Journal of neurophysiology最新文献

{"title":"Spatiomotor Dynamics of Hand Movements During the Drawing of Memory-Guided Trajectories without Visual Feedback.","authors":"Christopher W Tyler, Kristyo N Mineff, Michael Liang, Lora T Likova","doi":"10.1152/jn.00153.2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00153.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the underlying principles of the spatiomotor dynamics during human movement execution are now broadly understood to conform to a Minimum Jerk Principle, the question addressed in the present analysis is whether the same principles operate during human drawing movements without visual feedback, deriving from studies of the Likova Cognitive-Kinesthetic Memory-Drawing Training Paradigm. For two groups of participants, completely blind, and sighted but temporarily blindfolded, this analysis shows that the consensus model of arm-motion kinematics as a simple 1/3rd power relationship of drawing speed to the local curvature of the line being drawn is not a sufficient characterization of their coupling. Instead, the drawing dynamics conform to a hyperbolic power relationship, with a coupling power of approximately 1.0 for regions of the highest curvature, asymptoting to curvature-independence for regions of shallow curvature, for both blind and blindfolded groups. Thus, the asymptotic power was much higher than the 1/3^rd power predicted from the Minimum Jerk Principle. In detail, the maximum-velocity asymptote for both groups averaged about 6 cm/s for drawing from memory, increasing to more than twice as fast for mindless scribbling. We conclude that the more elaborate operating principle of a hyperbolic saturation function, with a power asymptote of about 1.0, may be interpreted as an adaptive implementation approximating the Minimum Jerk Principle of the simple 1/3^rd power law relating velocity and curvature.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143764130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collothalamic projections to the human amygdala: hemispheric asymmetry modulates trait anxiety.","authors":"Robert D Rafal, Kristin Koller","doi":"10.1152/jn.00033.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00033.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 19 people, probabilistic DTI tractography was used to visualize the topographic relationships between three white matter components of a fascicle, the supraventricular temporal bundle, that traverses above the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle: collothalamic auditory and visual projections to the amygdala via the posterior thalamus, and the amygdalofugal stria terminalis. This bundle constitutes a subcortical, \"low road\" pathway that transmits threat signals to the amygdala, and that projects signals that bias orienting toward visual threat to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The course of the visual streamline passes below the brachium of the superior colliculus through the position of two thalamic nuclei that have been shown to both receive afferents from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus and to also project to the amygdala: the suprageniculate nucleus and the inferior pulvinar. The visual streamline passes laterally dorsal to the auditory streamline and both collothalamic streamlines then traverse together above the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, dorsal to the stria terminalis, with the auditory streamline dorsal to the visual streamline, and entering the lateral amygdala dorsal and medial to it. Individual differences in the degree of hemispheric asymmetry of the fractional anisotropy of the visual streamline, but not the auditory streamline, predicted trait anxiety: weaker left hemisphere connectivity relative to those in the right hemisphere was associated with higher trait anxiety. There was no correlation between individual differences in the microstructure of either the stria terminalis or the ventral amygdalofugal pathway and trait anxiety.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> Three components of a white matter bundle, auditory and visual collothalamic projections to the amygdala and the stria terminalis, traverse above the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. This bundle constitutes a \"low road\" pathway that transmits threat signals to the amygdala, via the posterior thalamus, and that biases spatial orienting toward visual threat. Hemispheric asymmetry of the microstructure of the visual pathway predicts individual differences in trait anxiety.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1054-1066"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143066383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive analysis of human dendritic spine morphology and density.","authors":"Kerstin D Schünemann, Roxanne M Hattingh, Matthijs B Verhoog, Danqing Yang, Aniella V Bak, Sabrina Peter, Karen M J van Loo, Stefan Wolking, Deborah Kronenberg-Versteeg, Yvonne Weber, Niklas Schwarz, Joseph V Raimondo, Roger Melvill, Sean A Tromp, James T Butler, Anke Höllig, Daniel Delev, Thomas V Wuttke, Björn M Kampa, Henner Koch","doi":"10.1152/jn.00622.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00622.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dendritic spines, small protrusions on neuronal dendrites, play a crucial role in brain function by changing shape and size in response to neural activity. So far, in-depth analysis of dendritic spines in human brain tissue is lacking. