Journal of insect physiology最新文献

{"title":"Light pollution disrupts seasonal reproductive phenotypes and reduces lifespan in the West Nile vector, Culex pipiens","authors":"Maria A. Fiorta ,&nbsp;Lydia R. Fyie ,&nbsp;Megan E. Meuti","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Females of the Northern House mosquito, <em>Culex pipiens</em>, are important disease vectors as they transmit pathogens including West Nile virus. These females survive the winter by entering diapause, a state of dormancy, characterized by the accumulation of lipids, cessation of blood-feeding, and reproductive arrest. Diapause is cued by photoperiod, so as days become short in late summer and early fall, female <em>Cx. pipiens</em> prepare to overwinter and disease transmission decreases. We previously demonstrated that Artificial light at night (ALAN) causes female <em>Cx. pipiens</em> to avert diapause and continue to blood-feed when reared under short-day conditions. Additionally, light pollution alters seasonal differences in mosquito activity and nutrient reserves. However, it is unclear how exposure to ALAN affects blood-feeding and fecundity in long-day reared females, as well as the survival of <em>Cx. pipiens</em> exposed under both short and long-day conditions. In this study, we hypothesized that females exposed to ALAN in long-day conditions would have a lower proclivity to blood-feed, reduced fecundity, and reduced survival. Results from our lab-based experiments demonstrate that females exposed to ALAN in long-day conditions were less likely to blood-feed but were more fecund than long-day reared females that were not exposed to ALAN, and that ALAN exposure did not affect lifespan of long-day reared females. Additionally, we hypothesized ALAN exposure under short-day conditions would reduce survival, and our data supports this hypothesis. Overall, our results demonstrate that ALAN is an important urban stressor that has the potential to affect reproduction and lifespan in mosquitoes, and therefore has the potential to create evolutionary tradeoffs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104725"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gonadal development of adultoid reproductive in subterranean termites indicates strong reproductive potential","authors":"Jia Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaolan Wen ,&nbsp;Jinpei Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiyong Yue ,&nbsp;Qi Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fair allocation of reproductive resources between population growth and outward dispersal plays a crucial role in determining competitive advantage and ecological success of organisms within their environment. Termite colonies demonstrate flexibility in allocating their reproductive resources through wing polymorphism: with alates possessing fully developed wings for dispersal to propagate the colony’s genetic material, while adultoids have floppy wings, serving a secondary reproductive to ensure stability and development within the natal colony. However, the extent of reproductive potential exhibited by alates (post-shed-wings called dealate) and adultoids within the colony remains uncertain. In this study, through experimentation, we compared the reproductive capacity of dealate and adultoid. We found that the adultoids can develop to maturity and lay eggs faster after emergence. The reproductive potential including the number of ovariole, the number of oocytes in growth and vitellogenesis stage, and the expression levels of vitellogenin genes were all higher than dealates. More importantly, paired adultoids has a longer oviposition cycle and is able to obtain more eggs and larvae. These results suggest that adultoids possess a greater reproductive potential allowing them to produce a large number of offspring within a short period of time. Our results help to an explanation of the biological significance that the differentiation of adultoids reproductive persist in lower termite colonies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104721"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142639209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antennal olfactory responses in the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens","authors":"Silvana Piersanti ,&nbsp;Manuela Rebora ,&nbsp;Giorgia Carboni Marri ,&nbsp;Gianandrea Salerno","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Black Soldier Fly (BSF) is considered as the “crown jewel” of the insect feed industry and circular economy, significantly contributing to the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals by reducing carbon dioxide emissions and enabling circular management of organic waste, animal manure, and plant residues. Despite their industrial importance, limited knowledge about adult BSF biology has hindered optimal mass production. In this context, the present paper aims to explore the olfactory capabilities of both male and female BSF in response to various odorants commonly associated with organic decomposition in substrates suitable for mate encounters and egg laying. This will be achieved by performing electroantennographic recordings and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations on the antennal sensilla. Our results demonstrate for the first time the supposed olfactory capabilities of BSF antennae and present a first dataset of