Journal of neurophysiology最新文献

{"title":"NeuroCSF: an fMRI method to measure contrast sensitivity function in human visual cortex.","authors":"Laurie Goulet, Reza Farivar","doi":"10.1152/jn.00463.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00463.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The contrast sensitivity function (CSF) describes a range of spatial frequencies (SFs) that are detectable at a given level of contrast and is a very valuable tool both in clinical and fundamental research. However, despite its immense value, the full potential of the CSF has not been utilized in every aspect of clinical research due to time limits and patient factors. We propose neuroCSF as a new method for measuring the CSF across the visual field directly from brain activity and with minimal demand from participants. NeuroCSF is a computational model that estimates voxel-wise CSF parameters (i.e., peak contrast sensitivity, peak spatial frequency, and spatial frequency bandwidth) from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals under controlled visual stimulation conditions. The approach extends the population spatial frequency tuning (Aghajari S, Vinke LN, Ling S. <i>J Neurophysiol</i> 123: 773-785, 2020) and population receptive field (Dumoulin SO, Wandell BA. <i>Neuroimage</i> 39: 647-660, 2008) methods to provide the first characterization of a full CSF using neuroimaging. We observe that across early visual areas (V1, V2, and V3), the CSF peak spatial frequency and spatial frequency cutoff are significantly higher for foveal eccentricity and decrease at parafoveal eccentricities. Conversely, SF bandwidth slowly increases with eccentricity, while peak contrast sensitivity remains constant with eccentricity for all early visual areas. Thus cortical CSF estimates vary systematically with eccentricity. The neuroCSF approach opens new perspectives for the study of cortical visual functions in various disorders where the CSF is impacted, such as amblyopia, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> We introduce neuroCSF, a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based method for estimating contrast sensitivity function (CSF) parameters across the visual field. This approach is the first to provide voxel-wise CSF measurements directly from brain activity, offering insights into spatial frequency tuning across visual areas. NeuroCSF has potential clinical applications for disorders affecting contrast sensitivity and visual field function, such as amblyopia and traumatic brain injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1699-1716"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144018122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IL-33 secreted from astrocytes alleviates cognitive impairment associated with neuropathic pain via oxidative stress in mice.","authors":"Siyuan Wang, Yikang Yuan, Xin Liu, Aining Zhang, Ke Li, Bingrui Xiong, Mian Peng","doi":"10.1152/jn.00036.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00036.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive impairment is one of the most common comorbidities in individuals suffering from neuropathic pain. However, the mechanisms underlying pain-associated cognitive dysfunction remain unclear. Studies show that IL-33 is essential for synaptic plasticity, which is necessary for learning and memory formation. Here, we used a spared nerve injury (SNI) model in mice to induce cognitive dysfunction associated with neuropathic pain. Behavioral changes following surgery were assessed using Von Frey test, open field test, and novel object recognition test. Immunofluorescence, chemical genetics, and stereotaxic injections were used to investigate the potential mechanisms. Mitochondrial morphology and oxidative stress levels were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy and by measuring the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The data suggest that animals after SNI with comorbid memory dysfunction exhibited a decline in IL-33 levels in the dorsal hippocampal CA3 region, accompanied by disturbed astrocytes. The expression of IL-33-positive astrocytes was reduced, and the number of dendritic spines was decreased. In addition, SOD activity was decreased, ROS production increased, accompanied with impaired mitochondrial morphology in synapses. Exogenous IL-33 administration or enhancing endogenous IL-33 release via chemogenetic activation of astrocytes alleviated cognitive impairment. These effects were mediated by improvement in mitochondrial morphology, reduction in oxidative stress levels, and increase in the number of dendritic spines. Findings indicated that IL-33 derived from astrocytes in the dorsal CA3 contributes to synaptic plasticity and oxidative stress in SNI mice. Accordingly, IL-33 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for pain-associated cognitive impairment.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> IL-33 is important for synaptic plasticity and oxidative stress in spared nerve injury mice. Chemogenetic activation of targeted astrocytes and cognitive-related behavioral testing. Dorsal CA3 of hippocampus is essential part for pain-associated cognitive dysfunction in mice. IL-33 derived from astrocytes accounts for pain-related cognitive impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1919-1932"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144018929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A session of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation changes the input-output function of motoneurons and alters the sense of force.","authors":"Nish Mohith Kurukuti, Simon Avrillon, Jose L Pons","doi":"10.1152/jn.00140.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00140.