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of human dendritic spine morphology and density using a unique dataset from human brain tissue from 27 patients (8 females, 19 males, aged 18-71 yr) undergoing tumor or epilepsy surgery at three neurosurgery sites. We used acute slices and organotypic brain slice cultures to examine dendritic spines, classifying them into the three main morphological subtypes: mushroom, thin, and stubby, via three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction using ZEISS arivis Pro software. A deep learning model, trained on 39 diverse datasets, automated spine segmentation and 3-D reconstruction, achieving a 74% F1-score and reducing processing time by over 50%. We show significant differences in spine density by sex, dendrite type, and tissue condition. Females had higher spine densities than males, and apical dendrites were denser in spines than basal ones. Acute tissue showed higher spine densities compared with cultured human brain tissue. With time in culture, mushroom spines decreased, whereas stubby and thin spine percentages increased, particularly from 7-9 to 14 days in vitro, reflecting potential synaptic plasticity changes. Our study underscores the importance of using human brain tissue to understand unique synaptic properties and shows that integrating deep learning with traditional methods enables efficient large-scale analysis, revealing key insights into sex- and tissue-specific dendritic spine dynamics relevant to neurological diseases.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> This study presents a dataset of nearly 4,000 morphologically reconstructed human dendritic spines across different ages, gender, and tissue conditions. The dataset was further used to evaluate a deep learning algorithm for three-dimensional spine reconstruction, offering a scalable method for semiautomated spine analysis across various tissues and microscopy setups. The findings enhance understanding of human neurology, indicating potential connections between spine morphology, brain function, and the mechanisms of neurological and psychiatric diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1086-1102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebral blood flow in Andean children and adolescents living above 5,000 m.","authors":"Connor A Howe, Samuel Verges, Daniela Nowak-Flück, Jack S Talbot, Benoit Champigneulle, Emeric Stauffer, Julien V Brugniaux, Stéphane Doutreleau, Ivan Hancco, Shailesh Niroula, Aurélien Pichon, Ali M McManus, Michael Stembridge, Philip N Ainslie","doi":"10.1152/jn.00513.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00513.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A number of indigenous populations have resided at high-altitude for generations, resulting in various phenotypical adaptations promoting successful high-altitude adaptation. Although many of these adaptations have been investigated in adults, little is known regarding how children residing at high-altitudes adapt, particularly with regards to the cerebrovasculature. Under hypoxic environments, compensatory changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) are necessary to couple oxygen delivery to metabolic demand in the face of reduced oxygen availability. In this study, we aimed to evaluate regional and global cerebral blood flow (CBF) in Andean children and adolescents living in the highest city in the world at 5,100 m. Eighteen Andeans (ages 6-17 yr) living in La Rinconada, Peru (5,100 m) were compared with sex-, age-, size-, and maturity-matched high-altitude Sherpa (3,800 m) living in the Khumbu valley of Nepal (<i>n</i> = 18) and lowlanders (44 m) living at sea-level in Cardiff, Wales (<i>n</i> = 18). Volumetric measurements of CBF were assessed using duplex ultrasound of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries to assess regional and global CBF. End-tidal gases and oxygen saturation were measured in all groups, while hemoglobin concentration was assessed in Andeans. Despite Andeans living under a more severe hypoxic environment, global CBF was similar between Andeans (687.01 ± 138.49 mL/min), Sherpa (711.27 ± 110.27 mL/min), and lowlanders (704.88 ± 59.23 mL/min). In contrast, vertebral artery blood flow was 24% lower in Andeans (72.93 ± 31.60 mL/min) compared with lowlanders (96.09 ± 19.23 mL/min). The similar global CBF in Andean children might be achieved through elevated hemoglobin concentration. However, lower posterior perfusion in Andeans requires further investigation to determine whether it represents an adaptive or maladaptive response.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> We have, for the first time, quantified volumetric regional and global cerebral blood flow in indigenous Andean children and adolescents living above 5,000 m in the highest city in the world. Compared with Sherpa living at moderate altitude (3,800 m), and lowlanders residing at sea level, Andeans present with similar global cerebral blood flow, but lower posterior flow despite being more hypoxemic. Similar to adults, differences in high hemoglobin concentration may drive this pattern of cerebral blood flow.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1138-1145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143573288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroanatomical and neurochemical organization of brainstem and forebrain circuits involved in breathing regulation.","authors":"Thiago S Moreira, Ana C Takakura, Barbara Falquetto, Jan-Marino Ramirez, Luiz M Oliveira, Phelipe E Silva, Emmanuel V Araujo","doi":"10.1152/jn.00475.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00475.