Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society最新文献

{"title":"Quantifying the Protection Gap: RSV Activity Outside the Recommended RSV Prophylaxis Administration Window.","authors":"Austin G Meyer, George Dewey, Stephanie Blasick, Christopher Hovland, Mauricio Santillana","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piag034","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World Effectiveness of Rotavirus Vaccine against Rotavirus Disease among Children <2 Year of Age in Mali.","authors":"Jacqueline E Tate, Samba O Sow, Awa Traore, Anna Roose, Dilruba Nasrin, Sandra Panchalingam, Helen Powell, Sharon M Tennant, Umesh D Parashar, Karen L Kotloff","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piag033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We estimated rotavirus vaccine effectiveness among children <2 years of age in Mali from 2015-2018. Using a test-negative case-control design, rotavirus vaccine was 60% (95% confidence interval: 3%-84%) effective among children <2 years of age. Rotavirus vaccines are an effective tool for reducing rotavirus disease burden in Mali.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147775201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lungs are only half the story: Programmatic shifts to prioritize pediatric extrapulmonary tuberculosis detection in high-burden settings.","authors":"Meredith B Brooks, Giordano Sosa Soto, Jeffrey I Campbell, Farhana Amanullah, Tapash Roy, Amyn A Malik","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piag032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pediatric extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) remains under-recognized due to biological, diagnostic, and systemic barriers. This Perspective outlines pragmatic, multilevel strategies-spanning frontline clinics to national systems-to strengthen diagnosis, reporting, and visibility of pediatric EPTB across diverse health settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147690740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebrospinal Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Sulbactam: Dosing Considerations for Acinetobacter baumannii Meningitis in Pediatric Patients.","authors":"Tetsushu Onita, Kazuro Ikawa","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag017","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Effective sulbactam dosing regimens for treating Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis in pediatric patients, considering the degree of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammation and its consequent effect on drug penetration, have not been thoroughly studied. This study aimed to describe a cerebrospinal pharmacokinetic (PK) model of sulbactam and propose a dosing strategy in pediatric patients based on pharmacodynamic (PD) evaluation with stochastic simulation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Publications were systematically extracted from MEDLINE for sulbactam CSF PK data collection. A cerebrospinal PK model was described using CSF samples and applied to estimate the probability of attaining the PK/PD target (60% time above the minimum inhibitory concentration [T > MIC] in CSF). The cerebrospinal PK/PD breakpoint was defined as the highest MIC at which the target attainment probability in CSF was ≥90% for each age group (infants [4 weeks to 11 months], children [1-6 years], and pediatrics [7-16 years]).</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>The study population included 21 pediatric patients aged 0.083-13.5 years. The CSF/serum concentration ratio at the various sampling points ranged 0.002-0.695. Based on the result of covariate analysis, CSF protein and CSF glucose levels were incorporated into the CSF-to-serum partition coefficient. The visual predictive check of CSF concentrations indicated no major bias. Regarding the cerebrospinal PK/PD evaluation, in infants and children groups with meningeal inflammation (eg, CSF protein > 100 mg/dL and CSF glucose < 40 mg/dL) a sulbactam dose of 200 mg/kg/day (as sulbactam component) with 0.5-h infusion was required to achieve 90% probability of CSF target attainment (60% T > MIC) up to an MIC of 4 μg/mL for A. baumanii.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study identified effective dosing regimens for A. baumannii meningitis in pediatric patients in consideration of the degree of inflammation in CSF. High-dose sulbactam regimens can be considered to optimize CSF target attainment for A. baumannii meningitis in pediatric patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13076937/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147433927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BNT162b2 2024-2025 Vaccine Effectiveness against COVID-19 in Children aged 6 months-17 years.","authors":"Sara Y Tartof, Tara Ahi, Timothy B Frankland, Jeff M Slezak, Joann M Zamparo, Bradley K Ackerson, Laura Puzniak","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piag029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a test-negative case-control design among children aged 6 months-4 years (n=11,878) and 5-17 years (n=16,687) in Kaiser Permanente Southern California, BNT162b2 2024-2025 effectiveness against hospitalization/emergency department/urgent care/outpatient was 36% (95% CI: -5-61%) and 42% (-2-67%), respectively suggesting pediatric COVID-19 vaccination remains beneficial.