Journal of microscopy最新文献

{"title":"Cements and concretes materials characterisation using machine-learning-based reconstruction and 3D quantitative mineralogy via X-ray microscopy","authors":"Ria L. Mitchell,&nbsp;Andy Holwell,&nbsp;Giacomo Torelli,&nbsp;John Provis,&nbsp;Kajanan Selvaranjan,&nbsp;Dan Geddes,&nbsp;Antonia Yorkshire,&nbsp;Sarah Kearney","doi":"10.1111/jmi.13278","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jmi.13278","url":null,"abstract":"<p>3D imaging via X-ray microscopy (XRM), a form of tomography, is revolutionising materials characterisation. Nondestructive imaging to classify grains, particles, interfaces and pores at various scales is imperative for our understanding of the composition, structure, and failure of building materials. Various workflows now exist to maximise data collection and to push the boundaries of what has been achieved before, either from singular instruments, software or combinations through multimodal correlative microscopy. An evolving area on interest is the XRM data acquisition and data processing workflow; of particular importance is the improvement of the data acquisition process of samples that are challenging to image, usually because of their size, density (atomic number) and/or the resolution they need to be imaged at. Modern advances include deep/machine learning and AI resolutions for this problem, which address artefact detection during data reconstruction, provide advanced denoising, improved quantification of features, upscaling of data/images, and increased throughput, with the goal to enhance segmentation and visualisation during postprocessing leading to better characterisation of samples. Here, we apply three AI and machine-learning-based reconstruction approaches to cements and concretes to assist with image improvement, faster throughput of samples, upscaling of data, and quantitative phase identification in 3D. We show that by applying advanced machine learning reconstruction approaches, it is possible to (i) vastly improve the scan quality and increase throughput of ‘thick’ cores of cements/concretes through enhanced contrast and denoising using DeepRecon Pro, (ii) upscale data to larger fields of view using DeepScout and (iii) use quantitative automated mineralogy to spatially characterise and quantify the mineralogical/phase components in 3D using Mineralogic 3D. These approaches significantly improve the quality of collected XRM data, resolve features not previously accessible, and streamline scanning and reconstruction processes for greater throughput.</p>","PeriodicalId":16484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jmi.13278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rise of data-driven microscopy powered by machine learning","authors":"Leonor Morgado,&nbsp;Estibaliz Gómez-de-Mariscal,&nbsp;Hannah S. Heil,&nbsp;Ricardo Henriques","doi":"10.1111/jmi.13282","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jmi.13282","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Optical microscopy is an indispensable tool in life sciences research, but conventional techniques require compromises between imaging parameters like speed, resolution, field of view and phototoxicity. To overcome these limitations, data-driven microscopes incorporate feedback loops between data acquisition and analysis. This review overviews how machine learning enables automated image analysis to optimise microscopy in real time. We first introduce key data-driven microscopy concepts and machine learning methods relevant to microscopy image analysis. Subsequently, we highlight pioneering works and recent advances in integrating machine learning into microscopy acquisition workflows, including optimising illumination, switching modalities and acquisition rates, and triggering targeted experiments. We then discuss the remaining challenges and future outlook. Overall, intelligent microscopes that can sense, analyse and adapt promise to transform optical imaging by opening new experimental possibilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":16484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jmi.13282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140039646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using the traditional microscope for mineral grain orientation determination: A prototype image analysis pipeline for optic-axis mapping (POAM)","authors":"Marco Andres Acevedo Zamora,&nbsp;Christoph Eckart Schrank,&nbsp;Balz Samuel Kamber","doi":"10.1111/jmi.13284","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jmi.13284","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper reports on the development of an open-source image analysis software ‘pipeline’ dedicated to petrographic microscopy. Using conventional rock thin sections and images from a standard polarising microscope, the pipeline can classify minerals and subgrains into objects and obtain information about optic-axis orientation. Five metamorphic rocks were chosen to test and illustrate the method. Thin sections were imaged using reflected and cross- and plane-polarised transmitted light. Images were taken at different angles of the polariser and analyser (360° with 10° steps), both with and without the full-lambda plate. The resulting image stacks were analysed with a modular pipeline for optic-axis mapping (POAM). POAM consists of external and internal software packages that register, segment, classify, and interpret the visible light spectra using object-based image analysis (OBIAS). The mapped fields-of-view and grain orientation stereonets of interest are presented in the context of whole-slide images.</p><p>Two innovations are reported. First, we used hierarchical tree region merging on blended multimodal images to classify individual grains of rock-forming minerals into objects. Second, we assembled a new optical mineralogy algorithm chain that identifies the mineral slow axis orientation. The <i>c</i>-axis orientation results were verified with scanning electron microscopy electron backscattered diffraction (SEM-EBSD) data. For quartz (uniaxial) in a granite mylonite the test yielded excellent correspondence of c-axis azimuth and good agreement for inclination. For orthorhombic orthopyroxene in a deformed garnet harzburgite, POAM produced acceptable results for slow axis azimuth. In addition, the method identified slight anisotropy in garnet that would not be appreciated by traditional microscopy.