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breathing regulation depends on a highly intricate and precise network within the brainstem, requiring the identification of all neuronal elements in the brainstem respiratory circuits and a comprehensive understanding of their organization into distinct functional compartments. These compartments play a pivotal role by providing essential input to three main targets: cranial motoneurons that regulate airway control, spinal motoneurons that activate the inspiratory and expiratory muscles, and higher brain structures that influence breathing behavior and integrate it with other physiological and behavioral processes. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the phenotypes, connections, and functional roles of the major compartments within the brainstem and forebrain respiratory circuits. In addition, it summarizes the diverse neurotransmitters used by neurons in these regions, highlighting their contributions to the coordination and modulation of respiratory activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1116-1137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volumetric mesoscopic electrophysiology: a new imaging modality for the nonhuman primate.","authors":"Tobias Teichert, László Papp, Ferenc Vincze, Nioka Burns, Baldwin Goodell, Zabir Ahmed, Andrew Holmes, Maysam Chamanzar, Kate Gurnsey","doi":"10.1152/jn.00399.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00399.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The primate brain is a densely interconnected organ whose function is best understood by recording from the entire structure in parallel, rather than parts of it in sequence. However, available methods either have limited temporal resolution (functional magnetic resonance imaging; fMRI), limited spatial resolution (macroscopic electroencephalography), or a limited field of view (microscopic electrophysiology). To address this need, we developed a volumetric, mesoscopic recording approach (MePhys) by tessellating the volume of a monkey hemisphere with 992 electrode contacts that were distributed across 62 chronically implanted multielectrode shafts. We showcase the scientific promise of MePhys by describing the functional interactions of local field potentials between the more than 300,000 simultaneously recorded pairs of electrodes. We find that a subanesthetic dose of ketamine-believed to mimic certain aspects of psychosis-can create a pronounced state of functional disconnection and prevent the formation of stable large-scale intrinsic states. We conclude that MePhys provides a new and fundamentally distinct window into brain function whose unique profile of strengths and weaknesses complements existing approaches in synergistic ways.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> We created a new imaging modality for the nonhuman primate, mesoscopic electrophysiology, or MePhys by sampling local field potentials (LFPs) in a dense three-dimensional grid from across the volume of one entire hemisphere. MePhys combines the millisecond temporal resolution of electrophysiology with the large field of view and millimeter spatial resolution of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). MePhys' unique profile of strengths and limitations makes it an ideal imaging method for the nonhuman primate brain observatories of the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1034-1053"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cortical beta modulation during active movement is highly reproducible in healthy adults.","authors":"Linda Niemelä, Lola Lerche, Mia Illman, Erika Kirveskari, Mia Liljeström, K Amande M Pauls, Hanna Renvall","doi":"10.1152/jn.00377.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00377.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rolandic beta (13-30 Hz) rhythm recorded over the sensorimotor cortices is known to be modified by movement execution and observation. Beta modulation has been considered as a biomarker of motor function in various neurological diseases, and active natural-like movements might offer a clinically feasible method to assess them. Although the stability of movement-related beta modulation has been addressed during passive and highly controlled active movements, the test-retest reliability of natural-like movements has not been established. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to evaluate the reproducibility of movement-related sensorimotor beta modulation longitudinally over 3 mo in a group of healthy adults (<i>n</i> = 22). We focused on the changes in beta activity both during active grasping movement (beta suppression) and after movement termination (beta rebound). The strengths of beta suppression and rebound were similar between the baseline and follow-up measurements; intraclass correlation coefficient values (0.76-0.96) demonstrated high reproducibility. Our results indicate that the beta modulation in response to an active hand-squeezing task has excellent test-retest reliability: the natural-like active movement paradigm is suitable for evaluating the functional state of the sensorimotor cortex and can be used as a biomarker in clinical follow-up studies.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> This research demonstrates that the beta rhythm modulation related to active hand-squeezing task has an excellent test-retest reproducibility in healthy adults over a three-month follow-up period. This natural-like active movement is thus suitable for evaluating beta modulation to assess the functional state of the sensorimotor cortex and can be utilized as a biomarker, for example, in clinical longitudinal follow-up studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1067-1073"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"δ-Containing GABA_A receptors on parvalbumin interneurons modulate neuronal excitability and network dynamics in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex.","authors":"Xinguo Lu, Hong-Jin Shu, Peter M Lambert, Ann Benz, Charles F Zorumski, Steven Mennerick","doi":"10.1152/jn.00495.