Journal of Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Postprandial blood glucose-focused dietary approaches and their limitations.","authors":"Mariana Del Carmen Fernández-Fígares Jiménez","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Higher blood glucose responses to the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and mortality in individuals with prediabetes and diabetes, and also in healthy individuals. Postprandial blood glucose response (PBGR) has recently been singled out as the target of several dietary interventions, including low-carbohydrate diets, low-glycemic index (GI) and load (GL) diets, food combination methods, and, more recently, machine-learning-based personalized diets by prediction of glycemic responses. The common denominator of these diets is the underlying assumption that foods causing a lower PBGR contribute to reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), CVDs, and mortality, whereas foods inducing higher PBGRs would have the opposite effects. However, diets composed of foods that cause lower PBGRs do not necessarily lead to improved health outcomes in the long term, as they can increase disease risk and mortality through multiple other pathways. According to existing evidence, saturated fat sources and overall animal foods, which induce a lower PBGR due to their almost null carbohydrate content, have been shown to worsen insulin resistance, beta-cell function, increase hepatic and intramyocellular lipids, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and, most importantly, lead to a higher risk of T2D, CVD, and mortality. In contrast, substituting animal products with whole plant foods, such as legumes and whole grains, which induce a higher PBGRs due to their greater carbohydrate content, has been demonstrated to improve cardiometabolic risk factors and reduce the risk of T2D, CVDs, and mortality. Therefore, the PBGR a food induces should not be considered an exclusive surrogate for its long-term health effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145232997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Integrated Single-Cell Atlas of the Mouse Ileum Links Nutrient Metabolism with Epithelial and Immune Crosstalk.","authors":"Yashu Tang, Peiran Lu, Winyoo Chowanadisai, Brenda J Smith, Janeen L Salak-Johnson, Edralin A Lucas, Stephen L Clarke, Tyrrell Conway, Minghua Tang, Dingbo Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The ileum integrates nutrient absorption with mucosal immunity, yet its cell-type-specific functions remain poorly defined. Disruption of epithelial or immune pathways contributes to nutrient deficiency, Crohn's disease, and impaired barrier integrity. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides the resolution needed to uncover epithelial differentiation and immune crosstalk that bulk approaches cannot resolve.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to map ileal cellular heterogeneity and define epithelial differentiation, nutrient metabolism programs, and epithelial-immune interactions relevant to health and disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>scRNA-seq was performed on ileal cells from 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice. Gene expression and clustering were analyzed using Seurat, with pseudotime trajectory, cell-cell communication, and pathway enrichment analyses applied to characterize intestinal dynamics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 32,076 ileal cells were identified, including six epithelial types and multiple immune populations. Enterocyte subclusters showed distinct nutrient-related functions: Ent_C1, C4, C7, and C8 were enriched for vitamin A absorption; Ent_C0, C1, C2 and C7 for carotenoid metabolism; and Ent_C1, C4, C7, C8, and C9 for vitamin B12 absorption. Co-expression of β-carotene oxygenase 2 (Bco2) and interleukin 18 (Il18) occurred across enterocytes, stem cells, and goblet cells, whereas non-canonical goblet cells exhibited high Bco2-Il18 expression together with signatures of fatty acid metabolism and stress responses. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells were identified as central regulators of immune-epithelial interactions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides the first integrated single-cell atlas of the mouse ileum, profiling both epithelial and immune cells and revealing nutrient metabolism programs and epithelial-immune crosstalk relevant to intestinal health and disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary supplement use and life expectancy after breast cancer - The Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort.","authors":"Cecilie Kyrø, Mia K Grand, Janne Bigaard, Maria Rossing, Ann S Knoop, Niels Kroman, Lene Mellemkjær, Christina C Dahm, Pernille E Bidstrup, Anne Tjønneland, Anja Olsen","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dietary supplement use is widespread among women with breast cancer, but evidence regarding the possible health benefits or harms remains limited.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the association between the use of dietary supplements and life expectancy after breast cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective cohort study, data from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort was used. We followed 1,951 incident cases of breast cancer from diagnosis until migration, death, end-of-follow-up or 20 years. Both pre-diagnostic and post-diagnostic dietary supplement use were assessed with an Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), with pre-diagnostic use as main exposure. Dietary supplement use and differences in 20-year life expectancy and life years lost due to breast cancer and other causes, respectively were estimated using pseudo-observations and regression models adjusted for potential confounders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During follow-up (median: 12 years, IQR: 8-17 years), 725 individuals died, with 450 deaths attributed to breast cancer. No association was found for overall dietary supplement use. Multivitamin use indicated an association with longer life expectancy after breast cancer (1.01 