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV-Specific vs Universal Immunization Coverage in US Children with HIV: A Multi-Site Study.","authors":"Samie Sabet, Nicholas Hollman, Amy Hendrix-Dicken, Michael Raschka, Nhi La, Misty M Oldham, Julie Richardson, Deidra Schmidt, Susan Carr, Alexanna Gluck, Mary B Williams","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piag026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Immunization recommendations for children living with HIV (CLWH) differ from the general pediatric population due to increased risk of vaccine-preventable diseases. Adherence to these specific recommendations remains understudied in the US. We assessed HIV-specific versus universal immunization coverage across multiple pediatric HIV clinics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional study of CLWH (0 to 18 years) receiving HIV care as of May 1, 2021, at six US pediatric HIV clinics. We evaluated coverage for universal and HIV-specific vaccines, including those that may require additional doses for CLWH. Associations between vaccine coverage and demographic factors, as well as HIV-related factors, were assessed using inferential statistics and prevalence ratios (PR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 238 CLWH, coverage for HIV-specific vaccines was lower than universal vaccines. PPSV23 had the lowest coverage (25.7%) followed by MenACWY (46.2%), compared to universal vaccine coverages of 74.0-91.8%, except rotavirus. For PPSV23, 7-12 years age group was almost one-fifth as likely to be up-to-date compared to 0-6 years (PR 0.19, 95% CI 0.09-0.43) while those receiving primary care at an HIV clinic were more likely to be up-to-date (PR 4.11, 95% CI 2.58-6.55). For MenACWY, those receiving primary care at an HIV clinic (PR 1.97, 95% CI 1.53-2.53) or having Medicaid (PR 1.58, 95% CI 1.19-2.11) were more likely to be up-to-date.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Significant gaps exist in adherence to HIV-specific immunization recommendations. Targeted interventions, including integrated HIV and primary care services and enhanced clinical decision support systems, may improve coverage for CLWH.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147592801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain Structure of South African Children Born to Mothers on Dolutegravir versus Efavirenz-Based Antiretroviral Therapy.","authors":"Layla E Bradford, Catherine J Wedderburn, Thokozile R Malaba, Helene Theunissen, Jessica E Ringshaw, Niall J Bourke, Steve C R Williams, Nengjie He, Lucy Read, Catriona Waitt, Helen Reynolds, Angela Colbers, Jim Read, Lauren Davel, Catherine Orrell, Miriam Taegtmeyer, Duolao Wang, Saye Khoo, Landon Myer, Kirsten A Donald","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piag022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The impact of in utero exposure to specific antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly integrase strand transfer inhibitors, on early brain development remains poorly understood. We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare brain structure in children who are HIV-exposed and uninfected (CHEU) with prenatal dolutegravir (DTG) versus efavirenz (EFV) exposure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>DolPHIN-2 was a randomized trial of pregnant women initiating DTG- versus EFV-based ART in the third trimester. At 3-4 years of age, a subgroup of their children from the South African cohort, along with HIV-unexposed children (CHU), underwent T1-weighted MRI (DolPHIN-2 PLUS). Measurements of brain structure including volume, cortical thickness, and surface area were extracted using Freesurfer. Associations between ART /HIV exposure and child brain structure were examined using multiple linear regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This analysis included 58 children (25 CHEU [13 DTG, 12 EFV] and 33 CHU, mean age 46.35 months, 51.7% male). Demographic characteristics were similar across groups. Significant differences in global or regional brain volumes, cortical thickness, or surface area were not detected between DTG- and EFV-exposed children or between CHEU and CHU.