Journal of Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Reshaping Chinese Agrifood Systems to Enhance Human Nutrition: A Scoping Review of Research","authors":"Ting Meng ,&nbsp;Jingjing Wang ,&nbsp;Derek Headey ,&nbsp;Shenggen Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food security in China has broadened to include achieving balanced nutrition and health while addressing resource and environmental burdens, mitigating climate change, improving livelihoods, and promoting social equity and welfare. This review aimed to explore how China has established the link among agriculture, nutrition, and multiple goals through a system approach over the past decade. A scoping review method was used to analyze the recent research trajectory in China, with a specific focus on research on agrifood systems and improved human nutrition in China from 2014 to 2023. The results show a shift in research focus from predominantly agricultural production to an emphasis on food consumption and diets, thereby providing an evidence base for transforming agrifood systems. Future research should explore how to promote this transformation through technological innovation, agrifood policy optimization, and in-depth stakeholder engagement to further improve human nutrition, although not compromising environmental goals of the agrifood system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 7","pages":"Pages 2045-2056"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation Time Does Not Reflect Nutrition and Varies Based on Level of Processing","authors":"Julie M Hess ,&nbsp;Madeline E Comeau ,&nbsp;Daniel G Palmer","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Convenience is one of the top 3 drivers of food choice. The choice to consume nutrient-dense foods may rely, in part, on how much effort is required to obtain and prepare them for consumption.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The objective of this study was to compare the time required to prepare 15 sets of meals with similar foods and nutrient content but different levels of processing, defined according to the Nova system.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Each menu [the more- and less-processed Western menus (LPW and MPW)] was divided into meal components and/or recipes. Two research staffers independently tracked the amount of time kitchen technicians used to make each step of each menu. Times were recorded to the centisecond and mean times between the 2 timers were utilized as the final times for analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>For each day, the total time required to make the LPW exceeded the MPW by amounts ranging from ∼90 min (day 5) to 9 h (day 1). The LPW had a 203% longer preparation time than the MPW (<span><math><mrow><mover><mi>β</mi><mo>ˆ</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> = 3.0323; 95% confidence interval: 1.86483, 4.93065; <em>P =</em> 0.0002). When only active preparation time was considered, the differences in time needed to make the LPW and MPW ranged from less than a minute (day 3) to over 2 h (day 1).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The time required to prepare food is not a reflection of its nutrient value. Foods that require more time to prepare such as homemade bread and dried beans may be considered less processed on the Nova scale but provide similar nutrition to “ultra-processed” options such as bread purchased ready-to-eat and canned beans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 7","pages":"Pages 2416-2422"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144142818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beverage Consumption and Cancer Risk: Insights and Future Directions","authors":"Qiao-Yi Chen ,&nbsp;Edward L Giovannucci","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.04.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.04.010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 7","pages":"Pages 2015-2016"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143968443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neighborhood Retail Food Environment, Diet Quality and Type 2 Diabetes Incidence in 4 Dutch Cohorts","authors":"Nicolette R den Braver (Nicole) ,&nbsp;Jeroen Lakerveld ,&nbsp;Femke Rutters ,&nbsp;Brenda WJH Penninx ,&nbsp;Ellen Generaal ,&nbsp;Marjolein Visser ,&nbsp;Erik J Timmermans ,&nbsp;Jeroen HPM van der Velde ,&nbsp;Frits R Rosendaal ,&nbsp;Renee de Mutsert ,&nbsp;Esther Winters-van Eekelen ,&nbsp;Johannes Brug ,&nbsp;Joline WJ Beulens","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.04.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.04.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Current evidence on the associations between the food environment and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is inconsistent and did not investigate the behavioral mediating pathway.