Drug Testing and Analysis最新文献

{"title":"Identification of Hexahydrocannabiphorol Metabolites in Human Urine.","authors":"Willi Schirmer, Stefan Schürch, Wolfgang Weinmann","doi":"10.1002/dta.3871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3871","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hexahydrocannabiphorol (HHCP) is an emerging semisynthetic cannabinoid, which has been known since 1942 from research of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) analogs and homologs. After the ban of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) in many European Countries HHCP emerged as a replacement among other similar compounds. First countries already placed HHCP under their narcotic substance law. The aim of this research was to identify human Phase I and II metabolites in urine after oral HHCP consumption. Enzymatic immunoassays of urine samples were tested negative for cannabinoids after a single oral consumption of 4-mg HHCP from a Δ⁹-THC abstinent volunteer. The HHCP sample consumed in the self-experiment was purchased from an online store and analyzed beforehand using GC-MS. LC-HR-MS/MS and GC-MS after derivatization were used for the identification of metabolites. Hydroxylated metabolites were found with hydroxylation on the side chain or on the alicyclic part of the molecule. Bishydroxylated HHCP metabolites were found in similar abundance as the monohydroxy metabolites. All of the bishydroxylated metabolites besides a minor metabolite had a hydroxyl group on the side chain and another hydroxyl group on the alicyclic part of the molecule. In addition, the corresponding glucuronides were identified by LC-HR-MS/MS. The exact positions and stereochemistry of the hydroxylation sites could not be determined. Due to the extensive metabolism of HHCP and the lacking cross-reactivity of urine samples after consumption in Δ⁹-THC specific immunoassays, it is recommended to include HHCP metabolites in routine screening methods. Monohydroxylated and bishydroxylated metabolites of HHCP and their respective glucuronides are suggested as forensic targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic Profile of Etomidate and Its Three Analogs in Zebrafish, Human Liver Microsomes, Human Urine and Hair Samples Using UHPLC-Q Exactive Orbitrap-HRMS.","authors":"Yiling Tang, Linhao Xu, Junbo Zhao, Xiaoyu Qian, Huosheng Qiang, Ping Xiang, Hui Yan","doi":"10.1002/dta.3869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3869","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Etomidate is a short-acting non-barbiturate imidazole used as an intravenous anesthetic agent in humans, while metomidate and propoxate are common anesthetic drug for fishes. Today, etomidate, and its analogs, including isopropoxate, are increasingly abused, leading to many public malignant events. The goal of this work was to use liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to study the in vivo and in vitro metabolism of etomidate and its analogs in zebrafish, human liver microsomes (HLMs), human urine and hair samples. Eight metabolites of metomidate, 11 metabolites of etomidate, six metabolites of propoxate, and 10 metabolites of isopropoxate were detected in our study. The main metabolic pathways included hydroxylation, dealkylation, dehydrogenation, and glucuronidation. Etomidate acid and metomidate were detected in samples after metabolism of all four substances. Our results support the use of the monohydroxylated metabolites as metabolic biomarkers for etomidate and its analogs. Among the tested human samples, 38 samples showed one type of our targeted substances, and 20 samples showed two or more drugs. Thus, polydrug use in etomidate and its analogs was a phenomenon worth noting. This study is the first to identify target metabolic compounds for monitoring the abuse of etomidate and its analogs in human, and to provide insights into the in vivo and in vitro biotransformation of them.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RNA-Based Biomarkers of Iron Metabolism in Dried Blood Spots for Detecting Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Doping Control.","authors":"Xiao Liu, Tiantian Yan, Yitong Xu, Xiaoci Zheng, Die Wu","doi":"10.1002/dta.3870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3870","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Erythropoietin (EPO) abuse in sports has been a major challenge in doping analysis for decades. Although the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) serves as an indirect method for EPO detection, it requires continual improvement to increase its sensitivity and reliability. Biomarkers related to iron metabolism and erythropoiesis as complementary parameters to enhance the ABP hematology module have the potential to improve its ability to detect EPO indirectly. In this study, RNA was extracted from dried blood spot (DBS) samples collected over 28 days (days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 21, and 28) following the administration of therapeutic doses of recombinant human EPO (Yibiao, 50 IU/kg per dose, administered subcutaneously twice). The expression of four genes, namely, mitoferrin 1 (MFRN1), ferrochelatase (FECH), ferroportin (FPN), and ferritin heavy chain (FTH), was analyzed. The results revealed significant expression changes, with MFRN1 demonstrating peak increases of 2.43-fold, and presented detection windows extending beyond Day 9, providing greater sensitivity and longer detection windows than traditional ABP parameters do. The integration of MFRN1 into the ABP framework has the potential to increase the detection of EPO misuse in athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-Doping Testing at FIFA World Cup 2022.","authors":"Alanod D AlQahtani, Wadha Abushareeda, Ariadni Vonaparti, Suhail Kraiem, Wesal ElSaftawy, Khadija Saad, Aisha Al-Wahaibi, Nayla Hilal, Najib Dbes, Vandana Nimker, Alexis Weber, Alka Beotra, Mohammed Al Maadheed","doi":"10.1002/dta.3868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3868","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 22nd FIFA World Cup, the world championship for national football teams, was held in Qatar from November 20th to December 18th, 2022. The doping control analysis was successfully conducted by the Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar (ADLQ) using its state-of-the-art facilities and instrumentation. To meet the short reporting timeline of 24-72 h, additional staff was recruited, trained, and incorporated into the routine activities during the event period. Furthermore, six scientific experts from other World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)-accredited laboratories were also invited to ensure adequate staffing throughout the event. In total, 57 scientific and non-scientific staff of ADLQ participated in the FIFA testing. A total of 1612 samples (623 urine, 622 serum, and 367 whole blood samples) were collected and analyzed. The number of serum samples that were tested for hGH using the isoform method had been the highest compared to any other sport event in the past. The results of all the analyzed urine and blood samples were negative, with two cases each being reported to contain the monitoring substance codeine and the confounding factor carboxy finasteride.