Journal of insect physiology最新文献

{"title":"Sex-dependent latent chilling injury changes estimates of thermal tolerance in a model insect","authors":"Mahmoud I. El-Saadi,&nbsp;Mitchell C. Allen,&nbsp;Heath A. MacMillan","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal injury sets limits to ectotherm mobility and survival. These limits are frequently integrated into models describing or predicting climate suitability for species of interest. Cold stress severity, sex, and prior thermal acclimation status can all influence lower thermal limits. There is a growing understanding of how chilling injuries initially manifest, but despite reports of latent injury or repair that may happen after rewarming, we poorly understand these phenomena. We exposed male and female<!--> <em>Drosophila melanogaster<!--> </em>to an acute or chronic cold stress before assessing their mobility over a 24 h period. Females progressively worsened under both conditions, but male mobility neither worsened nor improved. Female mobility declined slower in flies recovering at cooler temperatures, and cold acclimation significantly mitigated latent injury in females following the same degree of initial injury, regardless of recovery temperature. We conclude that latent chilling injury can be sex-specific, occurs independently from mechanisms driving tissue damage in the cold, is temperature-dependent, and is mitigated by prior thermal acclimation. We argue that latent chilling injury and the factors that influence it should be more carefully considered in estimating tolerance limits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 104844"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144608583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insect gut-dwelling fungus Zancudomyces culisetae: A hidden player in mosquito development","authors":"Paige Van Rooy ,&nbsp;Chiung Joyce Wu ,&nbsp;Catherine Liu ,&nbsp;Yan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mosquitoes and their gut-dwelling fungi have been documented worldwide, yet their relationships remain poorly understood. Harpellales fungi (Kickxellomycotina, Zoopagomycota) have traditionally been considered commensals, but recent studies suggest they may exhibit parasitic or mutualistic characteristics under certain conditions. In this study, we explored these interactions using two well-established laboratory models: <em>Aedes aegypti</em> and <em>Zancudomyces culisetae.</em> Specifically, we investigated the impact of the gut-dwelling fungus <em>Z. culisetae</em> on <em>A. aegypti</em> larval development by measuring body size and development time under different nutritional conditions, with or without the fungus in the hindgut. Significant differences in body size and development time were observed during larval development in the presence of the gut fungus compared to the control group. Larvae colonized by the fungus exhibited larger body sizes and accelerated development. These effects were consistent under both nutrient-rich and nutrient-deficient conditions, underscoring the symbiotic roles of the gut-dwelling fungus. Interestingly, our results also revealed that even dead fungal spores enhanced mosquito larval development, suggesting previously unrecognized beneficial mechanisms associated with the fungal tissue. Transmission electron microscopy provided additional evidence of mosquito-fungus interactions, showing electron-dense particles within mosquito cells at sites of close contact with fungal cells, although further investigation is required to confirm their identity. Collectively, our findings challenge the traditional view of insect relationships with gut-dwelling fungi, providing evidence for a potential shift from commensalism to mutualism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 104842"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological fitness of an oligophagous herbivore Chrysomela populi on two different poplars","authors":"Yujia Cheng ,&nbsp;Ziqi Qu ,&nbsp;Sufang Zhang ,&nbsp;Fu Liu ,&nbsp;Xiangbo Kong ,&nbsp;Tingbo Jiang ,&nbsp;Jiaxing Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Elucidating the mechanism by which oligophagous herbivores adapt to host plants is crucial in determining the co-evolution and interactions between insects and plants. Throughout a co-evolutionary process, the oligophagous herbivore <em>Chrysomela populi</em> L. relied on <em>Populus</em> trees to develop and form specialized larval glandular chemical defenses. However, the current understanding of the growth, development, and chemical defense of <em>C. populi</em> on different <em>Populus</em> trees remains insufficient. Here, the effects of <em>Populus canadensis</em> and <em>Populus tomentosa</em> on the development and chemical defense of <em>C. populi</em> were examined. The larvae develop well on <em>P. canadensis</em> achieving higher pupation and improved survival. In contrast, they only survive up to 2nd instar after feeding on <em>P. tomentosa</em>. Meanwhile, the synthetic salicylaldehyde content in <em>C. populi</em> larvae after feeding on <em>P. canadensis</em> leaves was higher than after feeding on <em>P. tomentosa</em>. Finally, transcriptome sequencing found insufficient synthesis but excessive metabolism of trehalose in <em>C. populi</em> larvae after feeding on <em>P. tomentosa</em>. After analyzing the genes involved in salicylaldehyde synthesis in the larvae, the <em>CpMRP</em> gene was upregulated when <em>C. populi</em> fed on <em>P. tomentosa</em>, while the β-glucosidase and salicyl alcohol oxidase (SAO) were not upregulated. The results preliminarily revealed the divergent response and possible molecular basis underlying the biological fitness and chemical defense of <em>C. populi</em> to different poplars varieties and also provided a multidimensional perspective to understand the interaction between <em>Chrysomela</em> leaf beetles and salicin-containing plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 104841"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144336684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How much nectar can wild bees carry? Allometric equations of nectar crop capacities for investigating bee nutrition and foraging ecology","authors":"Sarah Bourdon ,&nbsp;Léo Mouillard-Lample ,&nbsp;Taïna Lemoine ,&nbsp;Maxime Lewin ,&nbsp;Laurent Guilbaud ,&nbsp;Léna Barascou ,&nbsp;Bertrand Schatz ,&nbsp;Mickaël Henry","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The decline in bee populations is influenced by the scarcity of floral resources, mainly nectar and pollen, resulting from the loss of natural habitats and climate change. In this context, it is essential to understand the foraging success and nutritional status of wild bees, particularly as research on honeybees has overshadowed that of wild species. This study aims to establish allometric functions for the nectar crop capacities of wild bees, which may be used as predictive tools in research related to bee nutrition and foraging ecology. Allometric scaling models, which typically relate body size to morphological or ecological traits, are proposed as a method of estimating crop capacity in wild bees. The crop load was measured in 2358 free-ranging foragers of different sizes (body length 5–29 mm) belonging to 25 different genera, in southern France. Overall, we established consistent allometric functions for predicting crop load capacities from the body length of wild bees, with a satisfactory degree of confidence. Sex is an important determinant of crop capacity, with females carrying maximal nectar loads around three times greater than males of similar size. We also found evidence that taxonomic affiliation influences allometric properties of crop capacities. Further studies are however needed to refine the predictions by taxonomic group, and in particular for the eusocial bumblebees. Field validation involving complementary data on floral nectar availability indicated that an allometric framework can be used to address research questions related to foraging success and competition for nectar in large wild bees (body length similar or greater than that of honeybees). Future studies should aim at refining the taxonomic resolution of allometric functions to family or genus level, which would provide a better understanding of the ecological particularities of certain groups of bees, such as eusocial species whose foragers store nectar for the entire colony or, conversely, cleptoparasitic (cuckoo) female bees that do not supply their broods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 104840"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How the diet influences lepidopteran reproduction: Morpho-functional, behavioral, and endocrine aspects","authors":"Evan Force,&nbsp;Matthieu Dacher,&nbsp;Stéphane Debernard","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In insects, diet influences the accomplishment of physiological functions, such as reproduction. The study of interactions between diet and reproduction, which involve morpho-functional, behavioral, and endocrine aspects, is necessary for identifying the features of the adaptive strategies of insects in their natural environment. This review delves into the intricate relationship between nutrition and reproductive processes in female and male Lepidoptera. Indeed, nutrient-rich diets are crucial for reproductive success by accelerating ovarian and testicular development, egg maturation, sperm synthesis and migration, and accessory sex gland maturation. Moreover, such diets boost the biosynthesis and release of sex pheromones and promote pheromonal detection by the olfactory system, thus eliciting sexual displays. These physiological and behavioral changes increase fertilization rate and offspring production, highlighting the importance of balanced diets in sustaining insect populations. Then, the review explores the molecular mechanisms by which the evolutionary conserved insulin signaling pathway acts as a transducer of nutritional inputs in linking with the regulatory actions of a major reproductive hormone, namely juvenile hormone. Finally, this review provides a greater comprehensive