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among this small sample of children at 3-4 years, statistically significant differences in global or regional brain structure were not detected between those exposed in the third trimester of pregnancy to DTG or EFV and CHU. Given the modest sample size, the study had limited power to detect small-to-moderate differences. Further longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are needed to assess the effects of specific ART in the context of new regimens and better maternal HIV disease control, on CHEU brain structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147530243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World Performance of Aspergillus and Mucorales Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays on Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Immunocompromised Children and Young Adults.","authors":"Caitlin Brammer, Daniel Whitehurst, Hilary Miller-Handley, Grant Paulsen, Lara Danziger-Isakov, William Otto","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag012","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We describe use of Aspergillus and Mucorales polymerase chain reaction (PCRs) in 54 immunocompromised children and young adults undergoing 66 bronchoscopies. Test positivity was 2/54 (3.2%) and 1/59 (1.7%) for Aspergillus and Mucorales. For Aspergillus PCRs, 4/54 (7.4%) positively impacted management, compared to 4/59 (6.8%) for Mucorales. Fungal PCRs may influence care of immunocompromised patients, though overall impact was limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146220276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety of dose 1 of the nine-valent human papillomavirus vaccine in children aged 4-8 years.","authors":"Natalie Pierre-Joseph, Vishakha Sabharwal, Ruchita Borgaonkar, Johane Seide, Rana Mokhtar, Hana Do, Daniel Fu, Ekta Karkala, Steve Pelton","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag028","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Data on the safety of the nine-valent human papillomavirus (9vHPV) vaccine in children younger than 9 years are limited. We conducted a single-center, open-label descriptive safety study of 150 healthy children aged 4-8 years who received dose 1 of 9vHPV. Active surveillance was performed through structured follow-up assessments, and passive surveillance for serious adverse events was conducted through 11 months post-vaccination. Local reactions were most common (35/150; 23.3%), primarily injection-site pain and tenderness. Systemic events were uncommon and self-limited. Seven hospitalizations (7/150; 4.7%) occurred during follow-up; none were considered related to vaccination or met criteria for unanticipated problems. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were identified. In this descriptive study, dose 1 of 9vHPV was well tolerated in this cohort. Larger studies are needed to further evaluate rare serious adverse events.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rising burden of severe pediatric coccidioidomycosis: a 25-year single-center study.","authors":"Sanchi Malhotra, Kristina Adachi, Ishminder Kaur, Paula Arribas Garcia, Paul Krogstad","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag019","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>California's incidence of pediatric coccidioidomycosis has risen considerably in the last 25 years, particularly in the last 3 years. Disseminated coccidioidomycosis is rare but associated with substantial morbidity. Sharing our recent and longitudinal pediatric experience can aid clinicians as the area of endemicity for this infection spreads.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective observational study of pediatric patients (0-17 years of age) with coccidioidomycosis evaluated at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) from January 1, 2000, to June 30, 2025.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pediatric coccidioidomycosis cases at our institution increased significantly during the study period. One hundred thirty-four patients met our initial search criteria with 81 patients included in our final cohort. Of these, 72% (n = 58) had primary coccidioidomycosis and 28% (n = 23) had disseminated coccidioidomycosis, with 44% of the disseminated cases occurring between 2023 and 2025. Patients with disseminated disease had significantly longer hospitalizations [mean 144 days (95% CI, 81-207) vs 10 days (95% CI, 2-18), P < .001] and longer treatment durations [mean 26 months (95% CI, 9-42) vs 6 months (95% CI, 3-8), P < .001]. Patients with disseminated disease were significantly more likely to undergo therapeutic modification or additional therapy beyond fluconazole with 34% (n = 24) of all treated patients requiring a mold-active triazole as their final anti-fungal agent. Patients with disseminated disease were also significantly more likely than those with primary coccidioidomycosis to undergo surgical intervention as part of disease management [74% (n = 17) versus 26% (n = 6) P < .001].</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our longitudinal experience as a regional referral center underscores the increasing clinical severity and resource burden of pediatric coccidioidomycosis in endemic areas, requiring multidisciplinary effort. This highlights the need for heightened clinical vigilance, earlier recognition of dissemination, advocating for subspecialty collaboration, and evaluation of optimal antifungal and adjuvant treatment strategies in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13131227/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147444416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}