{"title":"Bridging statistical mechanics and thermodynamics away from equilibrium: A data-driven approach for learning internal variables and their dynamics","authors":"Weilun Qiu, Shenglin Huang, Celia Reina","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermodynamics with internal variables is a common approach in continuum mechanics to model inelastic (i.e., non-equilibrium) material behavior. It consists of enlarging the space of the state variables by introducing internal variables to eliminate the memory effects that would otherwise arise in the constitutive response when driving the system away from equilibrium. While this approach is computationally and theoretically very attractive, it currently lacks a well-established statistical mechanics foundation. As a result, internal variables are typically chosen phenomenologically and lack a direct link to the underlying atomistic or particle description. This hinders the predictability of the ensuing continuum models as well as the inverse problem of material design. In this work, we propose a machine learning approach that directly tackles these underlying issues, by learning internal variables and the evolution equations of the system, consistently with the principles of statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. The proposed approach leverages the following machine learning techniques (i) the information bottleneck (IB) method to ensure that the learned internal variables are functions of the microstates and are capable of capturing the salient feature of the microscopic distribution; (ii) conditional normalizing flows to represent arbitrary probability distributions of the microscopic states as functions of the state variables (these will be distinct from the Boltzmann distribution away from equilibrium); and (iii) Variational Onsager Neural Networks (VONNs) to guarantee thermodynamic consistency of the learned evolution equations and that the state variables are sufficient to predict the future state of the system in the absence of memory effects. The resulting framework, called IB-VONNs, is here tested on two problems on colloidal systems, governed at the microscale by overdamped Langevin dynamics. The first one is a prototypical model for a colloidal particle in an optical trap, which can be solved analytically thanks to its simplicity, and it is thus ideal to verify the framework. The second problem is a one-dimensional phase-transforming system, whose macroscopic description still lacks a statistical mechanics foundation under general conditions. The results in both cases indicate that the proposed machine learning strategy can indeed bridge statistical mechanics and thermodynamics with internal variables away from equilibrium.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 106211"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Simulating morphing of shape memory polymer beam systems with complex geometry and topology","authors":"Giulio Ferri, Enzo Marino","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose a novel approach to the analysis of geometrically exact shear deformable beam systems made of shape memory polymers. The proposed method combines the viscoelastic Generalized Maxwell model with the Williams, Landel and Ferry relaxation principle, enabling the reproduction of the shape memory effect of structural systems featuring complex geometry and topology. Very high efficiency is pursued by discretizing the differential problem in space through the isogeometric collocation (IGA-C) method. The method, in addition to the desirable attributes of isogeometric analysis (IGA), such as exactness of the geometric reconstruction of complex shapes and high-order accuracy, circumvents the need for numerical integration since it discretizes the problem in the strong form. Other distinguishing features of the proposed formulation are: (i) <span><math><mrow><mi>SO</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>-consistency for the linearization of the problem and for the time stepping; (ii) minimal (finite) rotation parametrization, that means only three rotational unknowns are used; (iii) no additional unknowns are needed to account for the rate-dependent material compared to the purely elastic case. Through different numerical applications involving challenging initial geometries, we show that the proposed formulation possesses all the sought attributes in terms of programmability of complex systems, geometric flexibility, and high order accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 106215"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A deformation-based unified theory for composite plates","authors":"Chen Liang , C.W. Lim , J.N. Reddy","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A deformation-based unified theory (DUT) for composite plates is established. The new theory contains four unknown displacement components that are explicit and can be interpreted with physical reasoning. Apart from the three common displacement components for a point on the reference plane, the remaining higher-order displacement component is exclusively attributed to the transverse bending and shear deformations. The elucidation of the thickness locking mechanism (TLM) relies on the innovative displacement component introduced in this study, which improves the kinematic assumptions inherent in conventional plate theories. The transverse shear deformation of the function distribution for composite plates can be described by a general thickness function, thus enabling DUT to be degenerated into any existing shear deformation plate theory. Further, the present plate theory explains the physical terms associated