Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids最新文献

{"title":"A mechano-immunological framework for lymph node remodeling during inflammation and homeostasis","authors":"Ming-Yue Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Li ,&nbsp;Xi-Qiao Feng ,&nbsp;Huajian Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the immune response, lymph nodes (LNs) undergo significant coupled evolutions in their geometric structures, cellular compositions, and mechanical properties. The efficiency of the immune response (IR) is governed by the interplay between internal cellular activity and mechanical deformation throughout the inflammation–homeostasis process. While mechanical forces are known to play a crucial role in LN remodeling, the underlying mechanisms of mechano-immunology synergy within LNs remain poorly understood. In this paper, we propose a mechano-immunology theory that conceptualizes LNs as integrated, dynamically evolving structures during IR and establish a mechano-immunological landscape to quantify distinct LN states. This framework introduces a novel paradigm for evaluating IR efficiency based on metrics derived from mechano-chemo-biological mechanisms. We identify the range of mechanical properties that optimize IR efficiency and propose that immune exhaustion in tumor-draining LNs arises from mechanical damage, leading to an immune anergic state. Using the proposed mechano-immunological methodology, we demonstrate that this anergic state can be mitigated by modulating collective immune cell migration to align with the optimal IR efficiency range, thereby offering potential therapeutic strategies to enhance IR efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 106347"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On universal deformations of compressible Cauchy elastic solids reinforced by inextensible fibers","authors":"Arash Yavari","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Universal deformations are those that can be maintained in the absence of body forces and with boundary tractions alone, for all materials within a given constitutive class. We study the universal deformations of compressible isotropic Cauchy elastic solids reinforced by a single family of inextensible fibers. We consider straight fibers parallel to the Cartesian <span><math><mi>Z</mi></math></span>-axis in the reference configuration and derive the associated universality constraints, which depend explicitly on the geometry of the deformed fibers. We study universal deformations in two cases: (i) deformed fibers are straight lines, and (ii) deformed fibers have non-vanishing curvature. For case (i), we provide a complete classification. Assuming that at least one principal invariant of the right Cauchy–Green tensor is not constant, we show that the deformed fiber direction must be an eigenvector of the Finger tensor, and the invariants depend only on the fiber arc length parameter. The universality constraints reduce to geometric restrictions on the orthogonal surfaces, which must be planes, circular cylinders, or spheres. This gives one inhomogeneous universal deformation family: the non-isochoric <em>Family</em> <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> of combined bending and stretching deformations. In addition, <em>Family</em> <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mi>Z</mi></mrow></math></span> consists of homogeneous deformations that respect the inextensibility constraint. We further show that if all principal invariants are constant and deformed fibers remain straight, then only homogeneous universal deformations are possible. For case (ii), when deformed fibers have non-vanishing curvature, the universality constraints become significantly more complex. We show that the three principal invariants are functionally dependent and that the binormal to the deformed fibers is an eigenvector of the Finger tensor. The existence of universal deformations in this case remains an open problem. In particular, we demonstrate that Family 5 universal deformations of incompressible elasticity, when restricted to satisfy the inextensibility constraint, are no longer universal in fiber-reinforced solids. Finally, we prove that the universal deformations of Cauchy and hyperelastic solids with the same fiber reinforcement coincide. Our results provide the first systematic classification of universal deformations for compressible isotropic fiber-reinforced solids and include a new inhomogeneous family. These solutions may serve as benchmark problems for numerical methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106340"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biaxial characterization of soft elastomers: Experiments and data-adaptive configurational forces for fracture","authors":"Miguel Angel Moreno-Mateos ,&nbsp;Simon Wiesheier ,&nbsp;Ali Esmaeili ,&nbsp;Mokarram Hossain ,&nbsp;Paul Steinmann","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the fracture mechanics of soft solids remains a fundamental challenge due to their complex, nonlinear responses under large deformations. While multiaxial loading is key to probing their mechanical behavior, the role of such loading in fracture processes is still poorly understood. Here, we present a combined experimental–computational framework to investigate fracture in soft elastomers under equi-biaxial loading. We report original equi-biaxial quasi-static experiments on five elastomeric materials, revealing a spectrum of material and fracture behavior — from brittle-like to highly deformable response with crack tip strains exceeding 150<!