Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society最新文献

{"title":"Respiratory viral detection in children hospitalized with pneumonia during periods of major population disruptions in Nepal, 2014-2018.","authors":"Shrijana Shrestha, Sanjeev Bijukchhe, Brian Wahl, Michael J Carter, Rama Kandasamy, Meeru Gurung, Peter J O'Reilly, Marie Voice, Bhishma Pokhrel, Puja Amatya, Saugat Bhandari, Sonu Shrestha, Sarah Kelly, Dominic F Kelly, Stephen Thorson, David R Murdoch, Colin Fink, Maria Deloria Knoll, Andrew J Pollard","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piaf052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaf052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Respiratory viruses commonly cause pneumonia in children. We aimed to identify respiratory viral nucleic acids in the nasopharynx of children admitted with pneumonia from 2014 to 2018, a period including a major earthquake (April 2015), PCV10 introduction (August 2015), and a fuel shortage (October 2015 to March 2016).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Children 2 months to 14 years admitted to Patan Hospital between March 2014 and February 2018 with a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia had nasopharyngeal swabs collected and tested with a multiplex panel for the presence of genetic material from 23 respiratory pathogens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 1343 children with pneumonia, 974 (72.5%) had the nucleic acids of at least one respiratory virus in the nasopharynx. The median age of children with any viral genetic material detected was lower than those without (1.18, IQR: 0.59-2.39 years; versus 2.01 years, IQR: 0.81-4.34 years; p<0.001). Commonly detected viral nucleic acids included those of RSV (21.0%), rhino/enterovirus (30.8%), and parainfluenza (7.4%). The odds of detecting any respiratory viral genetic material in children with pneumonia increased by 1.88 (95% confidence interval: 1.15, 3.06) in the year after the earthquake, when there were several aftershocks and a fuel crisis, relative to other periods and accounting for other potential confounding factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight the importance of viral diagnostics in pediatric pneumonia and suggest that public health measures addressing environmental conditions during disasters might help reduce respiratory infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144266474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pediatric invasive pneumococcal disease spectrum before third-generation pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation.","authors":"Corinne Levy, Aude Estivaux, Emmanuelle Varon, Stéphane Béchet, Naim Ouldali, Isabelle Hau, Robert Cohen","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piaf056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaf056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>After the implementation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), besides the decrease of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), the clinical spectrum of the remaining cases changed, with many differences among serotypes. This study aimed to describe the clinical profile of IPD and the serotype distribution 15 years after PCV13 implementation and before the implementation of third-generation PCVs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From 2017 to 2022, 128 French pediatric wards prospectively reported IPDs in children. Data were collected on demographics and clinical data, underlying conditions increasing the risk of IPD and outcome. Four clinical entities were considered: meningitis, bacteremia without source, bacteremic pneumonia, and other IPD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 931 IPD cases (median age of children 19.2 months, IQR:7.7-52.5), meningitis accounted for 36.4%, followed by bacteremia without source (31.6%), bacteremic pneumonia (20.5%) and other IPDs (11.5%). Underlying conditions were reported in 21.5% of children. Death was reported in 4.8% of IPD cases and meningitis represented 51.1% of fatal cases. PCV13 serotypes, mainly 3, 19A and 19F, still accounted for 15.0% of cases. PCV15 covered 6.2% more serotypes than did PCV13, whereas PCV20 covered 29.1% more serotypes than did PCV15. PCV20 non-PCV13 and PCV13 serotypes accounted for 33.3% and 11.1% of deaths, respectively. Serotype 24F ranked first and accounted for 16.4% of overall IPD cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>From 2017 to 2022, among 931 IPD cases, PCV20 non-PCV13 serotypes (35.0% of cases) were implicated in 33.3% of deaths. Serotype 24F ranked first in overall IPD cases but is not included in third-generation PCVs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streptococcal serology reference intervals in an Australian pediatric cohort.","authors":"Shu Ki Tsoi, Sharon Choo, Lai-Yang Lee, Paul Monagle, Stephen Hearps, Vasiliki Karlaftis, Chantal