Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids最新文献

{"title":"Integrating pulmonary surfactant into lung mechanical simulations: A continuum approach to surface tension in poromechanics","authors":"Nibaldo Avilés-Rojas ,&nbsp;Daniel E. Hurtado","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface tension arising in the air–liquid interface of alveoli is a fundamental mechanism in lung physiology that explains lung recoil and hysteresis during breathing. However, pulmonary surface tension is typically neglected in continuum models of the lungs, possibly due to their complex multiscale physicochemical nature. In this study, we formulate a poromechanical framework that incorporates the effect of surfactant-dependent surface tension in porous media for the prediction of lung hysteretic response. Using an internal variable formalism, we apply the Coleman–Noll procedure to establish an expression for the stress tensor that includes surface tension akin to the Young–Laplace law. Based on this formulation, we construct a non-linear finite-element model of human lungs to simulate pressure–volume curves and lung response during mechanical ventilation. Our results show that surfactant-dependent surface tension notably modulates pressure–volume curves and lung mechanics. In particular, our model captures the influence of surfactant dynamics on lung hysteresis and compliance, predicting the transition from an insoluble reversible regime to a dissipative one governed by Langmuir kinetics. We envision that our continuum framework will enable lung simulations where surfactant-related phenomena are directly considered in predictions, with important applications to modeling respiratory disease and lung response to mechanical ventilation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 106174"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144194621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large strain constitutive modelling of soft compressible and incompressible solids: Generalised isotropic and anisotropic viscoelasticity","authors":"Zeng Liu ,&nbsp;Rogelio Ortigosa ,&nbsp;Antonio J. Gil ,&nbsp;Javier Bonet","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper discusses a new phenomenological continuum formulation for the constitutive modelling of viscoelastic materials at large strains. Following pioneering works in Sidoroff (1974), Lubliner (1985), Bergström (1998) and Reese and Govindjee (1997), the formulation shares some common ingredients with other phenomenological approaches, including the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into viscous and elastic contributions, the additive Maxwell-type decomposition of the strain energy density, and the definition of a set of kinematic internal state variables with their associated evolution laws. Our formulation departs from other state-of-the-art methodologies via three distinct novelties. First, and revisiting previous work by Bonet (2001), the paper introduces a thermodynamically consistent linear rate type evolution law in terms of stress-type variables, which resembles the return mapping algorithm typically used in elastoplasticity, facilitating the modelling link between both inelastic constitutive models. In this sense, the proposed viscoelastic evolution law can be identified with a classical plastic flow rule. Very importantly, the evolution law is shown to be compatible with the second law of thermodynamics by construction and have a closed-form solution in the case of incompressible viscoelasticity when using a prototypical neo-Hookean type of non-equilibrium strain energy density. Moreover, the paper shows how using the concept of a stress-driven dissipative potential, more general non-linear type of stress evolution laws can be straightforwardly constructed. Second, to facilitate the joint consideration of anisotropy and thermodynamic equilibrium, a frame indifferent stress free configuration is introduced which facilitates the definition of objective strain measures. Third, the methodology is extended from isotropy to transverse isotropy via the consideration of the appropriate structural tensor. The formulation is first displayed for the simple case of a single transversely isotropic invariant contribution with corresponding closed-form solution, and then straightforwardly extended to the consideration of the second transversely isotropic invariant, multiple families of fibres, or even more complex symmetry groups. To demonstrate the capability of the new framework, a specialised form of the eight-chain long-term strain energy (long term) and a neo-Hookean strain energy (non-equilibrium) have been adopted for the description of the mechanical behaviour of VHB 4910 polymer, due to its use in current Electro-Active Polymers based soft robotics. Good agreement is found between in silico predictions and available experimental data on various tests, including loading–unloading cyclic tests, single-step relaxation tests and a multi-step relaxation test. Finally, biaxial loading–unloading cyclic and relaxation tests are presented to further showcase performance in anisotropic scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 106194"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entropic pressure on a confined biological vesicle with surface tension","authors":"Rubayet Hassan ,&nbsp;Mingze Cai ,&nbsp;Anh Vo ,&nbsp;Samaneh Farokhirad ,&nbsp;Xin Yan ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Ahmadpoor","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Entropic forces play a critical role in the dynamics and stability of soft matter systems, particularly in biological membranes and vesicles. The origin of these forces lies in the significant thermal fluctuations of soft membranes, a subject that has intrigued the scientific community for decades. Most studies focus on a simplified version of the problem: a flat, tensionless membrane, rather than more complex non-planar surfaces with pre-existing curvature and surface tension. In this paper, we revisit this problem for confined biological vesicles using statistical mechanics analysis and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, explicitly incorporating their curvature field and surface tension. The coupling between the deformation field and the non-zero curvature field leads to a renormalized surface tension, significantly altering the entropic force compared to that of a planar membrane. We demonstrate that while the entropic pressure <span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span> follows a similar power-law behavior to that of a planar membrane at small distances, <span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>∝</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, it transitions to an exponential decay at larger distances. These findings provide insights into the coupled effects of surface tension, membrane configuration, and thermal fluctuations, particularly for understanding biological processes, such as vesicle fusion, endocytosis, and membrane-mediated interactions in crowded cellular environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 106193"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144190102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interfacial competing fracture in peeling of bi-interface film-substrate system","authors":"Hanbin Yin ,&nbsp;Zhouheng Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Jiao ,&nbsp;Yixing Zhang ,&nbsp;Yinji Ma ,&nbsp;Xue Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In transfer printing technology, the stamp, device, and substrate together form a typical bi-interface film-substrate system. Understanding the interfacial peeling and competing fracture behaviors of this structure is crucial for optimization of the transfer printing process. Current researches often focus on how the interfacial characteristics, such as interfacial strength, toughness, and defect, influence the interfacial fracture path, however, non-interfacial factors within the system are frequently overlooked. This oversight may result in challenges such as low yield rates and overreliance on empirical knowledge in practical transfer printing. In present study, we develop a theoretical peeling model for the bi-interface film-substrate system, taking into account the arbitrary peeling angle and the finite scale of the device. Based on the model, we systematically analyze the system’s interfacial competing fracture behavior during peeling and the factors that influence it. An analytical solution is derived for the cohesive zone length, which is shown as a function of the peeling angle, film bending stiffness, and interfacial properties. The interfacial competing fracture map is also obtained to identify the fracture path. The present study highlights the effects of non-interfacial factors, such as film bending stiffness, peeling angle, and device scale, on the interfacial competing fracture. It is found that increasing the film's bending stiffness, decreasing the peeling angle, and reducing the device scale would promote fracture at the device/substrate interface, while the opposite conditions favor fracture at the film/device interface. These theoretical findings are further validated through finite element simulations and experimental methods. The results of this study are beneficial for optimizing the transfer printing processes to improve yield rates and may also inspire the development of new transfer printing technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 106216"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inverse design of anisotropic microstructures using physics-augmented neural networks","authors":"Asghar A. Jadoon ,&nbsp;Karl A. Kalina ,&nbsp;Manuel K. Rausch ,&nbsp;Reese Jones ,&nbsp;Jan Niklas Fuhg","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Composite materials often exhibit mechanical anisotropy owing to the material properties or geometrical configurations of the microstructure. This makes their inverse design a two-fold problem. First, we must learn the type and orientation of anisotropy and then find the optimal design parameters to achieve the desired mechanical response. In our work, we solve this challenge by first training a forward surrogate model based on the macroscopic stress–strain data obtained via computational homogenization for a given multiscale material. To this end, we use partially Input Convex Neural Networks (pICNNs) to obtain a representation of the strain energy in terms of the invariants of the Cauchy–Green deformation tensor which is polyconvex with respect to the deformation gradient whereas it can have an arbitrary form with respect to the design parameters. The network architecture and the strain