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is commonly used in research and clinical settings for pain management and augmenting somatosensory inputs for motor recovery. Besides its functional effect, TENS acutely alters kinesthesia and force steadiness. However, the short-term impact following a session of TENS on proprioception and motor unit behavior is unknown. We evaluated the effect of a session of TENS on the senses of force, joint position, touch, and discharge activity of motor units. Fifteen healthy participants underwent two experiments, each with two visits randomly administering TENS or sham-TENS. The sense of force (<i>experiment 1</i>) and position (<i>experiment 2</i>) were evaluated through matching trials by pinching a dial and rotating their wrist (ulnar deviation). Isometric pinch contractions were performed before and after the session of TENS or sham-TENS, in which electromyographic (EMG) signals were recorded from the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) and abductor pollicis brevis (APB). Results showed that TENS acutely altered the senses of force, position, and touch, but only the sense of force remained altered following TENS. Motor unit discharge rates increased in both FDI and APB muscles for the same force output following TENS. A positive correlation was also observed between changes in motor unit discharge rates and changes in errors in force perception. These findings suggest that a session of TENS may have short-term effects on the input/output function of motoneurons (5-10 min in this study), which in turn may alter the sense of force. However, the precise timeline for these short-term aftereffects is unknown.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> It is often assumed that transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has a transient effect on proprioception and motor control. We found that position, force, and touch perception were altered during TENS. However, the sense of force remained altered following TENS. As the discharge rate of motor units also increased in first dorsal interosseus (FDI) and abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscles for the same force output following TENS, we suggest that their input-output function was altered, potentially causing a sustained decrease in performance in force-matching tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1619-1629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mean field theory for pulse-coupled neural oscillators based on the spike time response curve.","authors":"Carmen C Canavier","doi":"10.1152/jn.00045.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00045.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A mean field method for pulse-coupled oscillators with delays used a self-connected oscillator to represent a synchronous cluster of <i>N</i> - 1 oscillators and a single oscillator assumed to be perturbed from the cluster. A periodic train of biexponential conductance input was divided into a tonic and a phasic component representing the mean field input. A single cycle of the phasic conductance from the cluster was applied to the single oscillator embedded in the tonic component at different phases to measure the change in the cycle length in which the perturbation was initiated, that is, the first-order phase response curve (PRC), and the second-order PRC in the following cycle. A homogeneous network of 100 biophysically calibrated inhibitory interneurons with either shunting or hyperpolarizing inhibition tested the predictive power of the method. A self-consistency criterion predicted the oscillation frequency of the network from the PRCs as a function of the synaptic delay. The major determinant of the stability of synchrony was the sign of the slope of the first-order PRC of the single oscillator in response to an input from the self-connected cluster at a phase corresponding to the delay value. For most short delays, first-order PRCs correctly predicted the frequency and stability of simulated network activity. However, considering the second-order PRC improved the frequency prediction and resolved an incorrect prediction of stability of global synchrony at delays close to the free running period of single neurons in which a discontinuity in the PRC precluded existence of 1:1 self-locking.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> A mean field theory for synchrony in neural networks in which neurons are generally above threshold in the mean-driven regime is developed to extend and complement mean field theory previously developed by others for neurons that are generally below threshold in the fluctuation-driven regime. This work extends phase response curve theory as applied to high-frequency oscillations in networks with synaptic inputs that are not short with respect to the network period.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1630-1640"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12139517/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute pain impairs retention of locomotor learning, regardless of the context of retention testing.","authors":"Samuel R Jackson, Ryan T Pohlig, Susanne M Morton","doi":"10.1152/jn.00502.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00502.