with transverse normal stress and strain. The present unified theoretical framework, along with the corresponding assumptions, can induce further simplification and transition to existing plate theories, namely, classical plate theory (CPT), first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), and third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT). Exact analytical solutions of laminated composite plates are obtained. Comprehensive numerical results are presented for various plate theories and different plate structures. The clarity and unity in the physical interpretation of the present theory can be elaborated by integrating the conventional theories under certain assumptions. In addition, the extensive applicability of the theoretical framework of DUT enables the customization of the kinematic modeling of various composite plate structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 106230"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrating pulmonary surfactant into lung mechanical simulations: A continuum approach to surface tension in poromechanics","authors":"Nibaldo Avilés-Rojas , Daniel E. Hurtado","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface tension arising in the air–liquid interface of alveoli is a fundamental mechanism in lung physiology that explains lung recoil and hysteresis during breathing. However, pulmonary surface tension is typically neglected in continuum models of the lungs, possibly due to their complex multiscale physicochemical nature. In this study, we formulate a poromechanical framework that incorporates the effect of surfactant-dependent surface tension in porous media for the prediction of lung hysteretic response. Using an internal variable formalism, we apply the Coleman–Noll procedure to establish an expression for the stress tensor that includes surface tension akin to the Young–Laplace law. Based on this formulation, we construct a non-linear finite-element model of human lungs to simulate pressure–volume curves and lung response during mechanical ventilation. Our results show that surfactant-dependent surface tension notably modulates pressure–volume curves and lung mechanics. In particular, our model captures the influence of surfactant dynamics on lung hysteresis and compliance, predicting the transition from an insoluble reversible regime to a dissipative one governed by Langmuir kinetics. We envision that our continuum framework will enable lung simulations where surfactant-related phenomena are directly considered in predictions, with important applications to modeling respiratory disease and lung response to mechanical ventilation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 106174"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144194621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A micromechanical model for light-interactive molecular crystals","authors":"Devesh Tiwari, Ananya Renuka Balakrishna","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molecular crystals respond to a light stimulus by bending, twisting, rolling, jumping, or other kinematic behaviors. These behaviors are known to be affected by, among others, the intensity of the incident light, the aspect ratios of crystal geometries, and the volume changes accompanying phase transformation. While these factors, individually, explain the increase in internal energy of the system and its subsequent minimization through macroscopic deformation, they do not fully explain the diversity of deformations observed in molecular crystals. Here, we propose a micromechanical model based on the Cauchy–Born rule and photoreaction theory to predict the macroscopic response in molecular crystals. By accounting for lattice geometry changes and microstructural patterns that emerge during phase transformation, we predict a range of deformations in a representative molecular crystal (salicylideneamine). Doing so, we find that the interplay between photoexcited states and the energy minimization pathways, across a multi-well energy landscape, is crucial to the bending and twisting deformations. We use our model to analyze the role of particle geometries and the intensity of incident light on macroscopic deformation, and identify geometric regimes for shearing and twisting deformations in salicylideneamine crystals. Our micromechanical model is general and can be adapted to predict photomechanical deformation in other molecular crystals undergoing a solid-to-solid phase change and has potential as a computational design tool to engineer reversible and controllable actuation in molecular crystals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 106195"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144239368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dezhong Tong , Zhuonan Hao , Jiyu Li , Boxi Sun , Mingchao Liu , Liu Wang , Weicheng Huang