--> <!-->%. Motivated by these observations, we develop a hybrid computational testbed that mirrors the experimental setup and enables virtual biaxial tests. Central to this framework are two components: a data-adaptive formulation of hyperelastic energy functions that flexibly captures material behavior, and a post-processing implementation of the Configurational Force Method, providing a computationally efficient estimate of the <span><math><mi>J</mi></math></span>-integral at the crack tip. Our data-adaptive framework for hyperelastic energy functions proves versatility to capture with high accuracy the hyperelastic behavior observed in the biaxial experiments. This is important because accurately capturing the constitutive behaviour of soft solids is key for a reliable application of the Configurational Force Method to soft solids. In the limit of crack onset, a critical value of the crack tip configurational force allows for a criterion of fracture toughness. Together, our experimental, theoretical, and computational contributions offer a new paradigm for characterizing and designing soft materials with tailored fracture properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106339"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145009279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the role of effective temperature and dislocation microstructures on the mechanochemical effect in corrosion cracking","authors":"Y. Piao ,&nbsp;J.Y.S. Lee ,&nbsp;M.R. Wenman ,&nbsp;D.S. Balint","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we bring together the mechanochemical effect in corrosion cracking with the thermodynamic theory of plasticity. The incorporation of effective temperature (or its dual variable — the configurational entropy of dislocations), which has been previously overlooked in the modelling, enables the derivation of thermodynamically consistent formulations for both the chemical potential of dislocations and the mechanochemical effect. This approach enables consideration of the influence of different dislocation distributions. If the change in effective temperature (quantifying the configurational disorder of dislocations) is ignored, the formulation of the mechanochemical effect simplifies to the widely-used model proposed by Gutman (1994). The key quantities to evaluate the mechanochemical effect can be obtained within the framework of thermodynamic dislocation theory (TDT); using a few physical parameters extracted from plane strain testing at different strain rates, numerical simulations have been conducted and compared with experimental results for 316L stainless steel, showing good agreement with both stress–strain mechanical and corrosion current density tests. In this study, rather than being used to pass parameters into the corrosion model, the mechanical response is employed to validate the model’s ability to capture the coupled mechanochemical behaviour. Furthermore, different heterogeneous dislocation microstructures are constructed to examine their effect on the mechanochemical behaviour. It is found that, despite producing similar hydrostatic stresses, the mechanochemical effect varies depending on the underlying microstructural configuration, which demonstrates the importance of incorporating dislocation distributions into models of stress corrosion cracking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106341"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A variationally consistent membrane wrinkling model based on spectral decomposition of the strain and stress tensors","authors":"Daobo Zhang,&nbsp;Josef Kiendl","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a variationally consistent membrane wrinkling model based on spectral decomposition of the strain and stress tensors and on the mixed wrinkling criterion, which can accurately capture the different membrane states (taut, wrinkled, slack) in arbitrary deformation states. Separating the principal strains and stresses into tension and compression, the strain energy is split into tensile and compressive parts, and the compressive strain energy is removed or degraded to a small amount, offering modeling flexibility. Retaining a small amount of compressive stiffness helps preventing element interpenetration and allows for slack states, thereby enhancing the robustness of the method. From this modified energy functional, the whole formulation is derived in a variationally consistent manner. The formulation is simple, it requires only the determination of principal strains and stresses. Assuming isotropic material, everything can even be expressed in terms of the principal strains only, making the model perfectly suited for any displacement-based finite element analysis scheme. The model employs the mixed wrinkling criterion, formulations employing the strain- and