Attard, Janet Burgess, Chuong Tran, Sheree Bazeley, Natalie Challen, Andrew C Steer, Joshua Osowicki","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piaf054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaf054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diagnostic criteria for acute rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, the two major autoimmune complications of Streptococcus pyogenes infection, include serological evidence of preceding infection. The S. pyogenes proteins streptolysin O (ASO) and deoxyribonuclease B (ADB) are the most widely used targets for clinical streptococcal serology. We aimed to establish age-based reference intervals (RI) for healthy children in Victoria, Australia, to guide interpretation of anti-streptolysin O levels measured by turbidimetry and nephelometry, and anti-deoxyribonuclease B levels by nephelometry. MethodsSerum samples were collected from healthy pediatric cohorts aged 32 weeks gestation to < 18 years at 4 hospitals in Melbourne, Australia, between February 2015 and October 2018. ASO levels were measured in two cohorts, by turbidimetry in Cohort 1, and by nephelometry in Cohort 2. ADB levels were measured by nephelometry in Cohort 2. Reference intervals (RI) for each age group were generated, including 80% upper limit of normal (ULN) cut-offs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ASO levels were measured by turbidimetry for 359 samples from Cohort 1, and ASO and ADB levels were measured by nephelometry for 360 samples from Cohort 2. ASO levels, measured by turbidimetry, were highest in children 5 to 9 years of age (80% ULN 346 IU/mL) in Cohort 1. For Cohort 2, there was a linear age-related increase in ASO levels measured by nephelometry (80% ULN 426 IU/mL in those 15 to < 18 years old) and ADB levels were highest in children aged 10 to 14 years (80% ULN 454 IU/mL).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We established age-specific RI for ASO and ADB levels measured by turbidimetry and nephelometry for healthy Australian children. This study highlights the importance of local method-specific age-based RI to interpret ASO and ADB levels when clinicians suspect acute rheumatic fever or post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying infants at low risk for neonatal herpes simplex virus infection.","authors":"Keerti L Dantuluri, Nathaniel S O'Connell, Gang Liu, Emilie Que Tam Dellit, Christine B Turley, Pablo J Sánchez, Amina Ahmed","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piaf055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaf055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is rare but associated with high rates of morbidity. Recent guidelines recommend considering HSV in infants < 21 days of age presenting for sepsis evaluations with certain risk factors. However, limited data exist on the value of these risk factors in stratifying the risk for neonatal HSV infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective case-control study of infants < 42 days of age who presented between 1/1/08 and 12/31/23 for sepsis evaluations to identify infants at low risk for neonatal HSV infection. We used Firth logistic regression to measure the odds ratio of the presence of high-risk criteria between infants without and those with HSV infection. High risk criteria included skin vesicles, seizures, elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), thrombocytopenia, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, and/or critical illness. We matched each case with control patients without neonatal HSV infection admitted within 45 days of the case. For each case, we identified 2 controls from group A, which included patients who tested negative for HSV, and 2 controls from group B, who may or may not have undergone HSV testing, but tested negative if they did.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-two cases and 128 controls (64 in group A and 64 in group B) were identified. The mean age of cases was 14.3 days. The majority of cases were female, White, non-Hispanic, and born vaginally at term gestation. Controls, or infants without HSV, had lower prevalence of seizures, skin lesions, CSF pleocytosis, elevated ALT, thrombocytopenia, or critical illness compared to infants with HSV. The adjusted odds ratio of a control patient having at least one risk factor was 0.07 (95% CI 0.01 - 0.3) and 0.02 (95% CI 0 - 0.08) for control groups A and B, respectively, compared to cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among infants presenting for neonatal sepsis evaluations, those without HSV infection are unlikely to present with seizures, skin lesions, elevated ALT, thrombocytopenia, CSF pleocytosis, or critical illness compared to infants with HSV. The lack of these criteria can be used to guide targeted evaluation and management of neonatal HSV infection to minimize testing and treatment of low-risk infants.