Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Airbrush-sprayed TiO2 layers for the photocatalytic degradation of endocrine disruptors: Performance, stability and applicability","authors":"Barbora Walderova ,&nbsp;Adela Paulusova ,&nbsp;Lenka Belhacova ,&nbsp;Libor Brabec ,&nbsp;Petra Cihlarova ,&nbsp;Jiri Rathousky ,&nbsp;Martin Kuchar","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heterogeneous TiO₂ photocatalysis is an efficient process to be added after standard wastewater treatment to ensure the complete removal of endocrine disruptors, toxic to humans and animals. To address the challenges of industrial-scale operation, an airbrush spraying immobilization method was developed, which provided layers with high stability, reusability, and repeatability. On these layers, an over 50 % conversion after 5 h was achieved for two structurally differing endocrine disrupting chemicals under standardized conditions. The experimental conditions were further optimized; for TiO₂ areal density above 0.8 mg cm⁻², the photocatalytic activity was independent on the used thickness range and proportional to the layer area. The optimization enabled 70 % conversion of 17<em>α</em>-ethinylestradiol after 5 h even when greywater was used as a matrix, with theoretical complete conversion within 24 h. Based on concentrations of identified transformation products of 17<em>α</em>-ethinylestradiol under different experimental conditions, an alternative to the dominant reaction mechanism is proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-chemistry","volume":"463 ","pages":"Article 116271"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143142923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visible absorption and fluorescence emission of synthetic dimers of chlorophyll-a derivatives linked with a π-conjugated oligoene spacer at the peripheral 3-position","authors":"Hinako Sasakura,&nbsp;Yusuke Kinoshita,&nbsp;Hitoshi Tamiaki","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Naturally occurring chlorophyll-<em>a</em> was chemically modified to give homo-dimers of methyl pyropheophorbide-<em>a</em> linked with or without a vinylidene group at the 3-vinyl terminal. Access to the hexatriene- and butadiene-linked dyads was achieved through the olefin metathesis of the vinyl group in the peripheral substituent on the chlorin π-system and successive dehydration in the resulting spacer between the chlorin cores. The conjugation of the two chlorin moieties via the oligoene linkers moved the visible absorption and fluorescence emission maxima in dichloromethane to longer wavelengths. Especially, the red-shifted and broadened Soret absorption bands reached to a green-light region around 500 nm, and the Qy absorption maxima were located at a far-red region around 700 nm. The dimerization enhanced the fluorescence emission efficiency with quantum yields of approximately 30%. The intramolecular through-bond interaction between the two chlorin π-systems in the dimers was revealed by comparison with the optical properties of their corresponding monomeric counterparts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-chemistry","volume":"462 ","pages":"Article 116270"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the recognition behavior of a fluorescein-based probe towards the significant detection of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions: Experimental and computational studies","authors":"Navneet Kumar ,&nbsp;Pawan Kumar Sada ,&nbsp;Amit Kumar Kundan ,&nbsp;Amit Bar ,&nbsp;Amanpreet Kaur Jassal ,&nbsp;Surya Prakash Rai ,&nbsp;Vipendra Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Neha Garg ,&nbsp;Alok Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Ankit Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Sumit Kumar ,&nbsp;Laxman Singh ,&nbsp;Abhishek Rai","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new fluorescein hydrazone <strong>(FA1)</strong> has been synthesized employing fluorescein hydrazide and 3,5-diiodosalicylaldehyde and its complete physiochemical characterization have been carried out. A single crystal XRD studies of <strong>FA1</strong> has been performed. Among the tested metal ions <strong>FA1</strong> significantly detects Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ in EtOH/H₂O (8:2, v/v)). There is an emergence of a new absorbance peak at λ_max 431 nm with Cu²⁺ ions. A “turn-on” behavior in fluorescence at λ_em510 nm was observed with Zn²⁺ ions owing to chelation enhanced fluorescence. This act of spectrophotometric changes and naked eye color variation from colorless to yellow is because of coordination with the metal ions rather than most common opening of spirolactum ring. <strong>FA1-</strong>Cu²⁺ and <strong>FA1-</strong>Zn²⁺ensembles display reversible behavior with EDTA²⁻ ions. In a study on latent fingerprint detection using powder compounds, it was found that <strong>FA1</strong> and <strong>FA1–</strong>Zn²⁺ showed excellent adherence to finger ridges and produced clear features without any background stains. The Hirshfeld surface and fingerprint analysis of <strong>FA1</strong> offer a detailed examination of pairwise interactions between atoms. Additionally, topological analysis of <strong>FA1</strong> has been conducted using NCI, AIM, ELF, and LOL methodologies. Alamar assay of <strong>FA1</strong> on HEK-293 cell lines exhibited biocompatibility with minimal cytotoxicity. Hence, they were effectively applied for live cell imaging for intracellular sensing of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ in HEK-293 cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-chemistry","volume":"462 ","pages":"Article 116268"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intensive singlet oxygen photogeneration and photocatalytic activity of Sn,Fe-doped ZnO-based composites","authors":"L.L. Khomutinnikova ,&nbsp;S.K. Evstropiev ,&nbsp;I.K. Meshkovskii ,&nbsp;I.V. Moskalenko ,&nbsp;I.V. Bagrov ,&nbsp;E.V. Skorb","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2024.116254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2024.116254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The singlet oxygen photogeneration by Sn,Fe-doped ZnO-based composites under radiation of different light sources was studied in detail. The composites were synthesized by the polymeric sol–gel method and their morphology, spectral and luminescent properties were characterized. The luminescence spectroscopy, ESR analysis and the investigation of photocatalytic activities of materials were applied for the detail characterization of the process of reactive oxygen species (ROS) photogeneration. The experimental results of the luminescence spectroscopy and ESR analysis show that the dependencies of the intensity of singlet oxygen photogeneration by composites from the power density of exciting radiation (λ_ex = 370 nm or 405 nm) are linear. The modification of ZnO by SnO₂ and Fe₂O₃ significantly increases the ability of the singlet oxygen photogeneration (ZnO &lt; ZnO-SnO₂ &lt; ZnO-SnO₂-Fe₂O₃) and improves the photocatalytic activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-chemistry","volume":"462 ","pages":"Article 116254"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and synthesis of a water soluble charge transfer fluorescent dye and its multifaceted sensing properties towards different microenvironments","authors":"Akash Das,&nbsp;Nikhil Guchhait","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A newly designed water soluble Styryl pyridinium dye (E)-1-methyl-4-(4-(piperidin-1-yl)styryl)pyridin-1-ium iodide (<strong>MPSP</strong>) was synthesized and characterized by NMR and ESIMS. In the solution phase, <strong>MPSP</strong> exhibits solvatochromic emission behavior and increment of lifetime value with solvent polarity, a consequence of excited state intramolecular charge transfer (ESICT) process. The excited state dipole moment of <strong>MPSP</strong> was calculated to be 16.75 D, which is higher than the ground state, indicating greater charge separation in the excited state. Theoretical potential energy curves (PEC) along the charge transfer torsional coordinate was generated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) methods, demonstrating a low energy barrier in the excited state with an asymmetric double well potential. In solid state, <strong>MPSP</strong> exhibits high emission intensity with no change in emission decay behavior upon excitation, although <strong>MPSP</strong> shows very broad absorption in the solid state. A bi-exponential decay pattern is observed upon exciting at 450 nm, revealing the coexisting J- and H- aggregates. <strong>MPSP</strong> was used as a fluorescence probe for detecting of anionic surfactants (SDS) and human serum albumin (HSA) protein. It showed unique optical behavior and color changes, with a multi-fold intensity boost in presence of HSA and SDS, but not in the presence of positively charged surfactant CTAB, indicating an electrostatic affinity. Another noteworthy outcome is that fluorescence intensity increases with increasing solution viscosity, leading to the establishment of a quantitative method for determining solution viscosity due to a strong linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and environmental viscosity in the acquired samples. Improved photophysical characteristics of these dyes, such as Stokes shift and emission wavelength, result in them being appealing possibilities for intracellular viscosity detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-chemistry","volume":"462 ","pages":"Article 116261"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper metallic nanoclusters encapsulated within zinc-based metal organic framework for optical sensing of ciprofloxacin in aqueous solutions","authors":"Shaghayegh