stress-based wrinkling criteria can be obtained by minor modifications. We use this fact for performing a comparison of the different criteria, which confirms that only the mixed criterion can accurately predict the membrane wrinkling behavior in arbitrary deformation states. Extensive validation through analytical, numerical, and experimental benchmark tests highlights the accuracy, robustness and efficiency of the model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106331"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-surface yield criterion for orthotropic porous materials","authors":"Krunal N. Morey ,&nbsp;Shyam M. Keralavarma ,&nbsp;Mayank Chouksey","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The yield criterion for rolled sheet metals generally exhibits orthotropic behavior with respect to the rolling, transverse and thickness directions of the sheet. Formability of sheet metals is limited by the onset of a localized necking instability, which depends sensitively on the presence of vertices on the yield surface induced by microstructure changes, such as the evolution of material texture and/or micro-void growth. Prior studies on isotropic porous materials have shown that the transition from diffuse plasticity to localized yielding of the inter-void ligaments at the micro-scale can lead to the appearance of corners on the macroscopic yield surface. In this paper, we use a multi-surface approach to develop an effective yield criterion for plastically orthotropic materials of the Hill type containing a random distribution of equiaxed voids; by combining existing yield criteria from the literature accounting for the two alternative modes of yielding mentioned above. For finite values of the porosity, the resulting yield surface consists of alternating curved and flat segments with sharp corners at their intersection. The predicted shapes of the yield loci are validated by comparison with quasi-exact yield loci obtained from a numerical limit analysis procedure using finite elements. It is shown that the analytical yield loci are in very good agreement with the numerical loci over the experimentally observed range of material anisotropy parameters, particularly for the case of thin sheets loaded under plane stress conditions. The instantaneous void growth rate, computed using the microscopic velocity fields obtained from the numerical limit analysis, exhibits a non-monotonic variation with increasing stress triaxiality under plane stress conditions, which is predicted approximately by the multi-surface model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106334"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective fracture toughness for heterogeneous materials accounting for the worst-case scenario","authors":"Sen Liu ,&nbsp;Yongxing Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose a formulation for the anisotropic effective fracture toughness of heterogeneous materials for the phase field description for cracks. As an approximation for the worst-case scenario among all possible translations of the representative volume element (RVE) of the microstructure, a particular translation of this RVE is first obtained for subsequent analysis. This translated RVE is then subjected to numerical experiments of tensile loading along given sampling directions from the pristine state to complete fracture. The dissipated energy normalized by an appropriate projected area is then formulated as the effective fracture toughness for the chosen direction. By construction, this formulation is able to account for possible tortuosity of the crack path, the irreversibility constraint, the non-interpenetration constraint, and the stress criterion for crack nucleation. Furthermore, it can predict multiple toughening effects: that due to tougher inclusions, that resulting from microscopic cracking tortuosity, and that arising from the contrast in the tensile strength when fracture toughness is uniform.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106333"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The frictionless flexible sliding sleeve","authors":"Sebastien Neukirch ,&nbsp;Francesco Dal Corso ,&nbsp;Yury Vetyukov","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The planar mechanics of an elastic rod constrained by a frictionless, flexible sliding sleeve is analyzed. A variational approach is first applied to the equilibrium of an equivalent compound rod system with variable length, leading to a nonlinear boundary value problem. The equilibrium equations determine the deformation kinematics and, through a frictionless sliding condition governed by the Hamiltonian invariant, specify the overlapping length, but they do not reveal interaction forces between the flexible rod and the flexible sliding sleeve. To capture the interaction in detail, the system is modeled as two sub-rods, and both variational and micromechanical methods are employed independently, yielding identical closed-form expressions for the internal forces and moments within the overlapping region. This analysis reveals the presence of tangential concentrated interaction forces of repulsive nature at both ends of the overlapping region. The investigation