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00495.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), fast-spiking parvalbumin (PV) interneurons regulate excitability and microcircuit oscillatory activity important for cognition. Although PV interneurons inhibit pyramidal neurons, they themselves express δ subunits of GABA_A receptors important for slow inhibition. However, the specific contribution of δ-containing GABA_A receptors to the function of PV interneurons in mPFC is unclear. We explored cellular, synaptic, and local-circuit activity in PV interneurons and pyramidal neurons in mouse mPFC after selectively deleting δ subunits in PV interneurons (cKO mice). In current-clamp recordings, cKO PV interneurons exhibited a higher frequency of action potentials and higher input resistance than wild-type (WT) PV interneurons. Picrotoxin increased firing and GABA decreased firing in WT PV interneurons but not in cKO PV interneurons. The δ-preferring agonist THIP reduced spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents disproportionately in WT pyramidal neurons compared with cKO pyramidal neurons. In WT slices, depolarizing the network with 400 nM kainate increased firing of pyramidal neurons but had little effect on PV interneuron firing. In contrast, kainate application in cKO slices preferentially activated PV interneurons rather than pyramidal neurons. At the population level, kainate induced broadband increases in local field potentials in WT but not in cKO slices. These results on cells and network activity can be understood through increased excitability of cKO PV interneurons. In summary, our study demonstrates that δ-containing GABA_A receptors in mPFC PV interneurons play a crucial role in regulating their excitability and the phasic inhibition of pyramidal neurons, elucidating intricate mechanisms governing cortical circuitry.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> We reveal the critical role of δ-containing GABA_A receptors in parvalbumin interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex, important for human neuropsychiatric disorders. We demonstrate these receptors' importance in regulating neuronal excitability and network dynamics. δ-containing receptors act as a brake on interneuron activity, maintaining the excitation-inhibition balance in cortical circuits. Our findings provide insights into how disruptions in inhibitory signaling alter network function through a receptor subtype that is a target of neurotherapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1003-1013"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hip posture affects the firing properties of motor units in the tibialis anterior muscle.","authors":"Tetsuya Hirono, Taian M Vieira, Alberto Botter, Kohei Watanabe","doi":"10.1152/jn.00448.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00448.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we contend the firing properties of motor units change due to nonphysiological sources. We specifically ask whether changes in the fibular nerve length, without a concurrent change in tibialis anterior architecture, affect motor unit firing and recruitment strategies. We tested this hypothesis based on high-density surface electromyograms (EMGs) collected from the tibialis anterior of 18 healthy young adults for two hip postures, flexed and extended. To control for changes in peripheral nerve length, conduction time between electrical stimulation and generation of compound action potentials in extensor digitorum brevis was measured for the two hip postures during rest. Motor units were decomposed from EMGs obtained during sustained isometric dorsiflexion at 10% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and during ramp isometric contractions up to 20% MVC. Individual motor unit firings were identified and tracked between the two postures. Nerve conduction time was significantly shorter in hip flexed than in hip extended posture (<i>P</i> < 0.01), suggesting that peripheral nerve was stretched in the flexed hip posture. MVC torque was not different between flexed and extended postures (<i>P</i> = 0.254). Motor unit firing rates during sustained contraction at 10% of MVC, and during ramp-up contraction to 20% of MVC were significantly lower during flexed hip posture than during extended hip posture (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Hip flexion posture, which likely result in a stretching of the fibular nerve, was observed to reduce the average firing rate of active motor units during relatively low contractions.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> Peripheral nerve condition can affect motor unit activations. Sciatic and fibular nerves are stretched by ankle dorsiflexion, knee extension, and hip flexion. Hip flexion posture, which likely result in a stretching of the fibular nerve, was observed to reduce the average firing rate of active motor units during relatively low contraction. Proximal joint posture, which does not directly influence muscle architecture, should be considered to interpret neural input properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1074-1082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143557169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How sub-optimal are the neural representations: show me your null model.","authors":"Movitz Lenninger, Arvind Kumar","doi":"10.1152/jn.00085.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1152/jn.00085.2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16563,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurophysiology","volume":" ","pages":"1083-1085"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}