Kheirkhahnia,&nbsp;Susan Sadeghi","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2024.116259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2024.116259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this research, copper metallic nanoclusters protected by histidine (CuNCs@His) were synthesized and combined with zinc-based metal–organic framework (MOF-5) to form a composite material (CuNCs@His/MOF-5). Physicochemical properties of the synthesized nanocomposite were analyzed by UV–Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), and elemental mapping (MAP) analysis. The resulting nanocomposite showed an emission wavelength at 438 nm under excitation of 345 nm. The integrated nanostructure was used as a fluorescent probe for the detection of ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic based on the “turn-on” fluorescence mode. Factors affecting CIP determination such as sample pH, buffer type, incubation time, amount of the modified metal–organic framework (CuNCs@His/MOF-5), and the analyte concentration were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration curve for CIP was linear in the concentration range of 0.01–0.20 µg mL⁻¹ with a limit of detection and relative standard deviation of 0.01 µg mL⁻¹ and 2.6 %, respectively. Also, the efficiency of the method was investigated in the presence of interfering compounds. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to determine CIP in water and urine samples with recovery percentage ranging from 90.4 % to 102.8 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-chemistry","volume":"462 ","pages":"Article 116259"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A turn-on fluorescent sensor for Al3+ based on a crown ether-bridged biscyanostilbene carboxylic derivative","authors":"Ting Yang ,&nbsp;Xinhui Huang ,&nbsp;Liangbin Lin ,&nbsp;Hongyu Guo ,&nbsp;Fafu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As Al³⁺ is an important ion in industry and daily life, the fluorescence sensor with high sensing selectivity and sensitivity for Al³⁺ in rapid, simple and in-situ way was always anticipated. In this work, a “turn-on” fluorescence sensor (<strong>CBC</strong>) based on a crown ether-bridged biscyanostilbene carboxylic derivative exhibited excellent fluorescence response for Al³⁺ with obvious fluorescence change from dark blue to bright blue-green color. The high sensing selectivity for Al³⁺ was observed among 28 kinds of metallic cations and anions. The detecting limitation was as low as 1.68 × 10⁻⁸ M. The sensing mechanism was proposed as that Al³⁺ was bound by two carboxyl groups, resulting in the rotating restriction of aromatic groups and strong fluorescence. This sensing ability of <strong>CBC</strong> for Al³⁺ was evaluated by TLC analysis, stamp experiment and simulated water samples, suggesting the excellent application potential on simple, rapid and in-situ detection of Al³⁺ in real environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-chemistry","volume":"462 ","pages":"Article 116262"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"N, P, S-doped carbon dots as photoluminescent probe for highly sensitive detection of Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions: Applications in cancer cell imaging and real samples","authors":"Alagarsamy Priyadharshini ,&nbsp;Kuppu Sakthi Velu ,&nbsp;Ayyakannu Arumugam Napoleon ,&nbsp;Prasanta Roy ,&nbsp;Naushad Ahmad ,&nbsp;Subramanian Palanisamy ,&nbsp;SangGuan You ,&nbsp;Sonaimuthu Mohandoss ,&nbsp;Seong-Cheol Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heteroatom-doped photoluminescent (PL) carbon dots (CDs) have garnered significant attention recently due to their versatile optical properties, making them ideal for use as optical sensors. This research outlines a straightforward one-pot hydrothermal approach for synthesizing nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S)-doped carbon dots (NPS-CDs), using remdesivir and thiourea as starting materials. The synthesized NPS-CDs were comprehensively analyzed using various spectroscopic and microscopic methods, such as UV–Vis, photoluminescence (PL), FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, and XPS. The NPS-CDs showed impressive photoluminescence, emitting green light at 546 nm when excited at 418 nm, with a high quantum yield of 23.2 %. Morphological studies indicated that the NPS-CDs were spherical and well-dispersed, with an average size of 6.0 ± 0.2 nm. Additionally, the NPS-CDs maintained stable photoluminescence over a broad pH range and in solutions with high ionic strength. As optical probes, the NPS-CDs exhibited strong selectivity toward Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions, showing a significant quenching effect, while other metal ions produced negligible responses, indicating the sensor specificity. A strong linear relationship was observed between