energy function are further modified to incorporate, by construction, physics and mechanistic assumptions into the framework. While training the neural network, we find the type of anisotropy, if any, along with the preferred directions. Once the model is trained, we solve the inverse problem using an evolution strategy to obtain the design parameters that give a desired mechanical response. We test the framework against synthetic macroscale and also homogenized data. For cases where polyconvexity might be violated during the homogenization process, we present viable alternate formulations. The trained model is also integrated into a finite element framework to invert design parameters that result in a desired macroscopic response. We show that the invariant-based model is able to solve the inverse problem for a stress–strain dataset with a different preferred direction than the one it was trained on and is able to not only learn the polyconvex potentials of hyperelastic materials but also recover the correct parameters for the inverse design problem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 106161"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional micromechanical expression for the average strain tensor of granular materials","authors":"Chaofa Zhao ,&nbsp;Ge Duan ,&nbsp;Zhongxuan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In investigations of the behaviour of granular materials, the conversion of discrete contact information, specifically the force and displacement data, into macroscopic quantities such as stress and strain is a fundamental approach. The expression for the average stress tensor, a well-established formulation, involves the summation over all interparticle contacts while considering both the contact force and geometric parameters such as the branch vector. However, for the three-dimensional case, a general micromechanical expression for the average strain tensor is still missing.</div><div>In this study, a three-dimensional micromechanical expression is derived for the average strain tensor of granular materials. The new expression for the strain tensor involves only particle positions and relative displacements between particles, and does not depend on the tessellation method applied to the space occupied by the particles and interparticle voids. To validate the accuracy of the strain tensor, displacement data of granular assemblies were generated through Discrete Element Method simulations, and the strains of granular assemblies calculated by the derived strain tensor were compared with those calculated from the macroscopic deformation of granular assemblies. The results demonstrate that the proposed strain tensor is consistent with the macroscopic strain tensor, either in triaxial compression or in simple shear tests. This research conclusively addresses the fundamental question for the three-dimensional micromechanical strain tensor of granular materials and contributes to the development of accurate micromechanics-based constitutive models for granular materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 106189"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fixing non-positive energies in higher-order homogenization","authors":"Manon Thbaut ,&nbsp;Basile Audoly ,&nbsp;Claire Lestringant","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy functionals produced by second-order homogenization of periodic elastic structures commonly feature negative gradient moduli. This undesirable property is caused by the truncation of the energy expansion in powers of the small scale separation parameter. By revisiting Cholesky’s LDLT decomposition, we propose an alternative truncation method that restores positivity while preserving the order of accuracy. We illustrate this method on a variety of periodic structures, both continuous and discrete, and derive compact analytical expressions of the homogenized energy that are positive and accurate to second order. The method can also cure the energy functionals produced by second-order <em>dimension reduction</em>, which suffer similar non-positivity issues. It extends naturally beyond second order.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 106168"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Description of void coalescence by internal necking/shearing within XFEM via a micromechanical 3D volumetric cohesive zone model (μ-VCZM)","authors":"Antonio Kaniadakis ,&nbsp;Jean-Philippe Crété ,&nbsp;Patrice Longère","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work addresses ductile failure in engineering structures, particularly in aerospace, naval, automotive, and nuclear industries. During accidental overloading or metal forming, materials such as titanium and aluminum alloys experience plastic deformation and ductile damage (by void nucleation, growth, and coalescence) that may eventually lead to crack propagation and fracture. The present study concentrates explicitly on the void coalescence stage. Indeed, building upon a numerical methodology developed by the present authors and detailed in a companion paper, a novel micromechanics-based volumetric cohesive zone model (<span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>-VCZM) is incorporated within the Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) to reproduce the process of void coalescence while overcoming the mesh objectivity