is complemented by the numerical solution of four case studies, illustrating the broad mechanical behavior of the flexible, frictionless sleeve system. It is found that two different mechanisms may define the maximum bearing capacity, associated with the reciprocal ejection of the two sub-rods: either (i) a quasi-static disappearance of the overlap or (ii) a snap-through instability. The study also shows the possible vanishing of the distributed interaction force, even in non-symmetric configurations. This research establishes a novel theoretical framework for the mechanics of deployable systems and offers insights to advance the design and analysis of structures in fields such as aerospace, robotics, and civil and mechanical engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106330"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamically consistent and microstructure informed porosity-based dynamic ductile damage model","authors":"Noah J. Schmelzer ,&nbsp;Evan J. Lieberman ,&nbsp;George T. Gray III ,&nbsp;Curt A. Bronkhorst","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A thermodynamically consistent finite deformation macroscale damage model for the nucleation and growth of voids under dynamic loading conditions is presented. Voids are modelled as thick-walled spheres within a representative volume element (RVE). Thick-walled spheres are distributed according to a physically informed probability distribution function which serves as integration weight for formation of the volume averaged macroscale porosity from the distributed microscale porosity. An isotropic finite deformation thermomechanical dislocation-based macroscale plasticity model is extended to include the energetic cost of free surface creation. The effects of inertia, compressibility, and creation of free surfaces are included for the high triaxiality shock conditions. The complete damage model is used to describe three different plate impact experiments conducted with high-purity tantalum. These three experiments differ in their impact velocity and imposed stress profile via graded flyer plate design and result in significantly different damage fields and free-surface velocity traces. The results are interpreted in the context of energy partitioning and numerical simulations are compared directly with the experimental damage fields and free-surface velocity profiles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106336"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144901812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breaking down the exceptional size-dependent toughness of nanocellular foams","authors":"Kush Dwivedi ,&nbsp;Santhosh Sridhar ,&nbsp;Vipin Kumar ,&nbsp;Marco Salviato ,&nbsp;Lucas R. Meza","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural materials commonly exhibit cellular architectures that demonstrate remarkable toughness, even when made of intrinsically brittle constituents. Understanding this unique behavior requires investigating the origins of toughness across the length scales that cellular solids occupy. In this work, we produce microcellular and nanocellular polyetherimide (PEI) foams via a solid-state foaming process using carbon dioxide as the blowing agent at saturation pressures of <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace></mspace><mtext>MPa</mtext></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mn>5</mn><mspace></mspace><mtext>MPa</mtext></mrow></math></span>, respectively. Foaming temperatures were tuned to achieve corresponding cell sizes ranging from 3<!--> <!-->µm to 5<!--> <!-->µm and 15<!--> <!-->nm to 40<!--> <!-->nm, with relative densities ranging from 42%–80%. Tensile and fracture tests coupled with digital image correlation (DIC) revealed that nanocellular foams exhibit a pronounced increase in fracture toughness compared to equivalently dense microcellular foams. Notably, the highest-density nanofoams dissipated more fracture energy per unit weight than even fully-dense PEI. This defies conventional foam fracture scaling laws that predict reduced toughness at smaller cell sizes. We performed a detailed size-effect analysis on the extent of damage and plasticity in the micro- and nanofoams to understand this unexpected behavior. Higher-density nanocellular foams are found to have a significantly larger plastic zone size (<span><math><mrow><mi>r</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></math></span>) than comparable microfoams, which extends their stable crack growth behavior. Finite element analysis with crack band fracture modeling was performed to isolate fracture mechanisms, revealing that the main contributor to improved toughness in nanocellular foams is increased plastic energy dissipation. We posit that size-enhanced ductility in the nanoscale ligaments is the origin of the disrupted cell size vs. toughness scaling relationship. These findings demonstrate a new paradigm wherein nanostructured design can be used to create novel materials with superior fracture toughness-to-weight ratios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 106327"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144899913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}