the NPS-CDs photoluminescence intensity and the concentrations of Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions, with detection limits as low as 3.72 nM for Cu²⁺ and 2.98 nM for Fe³⁺ (0–1.0 μM), demonstrating the sensor sensitivity. Biocompatibility was assessed using a WST assay, and the NPS-CDs successfully imaged live cells, suggesting their potential for biomedical applications. This NPS-CDs sensor offers a promising method for detecting Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions in environmental water samples, combining high sensitivity, selectivity, and biocompatibility, making it a viable option for monitoring metal ion contamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-chemistry","volume":"462 ","pages":"Article 116267"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants using a novel bimetallic Ag-Cu doped biphenyl linked covalent triazine framework: Experimental, theoretical and toxicological assessments","authors":"I. Abdul Matheen ,&nbsp;A. Ahmed Raza ,&nbsp;A. Mujthaba Aatif ,&nbsp;S. Ravi ,&nbsp;Attar Kubaib ,&nbsp;S. Abdul Majeed ,&nbsp;S. Zaheer Ahmed ,&nbsp;S. Syed Tajudeen","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photocatalysis is regarded as a promising method for the degradation of organic contaminants owing to its cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and eco-friendly nature. For this purpose, here in this work, new photocatalysts based on biphenyl-linked covalent triazine framework (BP-CTF) via Friedel-Crafts reaction was synthesized and subsequently doped with mono and bimetal combinations of Ag and Cu. The photocatalysts were characterized using various analytical techniques. Theoretical calculations using Gaussian 09 software were applied to investigate the electronic effects of metal incorporation which influence the photocatalytic performance by adjusting the band gap structures of the M@BP-CTF. The performance of the synthesized catalysts was evaluated for their ability to degrade methylene blue and tetracycline through photocatalysis. The findings showed that the photocatalytic degradation activity was best for bimetallic AgCu@BP-CTF with the highest rate constants of 0.03039 min⁻¹ and 0.0273 min⁻¹ for methylene blue and tetracycline respectively, exhibiting superior performance compared to the Ag@BP-CTF, Cu@BP-CTF and many previously reported benchmark materials. This is due to the restriction of the recombination of electrons and holes by the heterojunctions leading to enhanced performance. Further, <em>in-vitro</em> cytotoxic effects of the photocatalysts, pollutants and its degradation products were performed in the Seabass Gill (SBG) cell line. The bimetallic AgCu@BP-CTF exhibited less toxic effects compared to its monometallic counterparts with high concentration of ∼100 μg mL⁻¹. The effluent treated with the AgCu@BP-CTF photocatalyst showed improved survival rates for Seabass Gill (SBG) cell line in comparison to the untreated effluent. The efficient activity, biocompatibility and non-toxic effluent resulting from photodegradation indicates the potential use of the developed AgCu@BP-CTF photocatalyst in the treatment of wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-chemistry","volume":"462 ","pages":"Article 116264"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photoelectrochemical properties of WO3 films prepared by hydrothermal synthesis","authors":"Mohamed H. Sayed ,&nbsp;Mohammed M. Gomaa ,&nbsp;Tomáš Imrich ,&nbsp;Roman Nebel ,&nbsp;Michael Neumann-Spallart ,&nbsp;Josef Krýsa ,&nbsp;Hana Krýsová ,&nbsp;Mostafa Boshta","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2024.116251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphotochem.2024.116251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>WO₃ thin films were synthesized on FTO (fluorine doped SnO₂ on glass) by the hydrothermal method at 180 °C using different deposition times and subsequently annealed at 350 °C and 550 °C in air. The results of XRD and Raman showed complete phase transformation from WO₃ hydrate into γ-monoclinic WO₃ after annealing at 550 °C. SEM analysis showed significant effects of deposition time and annealing on the surface morphology of the WO₃ thin films. WO₃ films were examined by the Scotch tape test and showed superior adhesion for samples synthetized for 2 h compared with samples synthesized for 15 h. The photoelectrochemical properties of the WO₃ samples were measured. The highest photocurrent density of ∼1.9 mA/cm² (<em>E</em> = 1.4 V <em>vs.</em> Ag/AgCl, 369 nm LED, irradiance 100 W/m²), IPCE = 0.69 at 369 nm, and 2 mA/cm² under simulated solar irradiation (AM1.5) was achieved for a layer thickness of 3.5 μm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-chemistry","volume":"463 ","pages":"Article 116251"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143142929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}