{"title":"Real-time simulation enabled navigation control of magnetic soft continuum robots in confined lumens","authors":"Dezhong Tong , Zhuonan Hao , Jiyu Li , Boxi Sun , Mingchao Liu , Liu Wang , Weicheng Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic soft continuum robots (MSCRs) have emerged as a promising technology for minimally invasive interventions, offering enhanced dexterity and remote-controlled navigation in confined lumens. Unlike conventional guidewires with pre-shaped tips, MSCRs feature a magnetic tip that actively bends under applied magnetic fields. Despite extensive studies in modeling and simulation, achieving real-time navigation control of MSCRs in confined lumens remains a significant challenge. The primary reasons are due to robot–lumen contact interactions and computational limitations in modeling MSCR nonlinear behavior under magnetic actuation. Existing approaches, such as Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations and energy-minimization techniques, suffer from high computational costs and oversimplified contact interactions, making them impractical for real-world applications. In this work, we develop a real-time simulation and navigation control framework that integrates hard-magnetic elastic rod theory, formulated within the Discrete Differential Geometry (DDG) framework, with an order-reduced contact handling strategy. Our approach captures large deformations and complex interactions while maintaining computational efficiency. Next, the navigation control problem is formulated as an inverse design task, where optimal magnetic fields are computed in real time by minimizing the constrained forces and enhancing navigation accuracy. We validate the proposed framework through comprehensive numerical simulations and experimental studies, demonstrating its robustness, efficiency, and accuracy. The results show that our method significantly reduces computational costs while maintaining high-fidelity modeling, making it feasible for real-time deployment in clinical settings. Our work addresses key limitations in MSCR navigation control, paving the way for safer and more reliable clinical translation of MSCR technology for interventional surgeries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 106198"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zeng Liu , Rogelio Ortigosa , Antonio J. Gil , Javier Bonet
{"title":"Large strain constitutive modelling of soft compressible and incompressible solids: Generalised isotropic and anisotropic viscoelasticity","authors":"Zeng Liu , Rogelio Ortigosa , Antonio J. Gil , Javier Bonet","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper discusses a new phenomenological continuum formulation for the constitutive modelling of viscoelastic materials at large strains. Following pioneering works in Sidoroff (1974), Lubliner (1985), Bergström (1998) and Reese and Govindjee (1997), the formulation shares some common ingredients with other phenomenological approaches, including the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into viscous and elastic contributions, the additive Maxwell-type decomposition of the strain energy density, and the definition of a set of kinematic internal state variables with their associated evolution laws. Our formulation departs from other state-of-the-art methodologies via three distinct novelties. First, and revisiting previous work by Bonet (2001), the paper introduces a thermodynamically consistent linear rate type evolution law in terms of stress-type variables, which resembles the return mapping algorithm typically used in elastoplasticity, facilitating the modelling link between both inelastic constitutive models. In this sense, the proposed viscoelastic evolution law can be identified with a classical plastic flow rule. Very importantly, the evolution law is shown to be compatible with the second law of thermodynamics by construction and have a closed-form solution in the case of incompressible viscoelasticity when using a prototypical neo-Hookean type of non-equilibrium strain energy density. Moreover, the paper shows how using the concept of a stress-driven dissipative potential, more general non-linear type of stress evolution laws can be straightforwardly constructed. Second, to facilitate the joint consideration of anisotropy and thermodynamic equilibrium, a frame indifferent stress free configuration is introduced which facilitates the definition of objective strain measures. Third, the methodology is extended from isotropy to transverse isotropy via the consideration of the appropriate structural tensor. The formulation is first displayed for the simple case of a single transversely isotropic invariant contribution with corresponding closed-form solution, and then straightforwardly extended to the consideration of the second transversely isotropic invariant, multiple families of fibres, or even more complex symmetry groups. To demonstrate the capability of the new framework, a specialised form of the eight-chain long-term strain energy (long term) and a neo-Hookean strain energy (non-equilibrium) have been adopted for the description of the mechanical behaviour of VHB 4910 polymer, due to its use in current Electro-Active Polymers based soft robotics. Good agreement is found between in silico predictions and available experimental data on various tests, including loading–unloading cyclic tests, single-step relaxation tests and a multi-step relaxation test. Finally, biaxial loading–unloading cyclic and relaxation tests are presented to further showcase performance in anisotropic scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 106194"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling of fracture in plates using a Graph-Based Finite Element Analysis (GraFEA)","authors":"Sachin Velayudhan , Arun R. Srinivasa , Prakash Thamburaja , J.N. Reddy","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study is focused on a thermodynamically consistent fracture model for brittle and quasi-brittle plates using a Graph-based Finite Element Analysis (GraFEA) approach. Previous studies (Srinivasa et al., 2021, Thamburaja et al. 2021) formulated a graph-based approach in two and three dimensions, implementing it in Abaqus/Explicit with a vectorized user material subroutine (VUMAT). However, conducting a three-dimensional simulation can be computationally demanding when dealing with thin structures like plates and shells, where the planar dimensions are much larger than the thickness. Hence, in