issues of the numerical results during the softening regime. The Mode I (extension) and Mode II (shear) coalescence onset criteria and evolution laws are derived from micromechanical considerations. Subsequently, the yield surfaces and the integration algorithm necessary to determine the stress state within the coalescence band are established. Finally, the micromechanics-based <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>-VCZM is applied within the XFEM-VCZM unified methodology. The numerical model, implemented as user element (UEL) into the computation code <span>Abaqus</span>, demonstrates efficacy in replicating the stages of ductile fracture, highlighting its potential for addressing complex finite strain three-dimensional boundary value problems. Notably, the results obtained with coarse meshes exhibit no mesh dependency below a specific mesh size, reproducing realistic Mode I and II fracture surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 106176"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifidelity analysis of oxidation-driven fracture in ultra-high temperature ceramics","authors":"Daniel Pickard,&nbsp;Raul Radovitzky","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) such as silicon carbide (SiC) typically oxidize in extreme environments, which can result in swelling deformations and internal stresses that cause fracture. In this paper, we present two approaches to computationally model this class of technical ceramic failures, and we apply them to SiC. First, a thermodynamically-consistent continuum theory of thermo-chemo-mechanics is specialized to describe thermally-activated oxidation-induced swelling in UHTCs. In transport-limited cases, the specialized model is shown to capture the molecular diffusion of oxidant through the reaction product layer using only fundamental transport properties, i.e. without the need for calibration to reaction experiments. Second, a phenomenological model is presented that can be calibrated to passive oxidation experiments or alternatively to the fundamental model. We use this second approach to analyze oxidation-induced swelling, delamination and fracture in SiC. We implement both models in a computational discontinuous Galerkin (DG) interfacial multiphysics framework, which enables the analysis of enhanced oxidation along fractured surfaces as well as oxidation-driven fracture. We conduct simulations that provide a full description of the progression of the delamination front. Among the important new insights obtained from the analyses, we infer a direct functional dependence between the temperature-dependent oxidant diffusivity and the delamination rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 106175"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonuniform crystallization of PEEK in fused filament fabrication and its influence on subsequent mechanical properties","authors":"Zhihong Han ,&nbsp;Yulin Xiong ,&nbsp;Kaijuan Chen ,&nbsp;Zeang Zhao ,&nbsp;Jinyou Xiao ,&nbsp;Lihua Wen ,&nbsp;Ming Lei ,&nbsp;Xiao Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a typical additive manufacturing process, fused filament fabrication (FFF) commonly utilizes a cooling fan to speed up cooling and solidification of thermoplastic melts, thereby preventing the melts from flowing and improving the manufacturing quality. However, the temperature gradient created by the cooling fan often induces nonuniform crystallization, and further affects the mechanical properties in subsequent service, particularly for the thermoplastics polyether ether ketone (PEEK) with a high processing temperature. Therefore, tracing the dynamic crystallization is the key issue to achieve an integrated simulation suitable for analyzing the material-process-property relationship, and ultimately to improve the manufacturing quality. In this study, we developed a continuous phase-evolution model, suitable in the process simulation of FFF manufacturing of PEEK. Compared with existing phase-evolution models, this developed model considers the potential plastic deformation of continuously formed crystals in subsequent service. Each newly formed crystal phase is modeled by one newly added elastic-plastic branch with an initial stress-free state. Therefore, both the initial configuration at the formation moment and its impacts on the subsequent plastic deformation can be traced. By introducing the effective phase concept, the continuous added phases are equivalent to one effective phase, significantly reducing the computational burden of dynamic crystallization in PEEK. Consequently, the developed model can be implemented into the user defined subroutine for the finite element analysis, and the FFF manufacturing can be modeled by the element activation technology according to the real manufacturing path. To validate the developed model, the FFF manufacturing of a quadrangular prism specimen and the subsequent nanoindentation tests were studied. Both the crystallinity evolution during manufacturing and the mechanical properties in subsequent nanoindentation tests, respectively, at the downwind side and at the upwind side can be well predicted, indicating that the developed method can be used to design the FFF manufacturing process of engineering components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 106208"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}