substances emitted by decaying organic matter detected by both male and female flies. Additionally, the current EAG recordings allowed comparisons with molecular data previously obtained through <em>in silico</em> and <em>in vitro</em> methods, highlighting the need for caution and strongly supporting a multidisciplinary approach as the best tool for investigating insect chemical ecology. These findings advance our understanding of BSF chemical ecology, which is crucial for effective reproduction and could significantly optimize global breeding systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104722"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142621860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological trade-offs in male social insects: Interactions among infection, immunity, fertility, size, and age in honey bee drones","authors":"Bradley N. Metz ,&nbsp;Tatiana Molina-Marciales ,&nbsp;Micheline K. Strand ,&nbsp;Olav Rueppell ,&nbsp;David R. Tarpy ,&nbsp;Esmaeil Amiri","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Female social insects represent a dramatic exception of the evolutionarily conserved physiological trade-off between reproduction and life span, where aging is positively correlated with reproduction. However, whether this facet of life history also pertains to male social insects, remains largely unknown. Male honey bees (drones) die in the act of copulation, placing them under opposing selective pressures. At the individual level, there is inter-male competition for a single successful mating attempt, leading to selective pressure that favors an increase in male fitness. Honey bee drones are haploid individuals and lack the allelic variation in their genome compared to diploid females. We hypothesized that this genetic limitation may result in trade-offs between pathological stress and fitness traits in honey bee males. In our study, we observed differences in size and fertility measures in old and young drones along with stressors of several endemic viruses and the transcriptional immune response. We found that infection does not appear to decrease fertility in old drones, despite evidence for a shift in immune expression away from established mechanisms. Contrary to our expectations, drones additionally do not appear to exhibit a physiological trade-off between size and fertility. These findings demonstrate that drones of different size are likely of different mating quality and that higher quality drones likely favor retaining reproductive output over immune function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104720"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142605146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Central role of squid gene during oocyte development in the Hemiptera Rhodnius prolixus","authors":"Agustina Pascual ,&nbsp;Catalina Taibo ,&nbsp;Rolando Rivera-Pomar","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104719","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104719","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oocyte polarity establishment is a conserved and crucial phenomenon for embryonic development. It relies on the precise spatial localization of maternal factors deposited during oocyte development, which is essential for establishing and maintaining cell polarity and subsequently specifying embryonic axes. The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) encoded by the <em>squid</em> (<em>sqd</em>) gene has been implicated in mRNA localization and embryonic axis establishment in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>. Comparative genomics allowed for the identification of a homologue in <em>Rhodnius prolixus</em>. In this study, we investigated the function of <em>Rp-sqd</em> during oogenesis and early embryonic development. We observed persistent expression of <em>Rp-sqd</em> during oocyte development, with localization in the cytoplasm of ovary germarium and growing oocytes in previtellogenic and vitellogenic stages. A Parental RNA interference (RNAi) experiment targeting <em>Rp-sqd</em> resulted in female sterility. The ovaries showed disrupted oocyte development, disarray of follicular epithelium, and affected nurse cells integrity. Immunostaining and microscopic techniques revealed microtubule disarray and a reduction in the presence of organelles in the trophic cords that connect the germarium with the oocytes. The <em>Rp-sqd</em> depletion impacted the transcript expression of maternal mRNAs involved in apoptosis, axis formation, oogenesis, and cytoskeleton maintenance, indicating a pleiotropic function of <em>Rp-sqd</em> during oogenesis. This study provides new insights into the genetic basis of <em>R. prolixus</em> oogenesis, highlighting the crucial role of <em>Rp-sqd</em> in oocyte development, fertility, and germarium integrity. These findings contribute to our understanding of insect developmental processes, provide a foundation for future investigations into reproduction, and reveal the regulatory mechanisms governing the process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104719"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aversive sexual learning in the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus: Modulation of different sexual responses in males and females","authors":"Fernando H. Souto ,&nbsp;Tomás M. Chialina ,&nbsp;Sebastián A. Minoli ,&nbsp;Gabriel Manrique","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although sexual learning can be a key process in the reproductive success of animals, research focused on the experience-dependent modulation of courtship in insects is scarce. In kissing bugs, the behavioural steps implicated in mating have been exhaustively studied, but not the involvement of learning in them. Our objective was to determine whether the sexual behaviour of <em>Rhodnius prolixus</em> could be modulated by experience. During training, couples were submitted to eight assays, in which they received a vibration (negative reinforcement) when the male attempted to copulate the female. Immediately after, they were separated, not allowing the occurrence of copulation. We found that along training, males’ latency to perform a copulatory attempt increased, male’s copulatory attempts were less frequent, and females’ locomotor activity did not change. These results suggest that males, and not females, learned to avoid the vibration by reducing their intention to copulate. In post-training tests, conditioned males presented with new naïve females reverted to low copulatory attempt latencies, suggesting that the modulation was partner-specific. Besides, conditioned females increased their rejection frequencies to males’ copulatory attempts, suggesting that a second type of learning occurred in females. These results constitute the first evidence of sexual learning in hematophagous insects. Males and females seem to change their selectivity according to their previous sexual experience. We discuss the relevance that this plasticity might have in the fitness of this epidemiologically relevant insect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104717"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of diet and semiochemical exposure on male Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) metabolic rate at a range of temperatures","authors":"Dylan C. Dacre ,&nbsp;Frances D. Duncan ,&nbsp;Christopher W. Weldon","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The oriental fruit fly, <em>Bactrocera dorsalis</em> (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an invasive species that has rapidly spread across the African continent, endangering the security of agricultural industries. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is being investigated as a viable additional pest management tool to suppress <em>B. dorsalis</em> populations after its successful implementation in other parts of the world. There is evidence to suggest that pre-release nutritional and semiochemical treatments for sterilised males can enhance their competitive performance against wild type males in SIT programs. This study examined how sterilisation, a diet rich in protein (addition of yeast hydrolysate) or containing semiochemicals (methyl eugenol or eugenol) affected the resting metabolic (RMR) of male <em>B. dorsalis</em> at different temperatures (15 – 30 °C), measured using flow-through respirometry. Our results indicated that the negative effect of sterilisation on RMR decreased as temperature increased and that duration of exposure to semiochemicals for 1 to 4 days was not a significant influencing factor on male <em>B. dorsalis</em> RMR. Protein-rich diet increased average RMR, but the difference in RMR between dietary groups decreased as temperature increased. Semiochemical feeding reduced the average RMR in male <em>B. dorsalis</em>. The difference in RMR between males that consumed semiochemical and those that did not increased with as temperature increased.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104718"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142502164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attractiveness versus stickiness: Behavioural preferences of Drosophila melanogaster with competing visual stimuli","authors":"Rui Han ,&nbsp;Yi-Heng Tan ,&nbsp;Chung-Chuan Lo","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In nature, animals often encounter various competing stimuli and must make choices among them. Although the behaviour under two identical stimuli has been extensively studied for fruit flies, <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>, how the appeal of one stimulus for the animals is influenced by the appeal of the other is not fully understood. In the present study, we systematically investigated this equation using a modified Buridan’s paradigm. We focused on the behaviour of fruit flies under asymmetric visual stimuli, i.e., two black stripes of different widths. We characterized two behaviour modes: (1) Attractiveness: moving toward a stripe in the inner area of the platform, and (2) Stickiness: staying around the edge near a stripe. Our results reveal that while Attractiveness of a stripe is primarily influenced by its own width and remains relatively independent of the opposite stripe, Stickiness is significantly affected by the width of the competing stripe. These findings suggest that the behavioural response of fruit flies to visual stimuli involves complex decision-making processes influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This study provides new insights into the cognitive and sensory mechanisms underlying visual preference behaviour in <em>Drosophila</em> and highlights the importance of considering multiple stimuli in behavioural assays.