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Neonatal HSV is rare but associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. We evaluate a set of high-risk criteria to determine if infants without these risk factors can have HSV safely excluded to avoid unnecessary testing and empiric treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adenovirus Species in U.S. Children with Acute Respiratory Illness, 2016-2019.","authors":"Varvara Probst, Tess Stopczynski, Justin Z Amarin, Adam Gailani, Herdi K Rahman, Laura S Stewart, Rangaraj Selvarangan, Jennifer E Schuster, Marian G Michaels, John V Williams, Julie A Boom, Leila C Sahni, Vasanthi Avadhanula, Mary Allen Staat, Elizabeth P Schlaudecker, Christina Quigley, Christopher J Harrison, Mary E Moffatt, Geoffrey A Weinberg, Peter G Szilagyi, Janet A Englund, Eileen J Klein, Aaron T Curns, Heidi L Moline, Ariana P Toepfer, Susan I Gerber, James D Chappell, Andrew J Spieker, Natasha B Halasa","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piaf051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaf051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Human adenovirus (HAdV) is a common cause of pediatric acute respiratory illness (ARI). HAdV B, C, and E species have been associated with ARI, though relative detection frequencies in United States (U.S.) and respective roles in symptomatic respiratory infections remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a multicenter, prospective viral surveillance study at seven U.S. children's hospitals comprising the New Vaccine Surveillance Network from 12/1/16-11/30/19. Children <18 years old in the emergency department or hospitalized with fever and/or respiratory symptoms were enrolled, and respiratory specimens were tested for HAdV and other viral pathogens. HAdV-positive specimens were subsequently typed using single-plex real-time PCR assays targeting sequences in the hexon gene. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes (hospitalization and supplemental oxygen use as severity indicators) were compared between HAdV-B and HAdV-C species.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 29,381 children with ARI, 1,843 (6.3%) had HAdV detected, with 1,402 specimens (76.0%) successfully typed. HAdV-C was the most frequently detected species (73.0%), followed by HAdV-B (22.3%). Children with HAdV-C were younger than those with HAdV-B and more likely to harbor another respiratory pathogen. Among children without other detected respiratory pathogens, those with HAdV-C had lower odds of hospitalization compared to children with HAdV-B (aOR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.73, p=0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In our study among children seen in the emergency department or hospitalized with ARI, those with HAdV-C had lower odds of hospitalization compared to HAdV-B. These findings warrant further assessment to identify which HAdV types contribute to illness severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144191918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis diagnosis, treatment, and prevention services for children living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries: a multiregional site survey.","authors":"Katherine Laycock, Karl-Günter Technau, Patricia Lelo, Watsamon Jantarabenjakul, Caroline Yonaba, Jorge Pinto, Michael Menser, Fernanda Maruri, Francesca Odhiambo, Ethel Rambiki, Pélagie Babakazo, Nguyen Van Lam, Madeleine Folquet, Daisy Maria Machado, Nelson Kalema, Guy Muula, Ellen Brazier, Nguyen Dinh Qui, Joycelyn Dame, Marco Tulio Luque, Aggrey Semeere, Brian Eley, Marcel Yotebieng, Azar Kariminia, Vanessa Rouzier, Helen Byakwaga, Olivier Marcy, Leslie A Enane","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piaf050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaf050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for children living with HIV (CLHIV), with gaps in TB screening, diagnostics, management, and TB preventive therapy (TPT). We investigated reported practices in these domains at sites caring for CLHIV in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) within the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We implemented a site survey during September 2020-February 2021, querying pre-pandemic practices. This analysis included sites in LMICs providing care for CLHIV that diagnosed TB in 2019. We analyzed responses using descriptive statistics and assessed regional differences using Fisher's exact or chi-square tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 238 IeDEA sites, 227 (95%) responded and 135 met inclusion criteria. Most (90%) reported screening for TB at HIV care enrollment. Access to diagnostics varied significantly by region, including for nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT, range 67-100%), mycobacterial culture (range 43-83%), and drug susceptibility testing (range 30-82%) (p<0.001). On-site TB