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our group and others have shown that the presence of an acute painful stimulus may interfere with retention of motor learning. Conversely, other evidence suggests this effect may not be truly due to pain, but due to a change in context when testing retention, i.e., testing retention in a nonpainful context when learning occurred in a painful context. Yet to our knowledge, no study has directly compared the retention of learning acquired under painful conditions with versus without a context change. To answer this question, we tested 30 young, healthy adults on a locomotor learning and retention paradigm. All participants walked on a treadmill with a monitor displaying distorted real-time visual feedback of step lengths to induce learning of an asymmetric stepping pattern. Retention was assessed 24 h later. Participants were randomized into one of three groups: one received no intervention; one received a painful stimulus during learning on <i>day 1</i> only; and one received the same painful stimulus during both learning on <i>day 1</i> and retention testing on <i>day 2</i>. Pain was induced by applying a combination of topical capsaicin cream and superficial heat to the skin of one leg. We found that while all groups successfully learned the asymmetric pattern, retention was reduced in both groups that experienced pain during learning, regardless of the pain context during retention testing. These findings indicate that pain experienced during the acquisition of a motor skill has a unique and deleterious effect on retention of that motor skill, which could negatively impact rehabilitation efforts.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> Here, we show that acute pain experienced during locomotor learning reduces its 24-h retention regardless of the context in which retention is tested. These findings indicate that pain has a deleterious effect on the retention of newly acquired motor skills, possibly impacting the efficacy of motor learning-based rehabilitation interventions for people with painful conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1807-1814"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143970510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EEG burst dynamics as an indicator of a progressive hypoxic state.","authors":"Matthew J Hall, Giuseppe Pellizzer, Daniel G McHail, Kara J Blacker, David J Francis, Nuri F Ince","doi":"10.1152/jn.00430.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00430.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypoxia disrupts perceptual and cognitive processes, posing serious risks for aircraft pilots. To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying these effects, we analyzed EEG subband power and burst dynamics in 27 participants reporting symptoms and performing cognitive tasks under progressive hypoxia. We hypothesized that specific burst features reflect declining oxygen availability and correlate with physiological, task performance, and symptom measures. Measurements were obtained during two conditions: normoxia, with O₂ maintained at 21%, and hypoxia, where O₂ was progressively decreased in four exposures (14.3%, 11.8%, 9.7%, and 8.1% O₂) of 5 min each after a 10-min normoxia baseline. EEG burst features-rate, duration, and cross-channel synchrony-were evaluated across overlapping subbands (1-7 Hz, 5-15 Hz, and 13-24 Hz) to identify neural signatures of hypoxic burden. Significant increases in burst features were observed in the 5-15 Hz and 13-24 Hz subbands starting at the second hypoxia exposure. In the 1-7-Hz subband, bursts emerged at the third exposure, coinciding with participant dropout. The strongest linear correlations of burst features with physiological, task performance, and symptom measures were found in the 5-15-Hz band: [Formula: see text] (-0.953), heart rate (0.963), task accuracy (-0.736), task completion time (0.653), and symptom rate (0.758). This study identifies novel EEG-based signatures of hypoxia, showing burst features increase with hypoxic exposure in a frequency- and time-dependent manner. These features strongly correlate with physiological decline and impaired cognitive performance. The findings may support real-time detection of hypoxia in aviation and other operational settings.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> This study reveals how EEG burst activity changes with progressive hypoxia, offering insights into its neural correlates. Increased burst features in specific frequency bands correlate strongly with physiological, such as decreasing peripheral oxygen, task performance, such as declining accuracy, and symptom measures, such as increasing report rate. Our findings characterize a neural signature with potential use for real-time EEG monitoring to enhance hypoxia detection in aviation, potentially improving flight safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1980-1996"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-specific generalization in walking adaptation: the role of training speed.","authors":"Cris Rossi","doi":"10.1152/jn.00225.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00225.2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"2014-2015"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of energy-efficient coding in visual cortex.","authors":"S Amin Moosavi, Antonia Pastor, Alfredo G Ornelas, Elaine Tring, Dario L Ringach","doi":"10.1152/jn.00078.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00078.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sparse coding enables cortical populations to represent sensory inputs efficiently, yet its temporal dynamics remain poorly understood. Here, we provide direct evidence that stimulus onset initially drives broad cortical activation, transiently reducing sparseness while increasing mutual information. Over time, competitive interactions refine the population response, maintaining high mutual information as activity declines and sparseness increases. Critically, coding efficiency, quantified as the ratio of mutual information to metabolic cost, steadily improves throughout stimulus presentation, revealing an active, time-dependent optimization of sensory representations.