Int. J. IT Stand. Stand. Res.最新文献

{"title":"Standards as Hybrids: An Essay on Tensions and Juxtapositions in Contemporary Standardization","authors":"V. Fomin","doi":"10.4018/jitsr.2012070105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitsr.2012070105","url":null,"abstract":"Today the political rhetoric of the European Union is focused on the transformation from service/industrial to Information Society – the concept emphasizing the role of national and global information infrastructures in the economic development of the state (Castells, 1996). Guided by the vision as laid out in European Commission’s programme “eEurope,” European societies and economies are accelerating the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in a hope to be able to fully exploit the potential of the new informational economy, which is expected to bring not less than a “tremendous potential for growth, employment and inclusion”1 (Council of the European Union, 1999, p.4). Similar to the processes of interconnecting roads and railways, bolts and nuts in the formation of the industrial economies, building informational economy requires networking of myriad of disparate information systems and resources on different levels of social organizing. Inter-operating informational resources and systems, making a “workable whole” out of disparate local implementations, brings about new requirements and dynamics unknown in the construction of industrial age infrastructure – the instantaneity of production and delivery of services, the inter-modality of different infrastructures (such as e.g., cellular mobile, the Internet, TV, radio, GPS) (Edwards, 2000), consistency of informational resources (Gill & Miller, 2002), a host of security-, safetyand privacy-related issues – just few to mention. With new unthinkable levels of complexity in assuring interoperability of informational tools and resources, scholars of standardization and infrastructure development are operating with theories on standards competition and interoperability based on the knowledge of pre-informational age, and the validity of the extant theories is tried and often refuted as new cases of informational age are studied. To take few examples, competition of Open Document Format (ODF) and Microsoft’s Office Open XML (OOXML) file formats is not like typical standards contests as we know from the Standards as Hybrids: An Essay on Tensions and Juxtapositions in Contemporary Standardization","PeriodicalId":169063,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. IT Stand. Stand. Res.","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127307494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Asian Countries Ready to Lead a Global ICT Standardization?","authors":"D. Seo, J. Koek","doi":"10.4018/jitsr.2012070103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitsr.2012070103","url":null,"abstract":"East Asian countries are booming with both technological and demographic advances. They have traditionally developed their economies by being licensed foreign Information and Communications Technology ICT standards and using them to develop their home market and to export products. This paper proposes that East Asian countries should start to develop a leadership role in global ICT standardizations, even though their focuses are currently still primarily on developments in their own nations.","PeriodicalId":169063,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. IT Stand. Stand. Res.","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132208811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Korea's Strategies for ICT Standards Internationalisation: A Comparison with China's","authors":"Heejin Lee, Joon Huh","doi":"10.4018/jitsr.2012070101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitsr.2012070101","url":null,"abstract":"Korea and China are among the rising challengers in the international ICT Information Communication and Technology standards regime. They are attempting to internationalize their home-grown technologies. As latecomers they share similarities and display differences. This paper examines two Korean cases WIPI and WiBro, and compares with Chinese cases. Thereby it helps to conceptualize and evaluate latecomers' strategies for international standardization. Comparison of the two countries' strategies for international standardization is useful and timely particularly considering forthcoming FTA negotiations between the two countries where TBT technical barriers to trade including standards becomes a critical part of the agreement. The cases of the two countries share some commonalities in terms of origination local R&D, government leadership and motivation reduction of royalties. The main difference is that while Korea is oriented towards the outside, China is towards the inside, at least by now. Due to its huge domestic markets and global influence, China's standards form a real threat to the incumbent standards from traditional players like US and EU.","PeriodicalId":169063,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. IT Stand. Stand. Res.","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115327781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standardization as Governance Without Government: A Critical Reassessment of the Digital Video Broadcasting Project's Success Story","authors":"Niclas Meyer","doi":"10.4018/jitsr.2012070102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitsr.2012070102","url":null,"abstract":"Industry-led technical standardization is often cited as an example for governance without government and the Digital Video Broadcasting DVB Project is often presented as a particularly successful case of such private governance. Succeeding the spectacular failure of the government-led high-definition television standardization project in European, the successes of the industry-led DVB Project have often been cited as evidence for the superior governance capacity of private industry. While the commercial and engineering success of the DVB Project is unequivocal, this paper raises the question whether it has been equally successful from a governance point of view.","PeriodicalId":169063,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. IT Stand. Stand. Res.","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130211711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International E-Customs Standardization from the Perspective of a Global Company","authors":"S. Henningsson","doi":"10.4018/jitsr.2012070104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitsr.2012070104","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses international e-Customs standardization from the perspective of a global dairy company who faces the result of the standardization efforts. International trade stands in front of a paradox of increasing security and control in order to meet threats from terrorist, diseases and other risks while at the same time lower the administrative burden for traders in order to stay competitive. To solve this seemingly impossible equation national customs and regional economic organizations are seeking to establish a standardized solution for digital reporting of customs data. However, standardization has proven hard to achieve in the socio-technical e-Customs solution. The author identifies and describes what has to be harmonized