</p><p>We propose that our method is ideally suited for two commonly performed tasks in mineralogy. First, for mineral grain classification of entire thin sections scans on blended images to provide automated modal abundance estimates and grain size distribution. Second, for prospective fields of view of interest, POAM can rapidly generate slow axis crystal orientation maps from multiangle image stacks on conventionally prepared thin sections for targeting detailed SEM-EBSD studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":16484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jmi.13284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140028248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of various microscopy techniques to study early-age and longer-term behaviour of super sulphated cement microstructure","authors":"Migueli Chedrewih,&nbsp;Marta Medala,&nbsp;Christelle Schmid,&nbsp;Emmanuel Garcia,&nbsp;Denis Damidot,&nbsp;Vincent Thiéry","doi":"10.1111/jmi.13281","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jmi.13281","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Super sulphated cement (SSC) is a very promising substitute for traditional construction materials (i.e. Portland cement), due to its enhanced durability and particularly low environmental impact. This paper explores the microstructure and certain properties of SSC, focusing on the particular complexities of its microstructure and the difficulties of microanalysis of its hydrates. To do so, SSC paste samples were first cast to identify hydration products using X-ray diffraction, then observed at early age using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and at early and late age using scanning electron microscopy. In addition, concrete cores impregnated with fluorescein in order to highlight porosity, cracking and aggregates debonding were observed under UV light using optical microscopy (OM), showing a complete absence of cracking and aggregate debonding. Both microscopy techniques (CLSM and UV light OM) have been applied to this type of binder for the first time. The results show that SSC microstructure is characterised by a sophisticated intergrowth of various phases, including ettringite and amorphous calcium-(alumina)-silicate hydrate gels. Finally, Monte–Carlo simulation of electron-matter has been provided for a better understanding of EDS analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140012717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural and micromechanical characteristics of composite osteoconductive coatings deposited by the atmospheric pressure plasma technique","authors":"Lukasz Major,&nbsp;D. F. Kopp,&nbsp;R. Major,&nbsp;Jürgen Markus Lackner","doi":"10.1111/jmi.13285","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jmi.13285","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Long-term placement of facial implants requires avoiding the formation of fibrous tissue capsules around the artificial material by creating osteoconductive properties of the surface. Most promising approach is the deposition coatings made of materials very similar to bone mineral components, that is, calcium phosphates such as hydroxyapatite (HAp). As part of the research work, an innovative, cost-effective atmospheric pressure plasma deposition (APPD) system was used as a low-temperature coating technology for generating the HAp coatings deposition. Full microstructural characterisation of the coatings using SEM and TEM techniques was carried out in the work. It has been shown that the fully crystalline HAp powder undergoes a transformation during the coatings deposition and the material had a quasi-sintered structure after deposition. The crystalline phase content increased at the coating/substrate interface, while the surface of the HAp was amorphous. This is a very beneficial phenomenon due to the process of bioresorption. The amorphous phase undergoes much faster biodegradation than the crystalline one. In order to increase the bioactivity of the HAp, Zn particles were introduced on the surface of the coating. The TEM microstructural analysis in conjunction with the qualitative analysis of the EDS chemical composition showed that the binding of the Zn particles within the HAp matrix had diffusive character, which is very favourable from the point of view of the quality of the adhesion and the bioactivity of the coating. In the case of such a complex structure and due to its very porous nature, micromechanical analysis was carried out in situ in SEM, that is, by microhardness measurements of both the HAp matrix and the Zn particle. It was shown that the average value of HAp microhardness was 4.395 GPa ± 0.08, while the average value of Zn microhardness was 1.142 GPa ± 0.02</p>","PeriodicalId":16484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139983163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early hydration of C4AF with silica fume and its role on katoite composition","authors":"Martin Boháč,&nbsp;Anežka Zezulová,&nbsp;Michaela Krejčí Kotlánová,&nbsp;Dana Kubátová,&nbsp;Theodor Staněk,&nbsp;Zdeněk Krejza,&nbsp;Dalibor Všianský,&nbsp;Radek Novotný,&nbsp;Jakub Palovčík,&nbsp;Karel Dvořák","doi":"10.1111/jmi.13280","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jmi.13280","url":null,"abstract":"<p>C₄AF is considered the least reactive main clinker phase, but its reactivity may be affected by adding supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Pure C₄AF was synthesised in a laboratory furnace, and the role of silica fume without gypsum on its early hydration properties was monitored. Burning was carried out in four stages to achieve 99% purity of C₄AF. Heat flow development was monitored by isothermal calorimetry over 7 days of hydration at 20°C and 40°C. The role of silica fume on hydrogarnet phase katoite (Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)_{3 –} <i>_x</i>(OH)₄<i>_x x</i> = 1.5–3) formation during early hydration was studied. Rapid dissolution of C₄AF, formation of metastable C-(A,F)-H and its conversion to C₃(A, F)H₆ was evidenced by isothermal calorimetry as a large exotherm. Changes in microstructure during early hydration were documented by SE micrographs, EDS point analyses, X-ray mapping and line scans by SEM-EDS. The phase composition was characterised by DTA-TGA and QXRD after 7 days of hydration. The katoite diffraction pattern is similar for the reference sample and sample with silica fume, but substitution in its structure can be revealed by X-ray microanalyses. The composition of katoite is variable due to the various extent of substitution of 4OH⁻ by SiO₄⁴⁻ due to silica fume.