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> The authors show that cortical populations refine sensory representations over time. Initially, broad activation boosts information, but as competition sharpens responses, population sparseness increases while preserving mutual information. This dynamic process steadily improves coding efficiency, revealing an active, time-dependent optimization of sensory representations that balances information and metabolic cost.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"2006-2013"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12220834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional state correlates to survival and prognosis in children with brain tumor resection.","authors":"Yao Chen, Xin Hu, Ting Fan, Yongde Zhou, Cuiping Yu, Jian Ding, Jianfeng Yu, Ying Zhao, Nan Li, Baoguo Wang","doi":"10.1152/jn.00112.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00112.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pediatric brain tumors are the leading solid tumors in children. This study examines the critical factors influencing survival outcomes in pediatric patients undergoing brain tumor resection. We retrospectively analyzed 594 pediatric cases, collecting data on demographics, tumor characteristics, preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores. Nutritional status was assessed using the STRONGkids tool. Survival analysis involved Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards models. In regard to short-term prognosis, high nutritional risk was linked to prolonged hospital and ICU stays and more postoperative complications for all the cases. Considering the disease-free survival for malignant brain tumor cases, medium nutritional risk was associated with better survival compared with high nutritional risk (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Smaller tumor sizes and higher preoperative GCS scores correlated with improved survival rates (<i>P</i> = 0.005 and <i>P</i> < 0.001, respectively). Higher levels of preoperative albumin and prealbumin significantly increased survival (<i>P</i> < 0.001). ROC curve analysis identified optimal cutoffs for albumin (40.34 g/L) and prealbumin (192.1 mg/L) with corresponding sensitivities of 60.02% and 62.24%, and specificities of 85.06% and 73.28%, respectively. Larger tumor size, poor preoperative nutritional and neurological status, and suboptimal preoperative biochemical markers were significant predictors of increased mortality or recurrence risk. Preoperative nutritional assessment is crucial in pediatric brain tumor patients. Nutritional status, tumor size, and specific preoperative biochemical markers are vital for predicting disease-free survival outcomes. These findings highlight the need for integrating comprehensive preoperative evaluations into clinical protocols to enhance patient management and survival rates.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> This is the first large-scale study to analyze the relationship between nutritional status and both short-term and relatively long-term outcomes in pediatric brain tumor patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1641-1648"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulated ischemia in live cerebral slices is mimicked by opening the Na⁺/K⁺ pump: clues to the generation of spreading depolarization.","authors":"Danielle Kim, Peter Gagolewicz, Sydney McQueen, Hannah Latour, Kaitlyn Tresidder, Cathryn R Jarvis, R David Andrew","doi":"10.1152/jn.00429.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00429.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization (SD) in response to the increased metabolic demand of ischemia, promoting acute neuronal injury and death following stroke, traumatic brain injury, or sudden cardiac arrest. The mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase (NKA) pump to the immediate onset of a large inward current driving SD has remained a mystery because blockade of conventional ion channels does not prevent SD nor ischemic neuron death. The marine poison palytoxin (PLTX) specifically binds the NKA at picomolar concentrations, converting this transporter to an open cationic channel, causing sudden neuronal Na⁺ influx and K⁺ efflux. This pump failure, together with induction of a strong inward current, should evoke SD-like activity in gray matter. Indeed, 1-10 nM PLTX applied to live coronal brain slices of rodents induces a propagating depolarization remarkably like SD induced by oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD). This PLTX depolarization (PD) mimicked other effects of OGD. In the neocortex, as an elevated light transmittance (LT) front passed by an extracellular pipette, a distinct negative DC shift indicated mass cell depolarization, whether induced by bath OGD or PLTX. Either treatment induced strong SD-like responses in the same higher or lower brain regions. Furthermore, we imaged identical real-time OGD-SD or PD effects upon live pyramidal neurons using 2-photon microscopy. Taken together, these findings support our proposal that an endogenous PLTX-like molecule may open the NKA to conduct Na⁺ influx/K⁺ efflux, thereby driving SD and, in its wake, ensuing neuronal damage.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> With stroke, traumatic brain injury, or sudden cardiac arrest, there is no therapeutic drug to aid brain recovery. Within 2 min of severe ischemia, a wave of spreading depolarization (SD) propagates through affected gray matter. More SDs arise over hours, expanding the injury. This period represents a therapeutic window to inhibit recurring SD and reduce neuronal damage, but we do not understand the underlying molecular sequence. Here, we argue for a novel molecule to target.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1649-1664"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}