years, 95% CI: 0.03, 1.98), primarily due to fewer years lost to breast cancer (-1.06 years, -1.85, -0.27). In exploratory analyses, high supplementary intakes of vitamins A, B12, iron, and magnesium showed tendencies towards poorer life expectancy, while both high and low vitamin D intake were associated with lower life expectancy. Exploratory analyses also suggested that antioxidant supplements may be associated with poorer life expectancy among chemotherapy recipients, but not those receiving radiation therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results suggest that women with breast cancer may benefit from multivitamin use alone, but should avoid excessive use of dietary supplements-especially antioxidant supplements during chemotherapy and high intakes of certain micronutrients-and should not exceed recommended levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Red blood cell omega-3 status and longitudinal cognition in individuals at risk of Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Iolanda Lázaro, Anna Brugulat-Serrat, Marc Suárez-Calvet, Karine Fauria, Carolina Minguillon, Juan-Domingo Gispert, José Luis Molinuevo, William S Harris, Gonzalo Sánchez-Benavides, Oriol Grau-Rivera, Aleix Sala-Vila","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Many observational studies on dietary omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) and cognition focused on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), because its significant role in brain. There is growing interest in whether other omega-3 FAs may also display cognitive benefits.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To examine the associations between the blood levels of three different omega-3 FAs (DHA; eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]; and alpha-linolenic acid [ALA]) and 3-year changes in cognitive performance in a cohort of cognitively unimpaired individuals at high risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective longitudinal study conducted in 323 participants from the ALFA (ALzheimer and FAmilies) Study. We determined the baseline levels of omega-3 FAs in red blood cells (RBCs) using gas-chromatography. Participants underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological battery at baseline and after 3 yrs. We studied cognitive outcomes as rate of change between visits. We first constructed multivariate models to examine the association between RBC-DHA and the preclinical Alzheimer's cognitive composite (PACC) score, also examining the effect of gender, APOE-ε4 carriership, and AD pathology (defined cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-beta and tau). As exploratory analysis, we examined associations between RBC-EPA and RBC-ALA with PACC, as well as those between omega-3 FAs and composite z-scores for attention, executive functioning, episodic memory, visual processing, and language domains.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RBC-DHA was associated with a positive (improved) global cognition (PACC) rate of change (estimate = 0.011, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.001;0.021, P = 0.024). No statistically significant interactions were observed for sex, APOE-ε4 carriership, or AD pathology. Higher RBC-ALA status was associated with positive rate of change (better performing) in visual processing (estimate = 0.425, 95% CI = 0.168;0.682, P = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In individuals at risk of AD, RBC-DHA and RBC-ALA showed positive associations with longitudinal cognition. These findings add to the observational evidence linking omega-3 FAs with improved brain health.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registry: </strong>https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02485730.</p>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145192048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body roundness index and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: findings from Japanese adults and preliminary meta-analysis.","authors":"Kazuma Murakami, Ryosuke Fujii, Yoshiki Tsuboi, Hiroshi Okumiyama, Riku Umematsu, Koji Suzuki","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although body roundness index (BRI) is gaining attention as an indicator of abdominal obesity, evidence on this indicator is still sparse.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to summarize basic information about BRI in a Japanese population and to examine associations of BRI with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality with a preliminary meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This population-based cohort study included participants (mean age of 58.4 years [min, max: 40, 89], 37.8% men) in health check-up programs between 2004 and 2018, and we followed up until December 31, 2023. BRI was calculated by a conventional formula for height (cm) and waist circumference (cm). CVD mortality was defined as mortality with ICD-10 codes of I00-I99. Hazard ratios were estimated for all-cause and CVD mortality using Cox proportional hazards regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the follow-up period (median: 13.3 years), 206 individuals died, and 47 individuals died from CVD. Women had a wider distribution of BRI (median: 3.72; IQR: 2.84, 4.88) compared with men (median: 3.54; IQR: 2.88, 4.19). BRI increased from the 40-49 age group (median: 3.24; IQR: 2.42, 4.08) to those over 70 years old (median: 4.22; IQR: 3.20, 5.32). Compared with Q1, HRs (95% CI) in Q3 were lower for both all-cause mortality (HR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.96) and CVD mortality (HR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.78). Preliminary meta-analysis also supported a similar U-shaped association of BRI with mortality with a HR in Q3 of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.95) compared with Q1.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>BRI varies across age groups and between sexes in a Japanese population. Both our results and this meta-analysis suggest that BRI has U-shaped associations with all-cause and CVD mortality.</p><p><strong>Prospero registry no: </strong>1149845.