Journal of Neural Transmission最新文献

{"title":"Abnormal iron metabolism in the zona incerta in Parkinson's disease mice.","authors":"Minxia Xiu, Yanhong Liu, Zhaobo Wang, Jing Zhang, Yaying Shi, Junxia Xie, Limin Shi","doi":"10.1007/s00702-025-02913-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00702-025-02913-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and abnormal iron metabolism. While most of the current studies have focused on nigral iron deposition, there is still limited research into the role of iron in other brain regions. The zona incerta (ZI) is a heterogeneous subthalamic region and has extensive connections with the basal ganglia nucleus. Clinically, the ZI has been recognized as a new therapeutic target for PD. Deep brain stimulation of the ZI has been reported to relieve motor symptoms and experimental heat pain in patients with PD. The aim of the present study is to evaluate changes in iron levels in the ZI. Two neurotoxins, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), were used to prepare PD mice. By immunostaining, we first measured the success of MPTP or 6-OHDA injury. We found that the expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase were decreased after MPTP or 6-OHDA treatment. Secondly, we observed the changes of iron metabolism using Perls' iron staining and western blots. Our results showed that the numbers of iron-positive cells were significantly increased in the SN and ZI of MPTP/6-OHDA-treated mice. Moreover, the expression levels of ferritin and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) in the ZI were also increased in the PD group. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), a marker of ferroptosis, was also detected. Western blots revealed that MPTP significantly down-regulated the level of GPX4 in the ZI. As glial cells activation and neuroinflammation play important roles in the ion deposition, we finally investigated the microglial and astrocyte activation and inflammatory factors. These results suggested increased iron levels and inflammation may be present in the ZI in PD mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":16579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neural Transmission","volume":" ","pages":"845-857"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143677163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural imaging of brain changes in schizophrenia via quantitative T1 (qT1): a preliminary comparison of two acquisition protocols.","authors":"George Nader, Setare Safara, Kimberly L Desmond, Philip Gerretsen, Ariel Graff, Vincenzo De Luca","doi":"10.1007/s00702-025-02899-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00702-025-02899-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) are a complex group of illnesses, and their pathophysiology remains unclear. Recent developments in neuroimaging techniques provided useful quantitative measures, such as quantitative T1 mapping (qT1) that is susceptible to tissue-level, microscopic changes. However, it is important to identify the most sensitive, accurate, and reliable imaging protocol, given the complex nature of SSD. We compared structural brain changes in a pilot sample of 15 SSD patients and 7 healthy controls, cross-sectionally, and using two different qT1 mapping protocols. Our findings showed a global elevation in qT1 values in SSD patients, that was statistically significant in the lateral ventricles, thalamus, caudate, and hippocampus (p < 0.01). Moreover, the two acquisition protocols were differently modulated by demographic factors, such as age, sex, and education, which further illustrates the importance of protocol selection. In conclusion, this investigation revealed microstructural tissue changes in subcortical regions in SSD patients, providing further insights into the pathophysiology of the illness.</p>","PeriodicalId":16579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neural Transmission","volume":" ","pages":"887-895"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural autoantibodies in psychiatric disorders are associated with antibodies against viral pathogens: a retrospective study of 619 patients.","authors":"Niels Hansen, Vincent Buschatzky, Anne Katharina Bastin, Kristin Rentzsch, Bianca Teegen, Daniel Luedecke, Thomas Skripuletz, Hannah Benedictine Maier, Stefan Bleich, Jürgen Gallinat, Hermann Esselmann, Ildiko Rita Dunay, Inga Zerr, Dirk Fitzner, Jens Wilftang, Alexandra Neyazi, Björn Hendrik Schott, Berend Malchow","doi":"10.1007/s00702-025-02943-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-025-02943-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A history of viral infection has been associated with a higher risk for psychiatric disorders. One potential underlying mechanism is that antiviral immunological responses could trigger cross-reactivity between viral and neural antigens, which would raise the co-occurrence of antiviral antibodies and anti-neural autoantibodies. We studied 619 patients' psychiatric diagnoses from the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany. Anti-neural autoantibodies and antiviral antibody specific indices were measured in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from all patients. Among these 619 patients, 115 tested positive for serum and/or CSF neural autoantibodies (18.6%), with the most often identified autoantibodies being anti-GAD65 in serum (2.2%) and CSF (1.6%), and anti-NMDA in serum (0.6%) and CSF (1.3%). The three main diagnostic groups presenting neural autoantibodies were patients with organic psychiatric disorders including dementia (81 of 377; 21.7%), those with psychotic disorders (9 of 66; 13.6%), and patients with affective disorders (19 of 138; 13.9%). Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between the varicella zoster virus (VZV) antibody-specific index and autoantibody positivity in patients with all diagnoses (F00-F79) (p < 0.005). Furthermore, the rubella antibody-specific index proved to be significantly associated with neural autoantibody positivity (p < 0.001) across all patients (F00-F79), and in those with affective disorders (p < 0.01). Our results show that VZV and rubella antiviral antibodies are associated with a higher propensity to develop anti-neural autoantibodies, suggesting that the known association between viral infection and later developing psychiatric disorders may be partly attributable to the development of anti-neural autoimmunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":16579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neural Transmission","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective effect of formononetin in chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) linked to parkinson disease.","authors":"Tanvi Dayanand Pingale, Girdhari Lal Gupta","doi":"10.1007/s00702-025-02939-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-025-02939-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Formononetin [FMN] belongs to the member of class 7-hydroxyisoflavones possesses anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. However, its efficacy in chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) associated with Parkinson disease (PD) is not evaluated. In a current study the effect of FMN on CUS associated with PD was screened to examine efficacy using different behavioral, biochemical and immuno-histochemical evaluation. During the study, CUS associated with PD was induced in mice by administering rotenone followed by exposure to different mild stressors. Animals showing CUS linked to PD were included in the study and treated daily with FMN (5, 10 & 20 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal route. After the treatment, animals evaluated for behavioral, biochemical parameters and immunohistochemistry analysis. Treatment with FMN was effective in alleviating core symptoms of chronic stress linked to PD and improved cognitive function, gait abnormality and impairment in co-ordination of CUS + ROT model. FMN showed dose dependent reduction in IL- 1β, TNF- α, IL- 6 concentration. FMN increasing the levels of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. Immunohistochemical study revealed that the expression of α-synuclein reduced which helps to improve CUS linked to Parkinson's. Furthermore, expression of BDNF and BCL-2 found to be improved after FMN treatment and helps in elevation of dopamine levels thereby surviving neuronal system. Study findings revealed that formononetin is effective in the treatment of chronic unpredictable stress linked to Parkinson's, however further clinical investigation is required to evaluate its effect in human.</p>","PeriodicalId":16579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neural Transmission","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut microbiota and the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in anxiety: new insights and treatment strategies.","authors":"Garry Hunjan, Shiv Shankar Shah, Sourabh Kosey, Khadga Raj Aran","doi":"10.1007/s00702-025-02938-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-025-02938-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anxiety disorders are mental health disorders characterized by long-lasting fear, worry, nervousness, and alterations in gut microbiota (GM). The GM is a vital modulator of brain function through the gut-brain axis, which acts as the neural pathway between the central and peripheral nervous systems. Dysbiosis of GM plays an essential role in anxiety development because of alterations in the vagus nerve, increased intestinal permeability, and altered breakdown of tryptophan (TRP). The Kynurenine (KYN) pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders, primarily through its neuroprotective (KYNA) and neurotoxic (QUIN) metabolites. Higher ratios of KYNA/QUIN result in neuroprotection, whereas higher KYN/TRP ratios indicate increased QUIN production causing neuroinflammation. Studies on germ-free models exhibit higher plasma TRP levels, which interrupt the metabolic balance of TRP-derived compounds, thus causing brain impairment. A key issue in anxiety disorders is the dysregulation of GM, which disrupts TRP metabolism and neuroinflammatory pathways, however, remains poorly understood. Hence, the proper understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for future therapeutic advancements. Here, we highlight the significance of the TRP-KYN pathway and the potential of modulating KYN pathway enzymes, such as kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs), to adjust KYNA levels and restore neurotransmitter balance. It further discusses new therapeutic methods with a particular focus on probiotics that may restore GM and modulate TRP metabolism. Advancing our understanding of the intricate relationship between GM and anxiety disorders may facilitate novel, microbiota-targeted interventions. This ultimately contributes to precision