</p>","PeriodicalId":16484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139990342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Python tool to determine the thickness of the hydrate layer around clinker grains using SEM-BSE images","authors":"Florian Kleiner,&nbsp;Franz Becker,&nbsp;Christiane Rößler,&nbsp;Horst-Michael Ludwig","doi":"10.1111/jmi.13283","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jmi.13283","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To accurately simulate the hydration process of cementitious materials, understanding the growth rate of C-S-H layers around clinker grains is crucial. Nonetheless, the thickness of the hydrate layer shows substantial variation around individual grains, depending on their surrounding. Consequently, it is not feasible to measure hydrate layers manually in a reliable and reproducible manner. To address this challenge, a software has been developed to statistically determine the C-S-H thickness, requiring minimal manual interventions for thresholding and for setting limits like particle size or circularity.</p><p>This study presents a tool, which automatically identifies suitable clinker grains and and perform statistical measurements of their hydrate layer up to a specimen age of 28 days. The findings reveal a significant increase in the C-S-H layer, starting from 0.45 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$umu {rm {m}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> after 1 day and reaching 3.04 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$umu {rm {m}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> after 28 days. However, for older specimens, the measurement of the C-S-H layer was not feasible due to limited pore space and clinker grains.</p>","PeriodicalId":16484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jmi.13283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139972241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigations on lightweight concrete by in situ compression tests using high-resolution computed tomography (μ-CT)","authors":"Cristin Umbach,&nbsp;Bernhard Middendorf","doi":"10.1111/jmi.13279","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jmi.13279","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The fracture behaviour of concrete is studied in various micro- and macro-damage models. This is important for estimating serviceability and stability of concrete structures. However, a detailed understanding of the material behaviour under load is often not available. In order to better interpret the fracture behaviour and pattern, images of lightweight concrete were taken using a high-resolution computed tomography (μ-CT) scanner. The samples were loaded between the taken images and the load was kept constant during the measurement. This study describes the method used and how the data set was analysed to investigate displacements and cracks. It has been shown that displacements and damage to the concrete structure can be detected prior to failure, allowing conclusions to be drawn about the structural behaviour. In principle, the μ-CT measurement can be used to examine different kinds of concrete as well as other systems with inorganic binders and to compare the fracture behaviour of different systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":16484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jmi.13279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139940070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"More than just ‘added value’: The perils of not establishing shared core facilities in resource-constrained communities","authors":"Mai A. Rahmoon,&nbsp;Chad M. Hobson,&nbsp;Jesse S. Aaron,&nbsp;Harikrushnan Balasubramanian,&nbsp;Teng-Leong Chew","doi":"10.1111/jmi.13277","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jmi.13277","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The accelerating pace of technological advancements necessitates specialised expertise and cutting-edge instruments to maintain competitive research in life sciences. Core facilities – collaborative laboratories equipped with state-of-the-art tools and staffed by expert personnel – are vital resources that support diverse scientific endeavours. However, their adoption in lower-income communities has been comparatively stagnant due to both financial and cultural challenges. This paper explores the perils of not supporting core facilities on national research enterprises, underscoring the need for balanced investments in discovery science and crucial infrastructure support. We explore the implications from the perspectives of funders, university leaders and lab heads. We advocate for a paradigm shift to recognise these facilities as essential components of national research efforts. Core facilities are positioned not as optional but as strategic investments that can catalyse breakthroughs, particularly in environments with limited resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":16484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jmi.13277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139905849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GaN atomic electric fields from a segmented STEM detector: Experiment and simulation","authors":"Tim Grieb,&nbsp;Florian F. Krause,&nbsp;Thorsten Mehrtens,&nbsp;Christoph Mahr,&nbsp;Beeke Gerken,&nbsp;Marco Schowalter,&nbsp;Bert Freitag,&nbsp;Andreas Rosenauer","doi":"10.1111/jmi.13276","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jmi.13276","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Atomic electric fields in a thin GaN sample are measured with the centre-of-mass approach in 4D-scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) using a 12-segmented STEM detector in a Spectra 300 microscope. The electric fields, charge density and potential are compared to simulations and an experimental measurement using a pixelated 4D-STEM detector. The segmented detector benefits from a high recording speed, which enables measurements at low radiation doses. However, there is measurement uncertainty due to the limited number of segments analysed in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":16484,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microscopy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jmi.13276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139900039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}