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104716"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142467625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gene regulation by mating depends on time, diet, and body region in female Aedes aegypti","authors":"Ferdinand Nanfack-Minkeu ,&nbsp;Jelmer W. Poelstra ,&nbsp;Laura K. Sirot","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Aedes aegypti</em> is a major vector of several arboviruses that cause human mortality and morbidity. One method for controlling the spread of these viruses is to control mosquito reproduction. During mating, seminal fluid molecules and sperm are transferred and these stimuli influence female post-mating physiology and behavior. Yet, little is known about the mechanisms underlying these post-mating responses. To fill this gap, short-read RNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes between unmated (control) and mated females in the head/thorax (HT), abdomen (Ab) and the lower reproductive tract (LRT), of mosquitoes reared with 3% and 12% sucrose. The results revealed that at 3% sucrose, four, 408 and 415 significantly differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the HT, Ab and LRT, respectively, at six hours post mating (hpm). The number of DEGs dropped dramatically at 24 hpm with no DEGs in the HT, three in the Ab, and 112 in the LRT. In contrast, the number of DEGs was lower at 6 hpm than 24 hpm in the LRT at 12% sucrose. Comparing our results to a similar study which used 10% sucrose revealed evidence in support of condition-dependent regulation of gene expression by mating in this species. This study shows that mating-induced transcriptional changes depend on time point after mating, body region, and diet. Our results provide foundational knowledge for future functional analyses to identify genes and pathways involved in the post-mating behavioral and physiological changes of female mosquitoes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104715"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142467626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypical aspects of Culex pipiens biotype pipiens during diapause: Lipid utilization, body size, insemination, and parity","authors":"Rody Blom ,&nbsp;Jeroen Spitzen ,&nbsp;Tessa de Haan ,&nbsp;Constantianus J.M. Koenraadt","doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104714","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In temperate regions, female <em>Culex pipiens</em> biotype <em>pipiens</em> mosquitoes undergo diapause in winter. Diapausing biotype <em>pipiens</em> mosquitoes are potentially important winter reservoirs for mosquito-borne viruses, such as West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), and Sindbis virus (SINV). Mosquitoes in diapause have not taken a bloodmeal prior to winter. Therefore, they do not become infected by taking an infectious bloodmeal and as a consequence, vertical transmission is considered the primary mechanism of mosquito-borne virus overwintering. Prior to winter, biotype <em>pipiens</em> mosquitoes build up fat reserves, which they utilize throughout winter. Furthermore, earlier studies have indicated that larger body size is correlated with increased survival during winter. However, not much is known about lipid utilization and body size of wild biotype <em>pipiens</em> mosquitoes in diapause. Therefore, we performed monthly collections of diapausing biotype <em>pipiens</em> mosquitoes in two consecutive winters (2020/2021 and 2021/2022) in bunkers of the New Hollandic Waterline in the Netherlands. Every month, we checked the proportion of inseminated and parous females via microscopy. In addition, we measured wing length as proxy for body size, and assessed total lipid content. Furthermore, we monitored indoor temperature in the overwintering locations. We show that the overwintering sites in our study provide relatively stable environments, in which temperatures rarely drop below 0 °C. The vast majority of biotype <em>pipiens</em> females were inseminated (84.1 %) and nulliparous (97.5 %). We detected differences in body size between but not within the two years of sampling. Additionally, we detected a difference in lipid content between the sampling years. We confirm that the vast majority of diapausing biotype <em>pipiens</em> females are inseminated and nulliparous. This indicates that they did not blood feed prior to winter, which underscores the likeliness of vertical transmission being the primary mechanism behind virus overwintering. The detected difference in body size between years can most likely be attributed to differences in summer conditions the mosquitoes were exposed to as larvae, although this needs confirmation. The difference in lipid depletion could not be explained by differences in climatic conditions. To shed more light on the links between climatic conditions, body size, lipid depletion and the consequences for mosquito population dynamics and arbovirus transmission, future experimental work, for example by arbovirus exposure followed by artificially induced diapause, is desired.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16189,"journal":{"name":"Journal of insect physiology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104714"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142437866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}