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To investigate whether accessibility of food retailers in the residential neighborhood is associated with T2D incidence in 4 Dutch prospective cohorts, and whether this is mediated by diet quality.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this prospective multicohort study, we included 4 Dutch cohort studies (n_total = 10,249). Nearest distances from all participants’ home to supermarkets, fast-food outlets, and green grocers were calculated at baseline (2004–2012). Incidence of T2D during follow-up was assessed with cohort-specific measures. T2D incidence ratios (IRs) adjusted for demographics, lifestyle, and environmental factors were estimated using Poisson regression in each cohort, and results were pooled across cohorts using a random-effects model. In 2 cohorts (<em>n</em> = 7549), mediation by adherence to the Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (DHD15-index; range, 0–13) was investigated using linear and Poisson regression analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Over a mean follow-up of 7.5 y, 569 (5.6%) participants developed T2D. Mean(standard deviation [SD]) age in the cohorts ranged from 41.1(12.9) to 67.4(6.8) y. No associations were observed between accessibility of different food retailers and T2D incidence: β_supermarket, 0.02 (−0.01, 0.06); β_fast-food, −0.01(−0.04, 0.03); β_{green grocer}, 0.01(−0.05, 0.07). Mediation analyses indicated that every 100 m living further from a supermarket or green grocer was associated with lower adherence to DHD15: β_supermarket = −0.1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.3, 0.0) and β_{green grocer} = −0.1 (95% CI: −0.1, 0.0), whereas living further away from fast-food associated with higher adherence (β_fast-food = 0.1 [95% CI: 0.0, 0.2]). Higher adherence to DHD15 was associated with lower T2D incidence (IR = 0.93 [95% CI: 0.88, 0.99]).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Spatial accessibility of food retailers was not associated with risk of T2D. Nevertheless, consistent associations in hypothesized pathways were observed, such that spatial accessibility to healthier food retailers was associated with higher diet quality and spatial accessibility of unhealthier retailers with lower diet quality. Higher diet quality, in turn, was associated with lower T2D risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 7","pages":"Pages 2367-2375"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143976652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Ferric Carboxymaltose on Pica among Pregnant Women in Malawi: A Substudy to a Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"Leila M Larson ,&nbsp;Martin Mwangi ,&nbsp;Rebecca Harding ,&nbsp;Ernest Moya ,&nbsp;Ricardo Ataíde ,&nbsp;Glory Mzembe ,&nbsp;Ashley Thurber ,&nbsp;Sera L Young ,&nbsp;Sabine Braat ,&nbsp;Kamija Phiri ,&nbsp;Sant-Rayn Pasricha","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pica is the craving and consumption of nonfood items, and includes the ingestion of earth, raw starch, and ice. Pica is common in sub-Saharan Africa, especially during pregnancy. Despite being ubiquitous, its etiology is not well understood.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>We leveraged the randomized trial of intravenous iron for anemia in Malawian pregnant women (REVAMP) to determine the effects of iron therapy, compared with standard-of-care oral iron, on pica among anemic pregnant women.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>REVAMP was an open-label, individually randomized controlled trial, conducted in Malawi. A total of 862 pregnant anemic women in their second trimester were randomly assigned at baseline to receive either <em>1</em>) a single dose of ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) or <em>2</em>) standard-of-care oral iron. Pica was assessed at baseline and 4 wk postrandomization by asking participants whether they had craved and consumed earth (geophagy), unripe mango (amylophagy), raw rice (amylophagy), ice (pagophagy), ash, charcoal, or chalk in the past 2 wk. Venous blood was collected for hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations. A longitudinal Poisson model was used to examine the treatment effect of FCM on overall pica and types of pica.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At baseline, the prevalence of any pica was 71.7%, and geophagy was 31.9%. Hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations improved following FCM compared with standard-of-care oral iron and were lower among participants with geophagy. From baseline to 4 wk post randomization, the prevalence of geophagy decreased more among women assigned to FCM compared with standard of care [FCM: 33.5%–12.9%, standard of care: 30.4%–22.3%, prevalence ratio (PR) = 0.53 (95% confidence interval: 0.39, 0.72), <em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001]. There was no evidence of a treatment effect for overall pica [FCM: 70.7%–57.3%, standard of care: 72.6%–63.0%, PR = 0.93 (0.83, 1.06)], amylophagy, or pagophagy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study provides causal evidence that geophagy is reduced by improvements in iron status and anemia during pregnancy.