in order for a global company should perceive e-Customs as standardized. In doing so the author contributes towards an improved understanding of the challenges associated with using a standardization mechanism for harmonizing socio-technical information systems.","PeriodicalId":169063,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. IT Stand. Stand. Res.","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128883205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative or Indefensible?: An Empirical Assessment of Patenting within Standard Setting","authors":"A. Layne-Farrar","doi":"10.4018/jitsr.2011070101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitsr.2011070101","url":null,"abstract":"Cooperative standard setting may be burdened by \"over patenting\". Because standards may convey market power to firms whose patents are implicated, \"strategic\" patenting may enable opportunistic behaviors. Thus, particular concerns have been raised over patenting that takes place after the first versions of a standard are published, as these patents may be aimed at the acquisition of market power. This is a reasonable concern, but another possibility also may be likely: \"ex post\" patenting may be driven by genuine innovation. Which is more prevalent? To begin answering this question, the author empirically assesses the patenting that occurs within a standard setting organization. The author rejects the first stage hypothesis that all ex post patenting must be opportunistic and conclude instead that such patenting is likely a mixed bag of incremental innovative contributions along with some strategic ones. As a result, standard setting policy prescriptions should proceed with caution so that the good is not eliminated with the bad.","PeriodicalId":169063,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. IT Stand. Stand. Res.","volume":"os-33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127867554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Battle Within: An Analysis of Internal Fragmentation in Networked Technologies Based on a Comparison of the DVB-H and T-DMB Mobile Digital Multimedia Broadcasting Standards","authors":"Håkon Ursin Steen","doi":"10.4018/jitsr.2011070103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitsr.2011070103","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the concept of internal standards fragmentation in networked technologies-occurring when two or more products remain non-interoperable for an intended service, even though being perfectly compliant to the same core interface compatibility standard. Two main sources of internal fragmentation are identified \"configurational\" and \"competitive\". A case study is done on the historically observed internal fragmentation within the DVB-H and T-DMB mobile digital multimedia broadcasting standards. It is argued that internal standards fragmentation has important consequences hitherto unaddressed in the literature, including potentially undermining the effects of interoperability and economies of scale expected to follow from the adoption of a single standard. Implications for research, policy and practice are discussed, and advice for further research is provided.","PeriodicalId":169063,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. IT Stand. Stand. Res.","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130676411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Link Between Standards and Patents","authors":"A. Layne-Farrar, Compass LexEcon, A. Padilla","doi":"10.4018/jitsr.2011070102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitsr.2011070102","url":null,"abstract":"Some policymakers, courts, and academics have expressed concerns that when a firm's patents are incorporated into a standard, the patents gain importance and can bestow on the patent holder market power that can be abused when the standard is commercialized. This paper extends the existing literature on the effect that standards can have on patents. This analysis has two aims: first, to better understand how an SSO might confer importance on included patents and second, to move closer to an empirical understanding of the impact of a standard on included patents. The authors create a dataset of patents named to voluntary standard setting organizations, as well as the patent pools that sometimes develop around such standards. The authors rely on proxies to capture a patent's importance or value.","PeriodicalId":169063,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. IT Stand. Stand. Res.","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124486746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community-Driven Specifications: XCRI, SWORD, and LEAP2A","authors":"Scott Wilson","doi":"10.4018/jitsr.2010070106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitsr.2010070106","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the issues and opportunities for specifications that develop outside of the traditional governance processes of industry consortia or formal standards organisations through a discussion and comparison of three specifications developed in the education sector: XCRI eXchanging Course-Related Information, SWORD Simple Web service Offering Repository Deposit, and LEAP2.0 Learner Portfolios 2.0. In each case study, there are challenges, opportunities, and accomplishments, and the experiences of each project are compared to identify commonalities and differences. Based on these case studies, the paper applies the framework developed by Wilson and Velayutham 2009 to position the specifications against similar specifications from established consortia and formal standards. Finally, the topic of incubating specifications is discussed, with implications for funding agencies with an interest in supporting interoperability.","PeriodicalId":169063,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. IT Stand. Stand. Res.","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128717869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Data Model for Describing and Exchanging Personal Achieved Learning Outcomes (PALO)","authors":"Jad Najjar, M. Derntl, T. Klobučar, Bernd Simon, Michael Totschnig, Simon Grant, J. Pawlowski","doi":"10.4018/JITSR.2010070107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/JITSR.2010070107","url":null,"abstract":"Employers seek people that match particular qualifications and graduates seek jobs that match their qualifications. This market is currently managed primarily using paper certificates and heterogeneous university management systems that capture achieved learning outcomes as well as corporate information systems that capture required qualifications. In light of trends toward increased student mobility, employability and lifelong learning, this situation is less than satisfactory. Therefore, in this paper, the authors propose a schema that facilitates interoperable storage and management of Personal Achieved Learning Outcomes PALO based on a common data model. This paper presents use case scenarios and implementations addressing these challenges and demonstrating the added value of using such a common model.","PeriodicalId":169063,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. IT Stand. Stand. Res.","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129192382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}