treatment was high (90%). Reported stock-outs occurred for isoniazid (23/116, 20%) and other TB medications (11/114, 9.6%, range 0-33%, p=0.008). TPT provision ranged 50-100% (p<0.001). Six months of isoniazid was the most common TPT regimen for children (88%). Shorter TPT regimens were uncommon (0.9-2.8%), as were regimens for multidrug-resistant TB exposure (4.6%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall reported availability of NAAT and integrated TB/HIV treatment for CLHIV cared for at these IeDEA sites in LMICs is encouraging but varies by context. Heterogeneous implementation gaps remain-particularly for drug susceptibility testing, TPT delivery and TPT regimens-which successful outcomes for CLHIV, warranting continued close attention over time and as global TB care guidelines and services evolve.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pediatric Osteoarthritis Requires Advanced Diagnostic Methods.","authors":"Pablo Yagupsky","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piaf032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaf032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144086333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Tuberculosis Infection-Related Outpatient Clinical Outcomes Across Neighborhood-Level Deprivation Quartiles.","authors":"Melissa E Day, Qing Duan, Mary Carol Burkhardt, Melissa Klein, Elizabeth P Schlaudecker, Andrew F Beck","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piaf020","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piaf020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pediatric tuberculosis infection (TBI) disproportionately affects those in complex social situations. Neighborhood characteristics may influence access to care and TBI-related outcomes. We sought to examine links between neighborhood-level socioeconomic deprivation and clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective cohort study, we identified children with TBI treated at our pediatric infectious diseases clinics between 2012 and 2023. We geocoded each child's address to identify neighborhood-level material community deprivation index (MCDI) scores. Outcomes included missed clinic visits, missed antibiotic doses, and changes in antibiotic therapy due to adherence concerns. We assessed the time between referral and first visit, first and second visits, and first and last visits. Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test and chi-squared tests examined relationships between DI quartile and clinical outcomes. Log-rank testing and Cox proportional hazard regression models evaluated time-to-event analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 150 children with TBI. There were no differences across MCDI quartiles in rates of missed clinic visits, missed antibiotic doses, changed therapy, or therapy completion. Higher deprivation was associated with a longer time between referral and first visit (median 12 days for low/moderate-low deprivation quartiles vs. 24 days for high/moderate-high deprivation quartiles, P = .004). The high/moderate-high deprivation category had a 39% lower hazard of getting to the first clinic visit after referral compared to the low/moderate-low deprivation category (HR 0.61; 95% CI, .43, .85) after adjustment for race, insurance, and language.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Children with TBI from socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods have longer times from referral to first clinical evaluation. Exploring drivers of differences could promote more equitable TBI care.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143492584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographic Variations in Incidence of Kingella kingae: Selection Bias or Reality?","authors":"Ian C Michelow, Zaid Alhinai, Pablo J Sánchez","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piaf034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaf034","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144086331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pediatric COVID-19 in Hawai'i: A Brief Report on Unique Hospitalization Characteristics.","authors":"Kyra A Len, Tiffany Wang, Cheryl K Okado, Diane Pan, Shelby S Tadaki, Chieko Kimata, Andrea M Siu, Natascha Ching, Jessica S Kosut","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piaf030","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piaf030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While COVID-19 has been well-studied in other populations, there is a lack of information about the virus in Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders. This retrospective study identified characteristics of this population in hospitalized pediatric patients in Hawai'i. This study also reviews vaccinations within this unique population.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143979149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}