</p>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145191899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dairy Intake and Coronary Artery Calcification: the CARDIA Prospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Ethan J Cannon, David R Jacobs, Lyn M Steffen, Mark J Pletcher, James M Shikany, Philip Greenland, Felipe V Martignoni, Pamela J Schreiner, Michael Miedema","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Studies on the association of dairy intake and coronary heart disease have been inconsistent. Little is known about the relationship between dairy consumption in young adulthood and coronary artery calcification (CAC), a marker of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This prospective cohort study assessed the association of dairy intake and the presence of CAC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We followed 3,110 participants of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study for 25 years after enrollment during 1985-86 (ages 18-30). Dairy intake (averaged over the year 0 and 7 exams) was derived from the CARDIA diet history. CAC assessment occurred at years 15, 20, and 25. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to investigate the association of CAC and total, whole-fat, and low-fat dairy as well as other dairy subgroups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>904 participants were observed to have CAC during follow-up. After covariate adjustment, higher intake of whole-fat dairy was inversely associated with risk of CAC (hazard ratio for the highest compared with lowest quartile: 0.76 [95% confidence interval: 0.61, 0.96]). Further adjustment for body mass index, which was slightly lower in those who consumed more dairy, attenuated these results (p for trend across quartiles: .13). Associations with CAC of total and low-fat dairy, as well as individual dairy products and fermented dairy were not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among young adults in the CARDIA study, whole-fat dairy was inversely associated with future presence of CAC. These results contradict dietary guidelines that emphasize low-fat dairy intake for the prevention of coronary heart disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145191902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Centre-Based Childcare in Early Childhood and Nutritional Risk in Later Childhood: A Prospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Michaela D Kucab, Charles D G Keown-Stoneman, Catherine S Birken, Michal Perlman, Janet Parsons, Danielle D'Annunzio, Sharon Thadani, Chris A D Allen, Jonathon L Maguire","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Centre-based childcare is a promising environment for promoting healthy lifestyle behaviours in early childhood. Little is known about the impact of centre-based childcare on child nutrition.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The primary objective was to evaluate the association between centre-based childcare, compared to non-centre-based childcare, and nutritional risk in early childhood. Secondary objectives were to evaluate associations with dietary intake and eating behaviours, and whether the associations were modified by family income and childcare intensity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective cohort study of children aged 1 to 5 years was conducted through the TARGet Kids! primary care research network in Toronto, Canada (n = 2420). Childcare attendance was measured between 1 and 4 years of age. Nutritional risk, dietary intake and eating behaviours were measured using the Nutrition Screening Tool for Every Toddler and Preschooler (NutriSTEP®) between 4 to 5 years of age.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Centre-based childcare was associated with a more favourable NutriSTEP® (-0.66 units; 95%CI: -1.11, -0.21), dietary intake (-0.31 units; 95%CI: -0.57, -0.06) and eating behaviours score (-0.14 units; 95% CI: -0.29, 0.00) compared to non-centre-based childcare. Associations were stronger for children who attended centre-based childcare full time with a more favourable NutriSTEP® (-0.89 units; 95%CI: -1.39, -0.41), dietary intake (-0.44 units; 95%CI: -0.72, -0.16) and eating behaviours score (-0.20 units; 95%CI: -0.36, -0.03). Associations were stronger for children from lower income families (< $50,000CDN) who attended centre-based childcare with a more favourable NutriSTEP® (-2.39 units, 95%CI: -3.99, -0.78), dietary intake (-1.43 units; 95%CI: -2.35, -0.50), and lower odds of high nutritional risk (OR 0.44; 95%CI: 0.20, 0.97).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Centre-based childcare was associated with more favourable nutritional risk scores, which were stronger for children who attended centre-based childcare full time and those who were from lower income families. Centre-based childcare may be an important early environment for supporting childhood nutrition.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registry number: </strong>NCT01869530 (clinicaltrials.gov).</p>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145191945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validity of the PortionSize™ and MyFitnessPal© smartphone apps for estimating dietary intake: A randomized crossover clinical trial.","authors":"Hanim E Diktas, Chloe P Lozano, Sanjoy Saha, Stephanie T Broyles, Corby K Martin, John W Apolzan","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>PortionSize™ is a smartphone app that utilizes augmented reality and portion size templates to facilitate users' food intake estimates. MyFitnessPal© is a commercial app that tracks food intake based on user's portion size estimates. Both apps provide real-time feedback on dietary intake, with PortionSize also providing feedback on intake of MyPlate food groups.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To test validity of both apps for accurately measuring food intake compared to weighed food.