and integrated understanding of adult diet influence on lepidopteran reproduction, and also opens up new research avenues in the fields of agricultural pest control and ecotoxicology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 104838"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional leg design in dung beetles: Morphological adaptations to food relocation behavior","authors":"Nienke N. Bijma ,&nbsp;Helen Gorges,&nbsp;Alexander Kovalev,&nbsp;Stanislav N. Gorb","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dung beetles are coprophagous insects that reproduce and feed on vertebrate faeces. The dependency on the same ephemeral food source leads to frequent contact between individuals and thus intense competition. As a consequence, different strategies of food relocation (horizontal and vertical) have evolved, that put different stresses on the functional morphology of the extremities depending on whether dung is rolled as a ball, carried in fragments or dragged directly into the underground burrow. Previous studies have indicated some very basic adaptations in size and shape of specific leg segments to those behaviors. However, the exact relationship between the leg morphology and the functionality for different food relocation techniques mainly remains unexplored to date and represents the aim of the present study. We therefore explore the leg functional morphology of three dung beetle species: <em>Anoplotrupes stercorosus</em> (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae), <em>Scarabaeus (Kheper) lamarcki</em> and <em>Scarabaeus galenus</em> (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Our results reveal that there are strong differences in the opening angles of the leg joints as well as the orientation of the very basal coxa segment. Our findings thus reveal significant biomechanical adaptations in dung beetles, shedding light on how leg morphology correlates with food relocation strategies. Understanding these adaptations not only enhances our knowledge of dung beetle biology, but also provides new insights in the leg construction that may inspire bio-inspired robotics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 104839"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144310021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is antibiotic (mis)use an emerging ecological threat to wild insects?","authors":"C. Ruth Archer ,&nbsp;Jana Dobelmann ,&nbsp;Vincent Doublet ,&nbsp;Svea Lindeboom ,&nbsp;Luisa Linke ,&nbsp;Lena Wilfert","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotic discovery revolutionized human healthcare and boosted agricultural productivity. The efficacy of this revolution is now being challenged however, as the release of antibiotic residues into soils and waterways promotes the evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance genes. There are signs that this antibiotic pollution also has ecological costs, including reduced insect health. Here, we assess this risk. We discuss where, when and how wild insects are exposed to antibiotics, the consequences of this exposure and crucially, if the concentrations that wild insects encounter are sufficiently high to trigger phenotypic responses. Data demonstrate that antibiotic residues reach concentrations in the field that can have phenotypic impacts in insects. These impacts include reduced health and foraging activity in pollinators, and improved survival in insect vectors of disease, demonstrating potential consequences for food-security and disease transmission. More generally, antibiotics can reduce insect stress resistance meaning that antibiotic pollution could elevate insect susceptibility to other stressors implicated in insect declines. We highlight gaps in our understanding of how antibiotic pollution affects wild insects and the ecosystem services they provide. These gaps urgently need to be filled, because global antibiotic use is rising. Crucially, we must determine how antibiotic residues in the field degrade or accumulate along food chains, and how field-realistic concentrations affect insects directly and via interactions with other environmental stressors. This will offer concrete insights into the consequences of rising antibiotic use for insects, and their broader societal and ecological impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 104837"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation of sterol nutrition in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda","authors":"Linqin Meng ,&nbsp;Dandan Wei ,&nbsp;Yuanze Feng ,&nbsp;Jiancheng Zang ,&nbsp;Weining Cheng ,&nbsp;Xiangfeng Jing","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant sterols constitute the sole source of sterol nutrition for insect herbivores, yet the sterol content of plants is complex and variable, and insect sterol nutrient regulation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated cholesterol regulation in<em> <!