{"title":"The pragmatics of encouragement: An inquiry into defaults vis-à-vis inferences","authors":"Sadiya Shahid","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2025.01.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2025.01.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates primary meta-level meanings of encouragement, particularly in Arabic, in order to inform discourse interpretation models, mechanisms, and classifications in post-Gricean pragmatics. It particularly addresses two main questions: How should default versus inferential meanings be conceived and defined, particularly in relation to contextuality and conventionality? And what role do metapragmatic conventions, that is, the intuitive manner in which linguistic devices are employed by interlocutors, play in generating defaults and inferences? This paper presents both theoretical and empirical evidence with a cross-cultural basis, bringing in fresh insights on the theory of meaning from Arabic discourse pragmatics as well as a survey-based pilot study on Arabic discourse use. The findings support that: (i) defaults are preferred on the basis of statistically significant frequency; (ii) defaults are salient meanings that can be dependent on the situation and exist on a scale of degrees; (iii) meta-meanings of encouragement in Arabic can be recovered by default, and such defaults are socioculturally and metapragmatically grounded.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"237 ","pages":"Pages 97-112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Representation of threatening speech in Late Modern English trials","authors":"Theresa Neumaier","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2025.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2025.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When spoken threats are brought to court, one of the challenges judges and juries face is that they must decide on the legal relevance of a speech act which is usually not available as physical evidence. Instead, witnesses must resort to verbal re-enactments of the alleged threat, e.g. through the use of speech act labels and speech descriptors. This provides scholars with a unique opportunity to investigate laypersons' understandings of what constitutes a ‘proper’ threat. Using a set of trial accounts published in the <em>Proceedings of the Old Bailey</em> between 1837 and 1913, I analyse the metapragmatic expressions witnesses employ to represent and describe threatening speech when giving testimony during trials related to threatening behaviour and extortion. I then compare these first-order conceptualisations of threats with definitions by legal professionals and scholarly work on speech act analysis. The study shows that laypersons in the Late Modern English courtroom use metapragmatic expressions not only to report the occurrence of an illegal speech act but also to express their attitude towards disruptions of the social order.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"237 ","pages":"Pages 55-67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“This apology doesn't seem sincere at all” (Meta)discourses around Will Smith's apology in English and Japanese YouTube comments","authors":"Eugenia Diegoli","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2025.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2025.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates cultural variation in the reception and evaluation of the same apology event. More specifically, it looks at how Will Smith's apology for slapping Chris Rock has been metadiscursively constructed in two sets of YouTube comments (310,998 tokens): the English comments to the original apology video and the Japanese comments to a second video, which is addressed to a Japanese audience and reports and translates the apology. Corpus(-assisted) methods are employed to examine the Meta-Illocutionary Expressions (MIEs) <em>apolog</em>∗ and 謝罪 <em>shazai</em> ‘apology’/謝∗ <em>ayama</em>∗ ‘apologise’ in context and, more specifically: (1) their function; (2) the underlying evaluations they convey; and (3) the moral orders they appeal to.</div><div>The reading of concordances showed that the MIEs are used to problematise or endorse the apology and that negative evaluations of Smith and his apology are more prominent in English. A closer look at the collocates revealed that <em>apolog</em>∗ typically co-occurs with <em>sincere</em> to challenge the sincerity of the act. Conversely, <em>shazai</em>/<em>ayama</em>∗ is associated with お互いに (<em>o-</em>)<em>tagai</em> (<em>ni</em>) ‘reciprocal(ly)’ to indicate that a reciprocal apology from Rock would be appropriate. This suggests that culture-specific moral orders play a role in the negotiation of what is (im)polite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"237 ","pages":"Pages 68-81"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Orienting to knowledge as remarkable: The newsmark be'emet (‘in-truth’) in Hebrew conversation","authors":"Michal Marmorstein , Leon Shor","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2025.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2025.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper examines a practice of responding to informing actions implemented by the Hebrew form <em>be'emet</em> (lit. ‘in truth’). Based on everyday conversation data, it argues that the newsmark <em>be'emet</em> attributes remarkability, of whatever degree or valence, to the prior speaker's informing. This can be done to endorse a similar stance already offered by the informer, or it can be independently proffered by the recipient. The study shows how the negotiation of remarkability unfolds in <em>be'emet</em>-embedding sequences, focusing on cases where recipients use <em>be'emet</em> to align with their positioning as the less knowledgeable or newly informed party, as previously projected by the informer, or to withhold acceptance or contest this positioning. These different options are grounded in the epistemic and social positioning of the informer and recipient and are contextualized through the multimodal design of the <em>be'emet</em>-turn. The study proposes that the lack of specificity of <em>be'emet</em> is an affordance of such a response token since it opens up the possibility of combinedly dealing with other exigencies established by the larger activity, as well as allowing for an off-record negotiation of problems of epistemic alignment between the parties. On a broader level, the paper highlights how more general analyses of response tokens in the field of pragmatics can be enhanced by micro-analytic investigations of individual newsmarks within their local sequential context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"238 ","pages":"Pages 40-59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"Dániel Z. Kádár","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2025.01.