Blais, Gabriel Saramago, Willow Anne","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag052","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Beyond their reverberating international effects, changes in U.S. foreign policy since 2025 will also create profound repercussions domestically. This perspective explores how these changes can be expected to impact pediatric infectious diseases providers and their patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148421708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections in Hospitalized Children.","authors":"Sirey Zhang, Adam L Hersh, Sonia Mehra, Nora Fino, Jared Olson","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag065","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We evaluated trends in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) hospitalizations and antimicrobial use from 2016 to 2024 across 40 US children's hospitals. The rate of MRSA cases per 1000 hospitalizations decreased over time, while the rate of MRSA cases requiring Intensive Care Unit (ICU) care remained constant. There was a marked inter-hospital variability in anti-MRSA antibiotic prescribing.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148669836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Courage to Continue: the Staphylococcus aureus Network Adaptive Platform Trial for Pediatrics and Youth.","authors":"Asha C Bowen, Anita J Campbell","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag073","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag073","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148758510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Bacterial Pathogens in Young Children with Acute Otitis Media: A Prospective Cohort Study in Western Pennsylvania, 2019-2023.","authors":"Judith M Martin, Alejandro Hoberman, Matthew C Lee, Kristin A Yahner, Josee Kahambwe, Geizecler Tomazetto, Sojin Lee, Joseph E Dohar, Miwako Kobayashi, Kristin Andrejko, Andrew C Doxey, Briallen Lobb, Nader Shaikh","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag059","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Since the introduction of pediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccines were introduced in the US in 2000, acute respiratory illnesses, including acute otitis media (AOM) due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), have declined. Pathogens associated with AOM have changed over time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Children aged 6 through 35 months diagnosed with either AOM (Cohort 1-AOM with tympanocentesis & Cohort 2-AOM without tympanocentesis) or upper respiratory infection (URI) without AOM (Cohort 3) were concurrently enrolled in Pittsburgh, PA. Nasal specimens were collected for all children. Middle ear fluid (MEF) specimens were obtained by tympanocentesis for children in Cohort 1. MEF and nasal specimens were tested for Spn, Haemophilus influenzae (Hflu), and Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat). Serotypes (Spn) and susceptibility (Spn and Hflu) were determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From October 2019 through August 2023, 451 children were enrolled (Cohort 1: n = 57; Cohort 2: n = 262; Cohort 3: n = 132). For bacterial testing of MEF, 45/57 (79%) had a single pathogen detected. Pathogens detected, alone or in combination in the MEF were Hflu 32/57 (56%), Mcat 13/57 (23%), and Spn 12/57 (21%). Of participants with bacterial pathogens detected in the MEF, there was only modest concordance with the pathogens detected in the nose. Spn serotypes observed in MEF were 3, 11A, 15B, and 19A. Among nasal specimens from children with AOM (n = 319), Spn, Hflu and Mcat were detected in 46%, 43%, and 70%, respectively. The majority (134/194; 69%) of Spn isolates from the nasal specimens were penicillin- susceptible; frequently observed serotypes were 3,15B, 15C, 23B/B1, 23A, and 35B. Almost 40% (63/162) of children colonized with Hflu had a β-lactamase producing isolate.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hflu was most frequently identified in MEF, although the sample size was small. In nasal specimens, antibiotic-resistant Hflu were common, while the majority of Spn were penicillin-susceptible. Continued surveillance could provide valuable data to guide vaccine development and therapeutic decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148471483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}