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a within-subjects randomized counterbalanced design, we tested validity of both apps for accurately measuring food intake compared to weighed food. In semi-controlled free-living settings, adults received a cooler each day that contained pre-weighed foods and were instructed to consume only food and beverages provided. Participants used PortionSize and MyFitnessPal during 3-day periods separated by ∼1-week with prior training on each app. After study periods, participants completed a User Preference Survey (UPS). Two one-sided t-tests, with ±18% equivalence bounds, were used to test whether energy intake estimated with apps was statistically equivalent to weighed intake.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis sample (n = 44; 1 dropped) consisted of 55% females, with a mean (SD) age of 44 (11) years. PortionSize (P=0.032) and MyFitnessPal (P<0.001) energy intake (kcal) estimates were equivalent to weighed intake (mean percent error 8.0% vs 3.7%; respectively). MyFitnessPal had smaller relative absolute error (P<0.001) for energy intake compared to PortionSize. PortionSize and weighed food group estimations were equivalent for protein intake (P=0.002). Although estimates for vegetables, fruits, and dairy were not equivalent, the magnitude of error was relatively low (<0.5 cup Eq). For the UPS, 82% of participants preferred using MyFitnessPal compared to PortionSize (18%; P<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In semi-controlled free-living settings, both apps provided equivalent energy intake estimates compared to weighed foods; however, PortionSize showed greater error for energy and lower user preference than MyFitnessPal, highlighting the need for improvements to decrease error and enhance user experience.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>NCT05166226, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05166226.</p>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145192055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A longitudinal study of baseline fatty acid levels and executive function over 12 months among adolescents with and without perinatal HIV exposure or infection from Kampala, Uganda.","authors":"Vanessa N Cardino, Bruno Giordani, Sarah K Zalwango, Alla Sikorskii, Jenifer I Fenton, Amara E Ezeamama","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adolescence is critical for executive function development, and fatty acids, vital for brain development, may influence this process. This influence is understudied in populations affected by HIV, where malnutrition and neuroinflammation persist.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine associations between serum fatty acid levels and executive function in Ugandan adolescents over 12 months and evaluate modification by perinatal HIV status. It was hypothesized that PUFA levels associated with improved executive function, while SFA levels associated with worse executive function, especially in adolescents affected by perinatal HIV exposure/infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adolescents with perinatal HIV infection (APHIV, n=122), adolescents HIV exposed uninfected (AHEU, n=130), and adolescents HIV unexposed uninfected (AHUU, n=123) were analyzed. Serum fatty acid levels were measured at baseline. Questionnaire- and performance-based measures of executive function (analyzed as z-scores) were assessed at baseline, 6-, and 12-months. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze associations between baseline serum fatty acid tertiles and repeated executive function measures. Mean differences (MDs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among all adolescents, moderate v. low ω-3 PUFA levels associated with decreases in self-report executive dysfunction (MD (95% CI) total ω-3 PUFA: -0.51 (-0.87, -0.15); Omega-3 Index: -0.52 (-0.88, -0.16); highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) ratio: -0.42 (-0.79, -0.06); DHA: -0.58 (-0.94, -0.21)). Among APHIV, high EPA (1.07 (0.27, 1.87)) and select SFA levels (arachidic acid: 0.86 (0.38, 1.34); behenic acid: 0.76 (0.23, 1.29); lignoceric acid: 0.78 (0.24, 1.31)) correlated with increased self-report and performance-based executive dysfunction, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, higher ω-3 PUFA levels associated with better questionnaire-based executive function, but high EPA and SFA levels associated with worse executive function among APHIV. These findings support the potential of ω-3 PUFAs to improve executive function in vulnerable populations and highlight the importance of further studying the relationship between fatty acids and executive function among APHIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145191953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gradually, then Suddenly: Nutrition in an Era of Medically Induced Weight Loss.","authors":"Robert E Bergia, Eric M Davis, Wayne W Campbell","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For decades, nutrition science and the food industry have confronted the seemingly intractable problem of chronic energy imbalance, leading to overweight and obesity, with behavioral and product-based interventions yielding modest and inconsistent effects on body weight. The emergence of next-generation emerging obesity medications (EOMs) - exemplified by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists - represents a rare paradigm shift in helping individuals achieve and maintain body weight control. We propose a conceptual transformation for nutrition that parallels that of physical activity. Research strongly supports physical activity for its profound health benefits independent of its modest role in weight loss. The same is true for nutrition. With the overwhelming \"noise\" of energy balance attenuated, the \"signals\" from specific nutritional properties - such as fatty acid profiles, fiber content, and protein quality - can emerge as clearer drivers of health outcomes, guiding both targeted research and product reformulation efforts. This new era elevates the value proposition of nutrition, freeing the field to focus resources on questions that nutrition science is better equipped to answer and that the food industry is better able to enact.</p>","PeriodicalId":16620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}