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2025.01.009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"238 ","pages":"Pages 37-39"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quick body torque toward blackboard at third position: Teachers’ material practice in classroom interaction","authors":"Mika Ishino , Aya Watanabe","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2025.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2025.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although scholars have illustrated various embodied and material practices in social interactions, they have faced challenges documenting specific collection-based practices across different datasets. Analyzing classroom institutions as an exemplary setting, this paper documents a recurrent embodied and material practice regarding a teacher's use of a blackboard. Specifically, we examined teachers' mobile body torque toward the blackboard at the third position, which signals a positive evaluation of a student's response in the initiation (first)–response (second)–evaluation (third) sequence, known as IRE. Using video recordings of five English-language classrooms in Japan, we conducted multimodal conversation analysis on IRE sequences within a knowledge-check activity involving a blackboard. The activity was organized around teachers' known-answer questions directed to the students. When the teachers obtained a “correct” answer from a student, they quickly moved their bodies toward the blackboard to write the answer while withholding verbal evaluation. At this sequential moment, the teacher's body torque toward the blackboard projects a positive evaluation, along with other embodied conducts, such as a head nod. Terming this practice as the “embodied-material projecting third,” we will demonstrate the recurrence of this embodied and material practice across classrooms. In conclusion, we will discuss how the evaluative action is multimodally constructed through the interplay of the teacher's bodily placement and material engagement in classroom ecology. The data are in Japanese with English translations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"238 ","pages":"Pages 19-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Delivering reassurance in online medical consultations: The stance marker Hao-bu-hao (HBH) in spoken Chinese","authors":"Ying Jin , Dennis Tay","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2025.01.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2025.01.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article examines doctors' delivery of reassurance in online medical consultations. It focuses on the Mandarin <em>A-not-A</em> structure <em>hao-bu-hao</em> (<em>HBH</em>), equivalent to “alright” in English, and observes how it contribute to the delivery of reassurance. Data include typed texts and audio recordings. Using conversation analysis, we differentiate two environments where HBH is used: in delivering a no-problem diagnosis and an optimistic prognosis in the context of bad news. We argue that HBH allows the doctor to maintain control over the interaction while appearing less directive by acknowledging the patient's contingency without genuinely seeking their input.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"238 ","pages":"Pages 4-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards a multimodal approach for analysing interpreter's management of rapport challenge in onsite and video remote interpreting","authors":"Dries Cavents, July De Wilde, Jelena Vranjes","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, interpreters' management of rapport is increasingly being investigated. Yet little attention has been directed towards the role of the interpreter's non-verbal behaviour when managing rapport and to the influence of video mediated forms of interpreting on the use of non-verbal behaviour. Therefore, this study proposes a multimodal micro-interactional framework for analysing interpreters' management of rapport challenge in both onsite (OSI) and video remote interpreting (VRI) interaction. The paper introduces a multimodal coding scheme based on Spencer-Oatey's Rapport Management Theory (2008), which is then applied to a dataset of video recorded interpreter-mediated interactions to examine how interpreters employ verbal, paraverbal, and non-verbal resources to multimodally address rapport challenge. Data were collected from simulated interactions involving professional public service interpreters and role-players adopting the role of primary participants in a reception centre for asylum seekers. The findings reveal that in OSI interpreters use a wide range of non-verbal resources when conveying rapport challenges, whereas VRI imposes constraints on non-verbal communication, often necessitating more disruptive verbal strategies to manage rapport. The study underscores the importance of a multimodal approach to interpreting research, highlighting how non-verbal behaviours significantly contribute to the management of interpersonal relations in interpreter-mediated talk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"235 ","pages":"Pages 220-237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beyond sentence grammar: Persian directives in interaction","authors":"Reza Kazemian , Mohammad Amouzadeh , Bernd Heine , Hadaegh Rezaei","doi":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines Persian directives through the lens of interactive grammar, aiming to categorize and explore their various types. While the existing model provides valuable analytical tools, it falls short in explaining the plethora of directive data examined in this study. As an initial stride towards broadening the cross-linguistic applicability of interactive grammar, particularly in the realm of directive categorization, this study proposes a more elaborate classification. The Persian directives are categorized into two main groups: primary and secondary, with the latter further subdivided into imperative-derived, adverb-derived, vocative-derived, and nominal directives. Additionally, a fresh perspective is cast on the Persian double-verb imperative, transcending the traditional view of serial verb constructions and elucidating its unique features and functions. The taxonomy of Persian directives posited in this study not only enhances the granularity of the overarching model but also paves the way for its expanded cross-linguistic utility. This detailed classification opens avenues for corpus-based studies to glean deeper insights and aids in the development of more explicit annotation schemes, empowering researchers with some clear-cut categories of directives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16899,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pragmatics","volume":"236 ","pages":"Pages 40-59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143132453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}