this study, a model based on GraFEA, which describes the deformation kinematics of the plate using the First-order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT), is proposed. The fundamental idea of this model is the presence of multiple microcrack planes traversing through a material point on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate. The state of a crack plane evolves based on the probabilistic description of microcracks at the top and bottom half of the plate (Srinivasa et al., 2021, Thamburaja et al. 2021). An elastic predictor -fracture corrector method and a velocity-verlet algorithm are used to solve the static and dynamic versions of the governing equations in a finite element framework. It is shown that the proposed formulation compares well with the numerical results from the GraFEA 2D and GraFEA 3D simulations as well as experimental observations from the literature at a much lower computational cost. With this model, complex fracture patterns of plates under static and dynamic loading can be simulated in a few minutes on a laptop computer as compared to several hours or days on a supercomputer for a full 3D simulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 106196"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rubayet Hassan , Mingze Cai , Anh Vo , Samaneh Farokhirad , Xin Yan , Fatemeh Ahmadpoor
{"title":"Entropic pressure on a confined biological vesicle with surface tension","authors":"Rubayet Hassan , Mingze Cai , Anh Vo , Samaneh Farokhirad , Xin Yan , Fatemeh Ahmadpoor","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Entropic forces play a critical role in the dynamics and stability of soft matter systems, particularly in biological membranes and vesicles. The origin of these forces lies in the significant thermal fluctuations of soft membranes, a subject that has intrigued the scientific community for decades. Most studies focus on a simplified version of the problem: a flat, tensionless membrane, rather than more complex non-planar surfaces with pre-existing curvature and surface tension. In this paper, we revisit this problem for confined biological vesicles using statistical mechanics analysis and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, explicitly incorporating their curvature field and surface tension. The coupling between the deformation field and the non-zero curvature field leads to a renormalized surface tension, significantly altering the entropic force compared to that of a planar membrane. We demonstrate that while the entropic pressure <span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span> follows a similar power-law behavior to that of a planar membrane at small distances, <span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>∝</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, it transitions to an exponential decay at larger distances. These findings provide insights into the coupled effects of surface tension, membrane configuration, and thermal fluctuations, particularly for understanding biological processes, such as vesicle fusion, endocytosis, and membrane-mediated interactions in crowded cellular environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 106193"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144190102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanbin Yin , Zhouheng Wang , Yang Jiao , Yixing Zhang , Yinji Ma , Xue Feng
{"title":"Interfacial competing fracture in peeling of bi-interface film-substrate system","authors":"Hanbin Yin , Zhouheng Wang , Yang Jiao , Yixing Zhang , Yinji Ma , Xue Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In transfer printing technology, the stamp, device, and substrate together form a typical bi-interface film-substrate system. Understanding the interfacial peeling and competing fracture behaviors of this structure is crucial for optimization of the transfer printing process. Current researches often focus on how the interfacial characteristics, such as interfacial strength, toughness, and defect, influence the interfacial fracture path, however, non-interfacial factors within the system are frequently overlooked. This oversight may result in challenges such as low yield rates and overreliance on empirical knowledge in practical transfer printing. In present study, we develop a theoretical peeling model for the bi-interface film-substrate system, taking into account the arbitrary peeling angle and the finite scale of the device. Based on the model, we systematically analyze the system’s interfacial competing fracture behavior during peeling and the factors that influence it. An analytical solution is derived for the cohesive zone length, which is shown as a function of the peeling angle, film bending stiffness, and interfacial properties. The interfacial competing fracture map is also obtained to identify the fracture path. The present study highlights the effects of non-interfacial factors, such as film bending stiffness, peeling angle, and device scale, on the interfacial competing fracture. It is found that increasing the film's bending stiffness, decreasing the peeling angle, and reducing the device scale would promote fracture at the device/substrate interface, while the opposite conditions favor fracture at the film/device interface. These theoretical findings are further validated through finite element simulations and experimental methods. The results of this study are beneficial for optimizing the transfer printing processes to improve yield rates and may also inspire the development of new transfer printing technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 106216"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}