medicine approaches in mental health care, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy and patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neural Transmission","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroimaging in advanced Parkinson's disease: insights into pathophysiology, biomarkers, and personalized therapies.","authors":"Nils Schröter, Sergiu Groppa, Michel Rijntjes, Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla, Horst Urbach, Wolfgang H Jost, Alexander Rau","doi":"10.1007/s00702-025-02942-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-025-02942-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Advanced Parkinson's disease (APD) represents a late stage of Parkinson's disease and is characterized by complex motor and non-motor symptoms that are less responsive to oral dopaminergic therapies. While APD has a relevant impact on patients' quality of life and requires intensified treatment, consistent diagnostic criteria have only recently been proposed. The precise pathophysiology underlying the symptoms of APD remains poorly understood, making early prognostication and intervention difficult. Neuroimaging has emerged as a promising tool for elucidating the mechanisms driving APD, identifying biomarkers for disease staging, and predicting therapeutic response. Techniques such as molecular imaging and magnetic resonance imaging provide insight into molecular and structural changes associated with the progression of PD, including protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, and regional neurodegeneration. While positron emission tomography imaging of alpha-synuclein and other pathologies offers avenues for staging and differential diagnosis, advanced magnetic resonance imaging approaches have the potential for capturing subtle microstructural changes i.e. through neuromelanin-sensitive or diffusion-weighted imaging. However, the majority of imaging studies has focused on early Parkinson's disease, leaving their applicability to APD uncertain. Future research should prioritize the validation of neuroimaging findings in well-defined APD cohorts and extend their use to predict clinical milestones such as motor fluctuations, dyskinesia, and cognitive decline. These efforts are essential to advance personalized therapeutic strategies and bridge the gap between research and clinical management of APD.</p>","PeriodicalId":16579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neural Transmission","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143997092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic potential of COX-2 inhibitors in neuropsychiatric disorders.","authors":"Veerta Sharma, Prateek Sharma, Thakur Gurjeet Singh","doi":"10.1007/s00702-025-02932-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-025-02932-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuropsychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder, migraine, major depressive disorder, epilepsy, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, are a huge burden on global health, impacting millions of individuals worldwide and posing significant barriers to effective treatment. Despite advancements in medication and psychotherapy, many patients continue to suffer from severe symptoms and receive little alleviation. All of these conditions are quite frequent, yet they affect people in a way that is exceedingly detrimental. The increasing evidence suggests the connection between these disorders and inflammation. Therefore, the use of anti-inflammatory agents, namely cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, offers a new approach to prevent and treat neuropsychiatric disorders. This review discusses about the COX pathway and the role of COX-2 in the neuroinflammation. Furthermore, this review highlights the COX-2 inhibitors as a promising therapeutic agent in these neuropsychiatric disorders, however, further studies are required to assess appropriate illness stage-related indication.</p>","PeriodicalId":16579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neural Transmission","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144012602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ferroptosis: a new target for depression prevention and treatment.","authors":"Wenxuan Liang, Haowei Guo, Luyao Li, Wupeng Tan, Jianfeng Liu, Xiaoli Hu, Yuchu Wang, Shouhong Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s00702-025-02912-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-025-02912-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Depression, a significant mental health issue, is one of the diseases with the highest disability rates worldwide. The exact etiology of depression remains undetermined, complicating the development of treatment strategies targeting specific mechanisms, and there is currently no effective cure. In this context, ferroptosis may represent a breakthrough in the understanding of depression. Ferroptosis is primarily associated with iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation, and recent studies have revealed its potential association with depression. Clinical evidence suggests that ferroptosis may influence the development and function of the hippocampus through interactions with neuroinflammation. Activated microglia, astrocytes, and neurons are involved in ferroptosis. This review summarizes recent findings on how ferroptosis contributes to depression, including glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), phase separation, and neuroinflammatory pathways, allowing the proposal of some new hypotheses. We hope that exploring the role of ferroptosis in the mechanism of depression will offer a new perspective on the complex biological basis of depression and provide theoretical support for the development of new therapeutic methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":16579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neural Transmission","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143997617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mild behavioral impairment in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder and Lewy body disease continuum.","authors":"Bora Jin, Eun Jin Yoon, Kyung Ah Woo, Seoyeon Kim, Seungmin Lee, Ryul Kim, Jung Hwan Shin, Yu Kyeong Kim, Jee-Young Lee","doi":"10.1007/s00702-024-02877-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00702-024-02877-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the clinical impact of mild behavioral impairment (MBI) in a predefined cohort with Lewy body disease (LBD) continuum. Eighty-four patients in the LBD continuum participated in this study, including 35 patients with video-polysomnography-confirmed idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) and 49 clinically established LBD. Evaluations included the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), neuropsychological tests, and MBI Checklist (MBI-C). We examined the clinical associates of MBI-C and its diagnostic values in predicting disease severity and cognitive impairment across the LBD continuum. Participants were classified into 19 cognitively normal (CN), 45 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 20 dementia groups. Median MBI-C total scores were 1.0, 8.0, and 18.5 for CN, MCI, and dementia groups, respectively, with a significant increasing trend (p < 0.001). The MBI-C total score demonstrated significant correlations with the MDS-UPDRS part 1 (r = 0.504, p < 0.001) and total scores (r = 0.508, p < 0.001). Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between MBI-C and cognitive performances in frontal/executive (DSC: r = -0.314, p = 0.006; TMT-B: r = -0.338, p = 0.003) and attentional (TMT-A: r = -0.343, p = 0.002) domains. A cutoff 5.0 effectively differentiated the MCI from CN groups (area under the curve (AUC = 0.74). Furthermore, the MBI-C effectively discriminated the iRBD patients with high phenoconversion risk against those with low-risk (cut-off 4.0, AUC = 0.72). The MBI-C may be a useful screening questionnaire reflecting clinical severity across the LBD continuum. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine its value in monitoring disease progression in prodromal LBD.</p>","PeriodicalId":16579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neural Transmission","volume":" ","pages":"637-644"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043749/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142950331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Severity of anhedonia is associated with hyper-synchronization of the salience-default mode network in non-clinical individuals: a resting state EEG connectivity study.","authors":"Claudio Imperatori, Giorgia Allegrini, Aurelia Lo Presti, Giuseppe A Carbone, Mauro Adenzato, Benedetto Farina, Rita B Ardito","doi":"10.1007/s00702-025-02894-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00702-025-02894-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anhedonia is a core transnosographic symptom in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Recently, the Triple Network (TN) model has been proposed as a useful neurophysiological paradigm for conceptualizing anhedonia, providing new insights to clinicians and researchers. Despite this, the relationship between the functional dynamics of TN and the severity of anhedonia has been relatively understudied in non-clinical samples, especially in the resting state (RS) condition. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated this relationship using electroencephalography (EEG) functional connectivity. Eighty-two participants (36 males; mean age: 24.28 ± 7.35 years) underwent RS EEG recording with eyes-closed and completed the Beck Depression Inventory-derived 4-item anhedonia scale (BDI-Anh4) and the Brief Symptoms Inventory (BSI). EEG data on functional connectivity were analyzed using the exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA). A significant positive correlation was observed between the BDI-Anh4 total score and salience-default mode network connectivity in the beta frequency band (r = 0.409; p = 0.010). The results of the hierarchical linear regression analysis also showed that this connectivity pattern was positively and independently associated (β = 0.358; p < 0.001) with the BDI-Anh4 total score and explained an additional 11% of the anhedonia variability. The association between anhedonia severity and increased salience-default mode network synchronization detected in the current study may reflect difficulty disengaging from internal/self-related mental contents, which consequently impairs the processing of other stimuli, including rewarding stimuli.</p>","PeriodicalId":16579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neural Transmission","volume":" ","pages":"731-741"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043527/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}