</div></div><div><h3>Trial registration number</h3><div>This trial was registered at <span><span>www.anzctr.org.au</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> as ACTRN12618001268235.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 7","pages":"Pages 2398-2405"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Examination into the Effects of a Saffron Extract (Affron) on Mood and General Wellbeing in Adults Experiencing Low Mood: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","authors":"Adrian L Lopresti ,&nbsp;Stephen J Smith ,&nbsp;Wolfgang Marx ,&nbsp;Marina Díez-Municio ,&nbsp;María Inés Morán-Valero","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Saffron, derived from the stigmas of the <em>Crocus sativus</em> flower, has been shown in previous trials to have antidepressant effects in clinically diagnosed adults. However, the recruitment of small sample sizes, short treatment periods, and variability in the quality of studies have negatively impacted the strength of conclusions.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The purpose of this 2-arm, 12-wk, parallel-group, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to examine the effects of supplementation with a saffron extract (Affron) on mood and sleep in adults experiencing subclinical depressive symptoms.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Two hundred and two adults aged 18–70 with depressive symptoms were supplemented with 28 mg saffron daily or a placebo. Outcome measures included the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale – 21, Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairment Scale, World Health Organization–Five Well-Being Scale, and daily depression, stress, and anxiety ratings.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>On the primary outcome measure, compared to the placebo, saffron was associated with greater improvements in the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress scale – 21 depression score (β: –2.92 points; 95% confidence interval: –5.13, –0.71 points; Cohen’s d = 0.39), with 72.3% of participants in the saffron group achieving a clinically significant change (a reduction of ≥ 7 points) compared to 54.3% of participants in the placebo group (<em>P</em> = 0.010). However, in the other secondary outcomes, there was no evidence of between-group differences. In exploratory analyses across various strata and assumptions, improvements in sleep disturbances (β: –2.72 points; 95% confidence interval: –4.99, –0.46 points; Cohen’s d = 0.44) were identified in a subset of participants with a greater severity of sleep disturbance. There were no serious adverse reactions reported.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study, the largest conducted to date on saffron, provides evidence supporting the beneficial effects of 3 mo of saffron supplementation on depressive symptoms in adults. Large placebo responses were evident in this study, which require consideration in future trials.</div><div>This trial was registered at Australian and New Zealand clinical trials registry as ACTRN12623001358639.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 7","pages":"Pages 2300-2311"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144142155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between Human Milk Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids and Maternal Body Mass Index and Early Infant Growth: A Longitudinal Study","authors":"Ping Dong ,&nbsp;Ying Zhang ,&nbsp;Chun-xue Liu ,&nbsp;Dong-yong Yan ,&nbsp;Xiu Xu ,&nbsp;Ai-hong Li ,&nbsp;Long-mei Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a novel class of endogenous lipids with biologically active functions in human.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Our objective was to determine the role of maternal body mass index (BMI) in breast milk (BM) FAHFA composition and delineate the association between these BM fatty acids and infant growth during the first 6 mo postpartum.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We recruited 65 healthy singleton pregnant females from the obstetric clinic. Regular mother–child follow-up was performed at 3 d (V1), 42 d (V2), 3 mo (V3), 4 mo (V4), and 6 mo (V5) after birth. High-throughput targeted metabolomics was used to detect the content of 9 representative FAHFA isomers in BM. Multivariate linear mixed models were conducted. The Holm-Bonferroni stepdown procedure was utilized to control the type I error rate in multiple comparisons.