-->Spodoptera frugiperda</em> using a geometric framework for nutrition. In the choice experiment, we provided larvae with eight food pairings. The insects did not adjust their feeding on the pair of complementary diets to achieve a specific cholesterol intake target. In the no-choice experiment, seven foods with different cholesterol concentrations were administered to explore sterol regulation. The larvae did not show a tendency to reduce or increase their intake of non-cholesterol nutrients to reach a certain cholesterol intake. We then measured the relative expression of the <em>NPC1b</em> gene in the intestine and the cholesterol content of the feces. As the cholesterol content in the food increased, <em>NPC1b</em> gene expression gradually decreased and the larvae excreted more cholesterol in the feces. Meanwhile, the cholesterol content in the larvae remains largely consistent, indicating that the larvae has a strong control on the body sterol content. Altogether, our results suggest that the larvae regulate cholesterol homeostasis by balancing cholesterol uptake and excretion, and cholesterol level can be kept within a physiologically appropriate range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 104826"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bombella intestini: A probiotic honeybee(Apis mellifera)gut bacterium","authors":"Meng Jie Jin ,&nbsp;Andrew B. Barron ,&nbsp;Sheng Yang He ,&nbsp;Xu Jiang He ,&nbsp;Qiang Huang ,&nbsp;Li Zhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Zi Long Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao Bo Wu ,&nbsp;Wei Yu Yan ,&nbsp;Zhi Jiang Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Honey bee colonies are facing increasing environmental stressors that threaten their health and lifespan. While the gut microbiota may play a role in honey bee physiology, the specific functions of certain bacterial species remain unclear. This study investigates whether <em>Bombella intestini</em>, a bacterium highly enriched in the queen gut but nearly absent in worker bees, can act as a probiotic to promote honey bee growth, metabolism, and lifespan. Our results show that <em>B. intestini</em> can survive in larval food and the larval gut. When larval food is inoculated with <em>B. intestini</em> there is increased tryptophan in both the larval diet and larval hemolymph. Bees fed this diet had a longer lifespan. This study identifies <em>B. intestini</em> as a potential probiotic for honey bees, providing a microbiome-based strategy to enhance their growth and longevity. These findings open new avenues for improving honey bee health management through microbial supplementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 104836"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual dimorphism of tarsal structures and attachment forces in Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae).","authors":"Dagmar Voigt, Thomas Thieme, Kai Gloyna, Christoph Buuk, Stanislav Gorb","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2025.104835","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agile Diabrotica virgifera virgifera beetles reliably attach and walk on a wide range of substrates, including soil, waxy host plants, non-host plants, and female elytra. This ability relies on a complex of features, including insect behavior and effective tarsal structures. The detailed male and female tarsal design, dimension, geometry, and performance on the counterpart substrates were contents of the present comparative study. The presence of tarsal adhesive setae with lanceolate, filamentous, spatulate, and discoid terminals was confirmed. Male-specific adhesive setae occurred in ovoid patches on the first tarsomere of the fore- and midlegs, including two subtypes (long, spatulate with discoid-oval terminal and short, mushroom-shaped with circular terminal). The mushroom-shaped one appeared to be extraordinary, which has not been found in other leaf beetles so far. Summarizing the widths of all thin-film elements (adhesive terminals) potentially participating in contact formation resulted in the overall peeling line of all adhesive pads of 1.1 cm and 1.0 cm in males and females, respectively. The attachment force normalized by the total peeling line length (N m^-1) in males (0.9) outperformed that of females (0.2). According to linear models, statistical interactions occurred between (i) sex and glass surface geometry, (ii) glass surface wettability and geometry, (iii) sex, glass surface wettability and geometry, as well as sex and plant substrate geometry. Pull-off force depended significantly on sex and substrate. Reliable attachment in D. virgifera virgifera on host plants and during mating depends on (i) dimension and geometry of adhesive structures, (ii) substrate dimension and geometry, (iii) involved secretions (tarsal fluid, epicuticular grease), (iv) leg and feet postures (angles of segments to each other and the substrate), as well as (v) beetles' motions and behaviour. We suggest balanced attachment-detachment procedures that suit the mobile lifestyle of the species studied.</p>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":" ","pages":"104835"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}