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>As compared with the normal-weight mothers, the mothers with obesity/overweight had higher contents of 5-palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acid (PAHSA) in colostrum (V1) and 9-stearic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acid (SAHSA) in mature milk (V2) (corrected <em>P</em> = 0.013 and 0.044, respectively), and lower contents of 13-linoleic acid esters of hydroxy linoleic acid (LAHLA in mature milk (V2 and V3) (corrected <em>P</em> = 0.028 and 0.005, respectively). The mean concentrations of 9-PAHSA in mature milk (V2 and V3) showed positive correlations with children's fat-free mass index ( FFMI), whereas those of 5-PAHSA, 10-oleic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acid (OAHSA), and 9-palmitic acid esters of hydroxy palmitic acid (PAHPA) were negatively correlated with children's fat mass index (FMI) (corrected <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05 for all).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Higher maternal BMI was associated with higher concentrations of 2 saturated FAHFAs (5-PAHSA and 9-SAHSA) and a lower concentration of 1 polyunsaturated FAHFA (13-LAHLA) in BM. Specific FAHFA isomers were associated with growth and body composition development in exclusively breastfed infants during early infancy. Expanding the sample size and conducting further research is necessary to explore the mechanisms of action in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 7","pages":"Pages 2290-2299"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144142460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Milk with Mulberry Leaf Extract, Vegetable Oil, and Inulin Reduce Early Glucose and Insulin Response in Healthy Adults in China: Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"Anna Cherta-Murillo ,&nbsp;Hanyuan Xu ,&nbsp;Norman Moullan ,&nbsp;Monika Tadi ,&nbsp;Fang Huang ,&nbsp;Niranjana Kodakuthumparambil ,&nbsp;Vanessa Caroline Campos ,&nbsp;Jiahui Li ,&nbsp;Qu Fu ,&nbsp;Qiaoji Li ,&nbsp;Hao Huang ,&nbsp;Andreas Rytz ,&nbsp;Christian Darimont ,&nbsp;Wei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>High carbohydrate intake leading to increased postprandial glycemia is associated with type 2 diabetes. Particularly in China, prediabetes is highly prevalent (&gt;40%) in adults (&gt;40 y old). Bioactive ingredients such as mulberry leaf extract (MLE) lower glycemia and can be a good strategy to manage prediabetes, but its health effects when added to milk are poorly understood.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to investigate the effect of a milk powder supplemented with MLE, vegetable oil, and inulin on glucose and insulin responses to a carbohydrate-rich meal compared with regular skimmed milk, in healthy middle-aged adults.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A 2-arm, crossover, open-label, randomized controlled trial with 31 healthy adults (&gt;45 y old) consuming either the supplemented milk (test product [TP]) or regular skimmed milk (control) with a standardized breakfast. Blood samples were collected to assess postprandial responses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-eight subjects were analyzed. TP did not change glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC0)-180 min (primary outcome) but significantly decreased glucose iAUC0-60 min by 25% compared with control. TP also significantly decreased insulin and c-peptide iAUC0-60 min by 22% and 18%, respectively, and for iAUC0-120 min by 16% and 11%, respectively. Plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide iAUC0-120 min and 0–180 min were also significantly decreased.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>As compared with regular skimmed milk, milk supplemented with MLE, vegetable oil, and inulin reduced early postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy adults of Chinese ethnicity, which could mitigate the risk of developing chronic diseases.</div><div>This study was registered at <span><span>clinicaltrials.gov</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> as NCT05570435.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 7","pages":"Pages 2227-2235"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary Choline Intake and Risk of Alzheimer’s Dementia in Older Adults","authors":"Tasija Karosas ,&nbsp;Taylor C Wallace ,&nbsp;Muya Li ,&nbsp;Yongyi Pan ,&nbsp;Puja Agarwal ,&nbsp;David A Bennett ,&nbsp;Paul F Jacques ,&nbsp;Mei Chung","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dietary choline intake has been associated with a lower risk of cognitive dysfunction, lessened brain white-matter hyperintensity volume, and a reduced risk of incident dementia.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aims to evaluate the relationship between dietary choline intake and risk of clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) in participants enrolled in the Rush Memory and Aging Project prospective cohort.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants who were free of AD at baseline and had completed ≥1 food frequency questionnaire were included in the present analyses. Clinical AD was assessed among participants annually using a 3-stage process of neurological examinations and standardized diagnostic criteria. Dietary choline intake was quantified using the United States Department of Agriculture Database for the Choline Content of Common Foods. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess risk of incident of AD by quantiles of dietary choline intake. Mixed-effect Poisson regression models were used to investigate potential nonlinear relationships.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mean baseline age of the study participants (<em>N</em> = 991) was 81.4 (±7.2) y. During a mean follow-up of 7.67 y, 266 participants (27%) were clinically diagnosed with AD (incident rate = 38/1000 person-year). In the fully adjusted model, compared with the lowest quantile of dietary choline intake, consumption of 200–250, 251–300, 301–350, and &gt;350 mg/d were associated with a 23% [hazard ratio (HR): 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.45, 1.17; <em>P</em> = 0.10], 40% (HR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.98; <em>P</em> = 0.04), 38% (HR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.07; <em>P</em> = 0.09), and 51% (HR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.95; <em>P</em> = 0.04) reduced rate of AD, respectively. Results of the curve linear Poisson regression model showed the point of lowest risk for AD to be ∼350 mg/d with effects being similar based on apolipoprotein E gene genotype.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Dietary choline intake ∼ 350 mg/d was associated with the lowest risk of clinical diagnosis of AD in older adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 7","pages":"Pages 2322-2332"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144187240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Plasma 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Levels Are Associated With More Intensive Antihypertensive Treatment, Resistant Hypertension and Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes","authors":"Jakob L Wetche ,&nbsp;Anne V Schmedes ,&nbsp;Amalie Sjøgren ,&nbsp;Marianne L Bergmann ,&nbsp;Line H Fly ,&nbsp;Jonna S Madsen ,&nbsp;Eva RB Petersen ,&nbsp;Kurt Højlund ,&nbsp;Michael H Olsen ,&nbsp;Parmida Asyaei ,&nbsp;Jacob V Stidsen ,&nbsp;Thomas B Olesen","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Excessive consumption of glycyrrhizin (GL), a licorice-derived substance, can cause blood pressure (BP) elevation and apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME). However, self-reported intake can be unreliable due to unrecognized sources of GL. Plasma levels of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a major metabolite of GL, may serve as a biochemical marker of exposure. Identifying individuals with high plasma levels of GA could be relevant in BP management in at-risk patients.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To examine whether plasma levels of GA are associated with BP, antihypertensive treatment intensity, resistant hypertension, and biochemical markers of AME in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this cross-sectional study, we measured GA in plasma from 1160 patients with T2D. Participants were divided into high GA (top quartile) and low GA (bottom 3 quartiles). Linear and logistic regression models assessed associations of GA levels with BP, antihypertensive treatment intensity (defined daily dose; DDD), resistant hypertension and markers of AME. Models were adjusted for confounders such as age, sex, sociodemographic, lifestyle, diabetes duration, estimated glomerular filtration rate, glycated hemoglobin, homoeostasis model assessment 2 for insulin sensitivity, and where appropriate systolic BP and treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>High GA was not significantly associated with higher BP but with more intensive antihypertensive treatment (+0.28 DDD [0.03–0.52], <em>P</em> = 0.03) compared with low GA. High GA was also associated with higher risk of resistant hypertension (adjusted odds ratio: 1.91 [1.12–3.24], <em>P</em> = 0.02). Additionally, high GA was associated with markers of AME (lower aldosterone (−41.5 pmol/L [−63.1 to −20.0]; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), lower potassium (−0.06 mmol/L [−0.10 to −0.01]; <em>P</em> = 0.01), lower cortisone (−6.08 nmol/L [−7.78 to −4.38]; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), and higher cortisol/cortisone ratio (+1.26 [1.00–1.52]; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001)).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>High GA levels, a possible marker of excessive licorice consumption, were associated with greater antihypertensive treatment intensity, resistant hypertension and biochemical markers consistent with AME in patients with T2D. These findings suggest that licorice-related exposure may be relevant to BP management in this population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":"155 7","pages":"Pages 2236-2243"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144225759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}