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Bladder Wash as an Alternative Specimen for Postmortem Toxicology: Comparison to Screening Results of Urine and Kidney Tissue.","authors":"Andrea E Steuer, Lana Brockbals, Sandra N Poetzsch, Stephan A Bolliger, Thomas Kraemer","doi":"10.1002/dta.3861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3861","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urine specimens represent the gold standard for screening analyses in forensic toxicology, but they are not always available postmortem. In this case, alternative specimens must be considered. The current study aimed to systematically evaluate bladder wash (BW) as an interesting, but largely unexplored specimen for screening in FT, comparing drug detection in BW against urine and kidney tissue (KT) in authentic cases. The study included 60 consecutive postmortem cases. BW was obtained by injecting 10 mL of a 0.9% NaCl solution into the empty bladder and sampling the entire fluid with the same syringe. KT (ca. 5 g, grinded) was placed into a tube of dialysis membrane and left for dialysis against water (3×, 40-80 mL, 24 h), followed by evaporation/reconstitution. All specimens were analyzed by immunoassay, an untargeted LC-MSⁿ screening approach and a targeted LC-MS/MS analysis. In total, 95 different compounds from the drug classes of, among others, stimulants, opiates/opioids, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and antipsychotics could be detected. Sensitivity for drug detection in BW using immunoassay or untargeted MS/MS was lower than for urine but comparable to that of KT, which is in line with much lower drug concentrations in these matrices compared with urine. Applying a targeted LC-MS/MS method or a more concentrated sample preparation workflow could increase detection sensitivity in BW. Given the easier handling of BW in the laboratory (identical to urine), its use proved superior to KT and represents a promising new strategy for cases without available urine samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143397549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and Investigation of the Intrinsic Receptor Activation Potential and Metabolization of the New Oxo-Pyridyl Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist CH-FUBBMPDORA.","authors":"Marie H Deventer, Maria Carmela Emanuele, Brianna N Stang, Katleen Van Uytfanghe, Jessica Masson, Xavier Bouvot, Catherine Lamoureux, Alessandro Proposito, Fabiano Reniero, Margaret V Holland, Alex J Krotulski, Luisa Mannina, Christophe P Stove, Claude Guillou","doi":"10.1002/dta.3854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CH-FUBBMPDORA (CHO-4'Me-5'Br-FUBOXPYRA), a recent addition to the recreational drug market, bypasses the Chinese generic ban (2021) on synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) due to its new 5-bromo-4-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one core. Its pharmacological properties are currently undefined, and it is yet to be found in biological samples. However, it is unclear whether this is due to low prevalence or hampered detection. The aim of this study was twofold. First, we used a powder seized by customs as a case study to evaluate the utility of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) to unequivocally identify CH-FUBBMPDORA. This demonstrated the potential of this technique, which is increasingly used by customs and forensic laboratories for substance identification. High-field nuclear magnetic resonance (HF-NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS), and Raman spectroscopy were used as complementary techniques for identification and characterization. Second, we investigated the potential to activate CB₁ and CB₂ and the metabolism of CH-FUBBMPDORA. Potencies and efficacies were assessed using βarr2 recruitment assays. Metabolite studies were conducted via human liver microsome (HLM) incubation followed by LC-QTOF-MS. CH-FUBBMPDORA showed a limited activation potential at both cannabinoid receptors. The seized powder exhibited a pronouncedly higher activity, suggesting the potential presence of contaminants with higher cannabinoid activity. Although analytical characterization revealed minor impurities, it is uncertain whether these explain the bioassay findings. Four metabolites were identified, which were all the result of hydroxylation of either the cyclohexyl head group or of the methyl group on the core.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postmortem Redistribution of Oxycodone.","authors":"Beatrice Defraia, Martina Focardi, Anna Aprile, Susanna Vogliardi, Ilenia Bianchi, Lorenzo Menozzi, Donata Favretto","doi":"10.1002/dta.3862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The abuse of oxycodone (OC) as a \"recreational\" drug has increased in the last two decades the risk of fatalities. We report two drug-related deaths in which OC intoxication was considered the cause of death. Two brothers, a 19-year-old male (Subject 1) and a 27-year-old male (Subject 2), were found dead in their bedroom, lying on their beds. They were testified as alive in the morning, both deeply sleeping and loudly snoring in their beds; they were found dead later in the afternoon. On death scene investigation, two packs of 40 mg OxyContin extended release and one alprazolam blister were found. The external examination was performed 72 h after death with the collection of blood from femoral vein, vitreous humor, and urine samples. There were no trace of injection and no external signs of injury. A complete autopsy was performed 10 days after death with the collection of peripheral blood from the femoral vein; central blood from the right ventricle; urine; gastric contents; and bile, adipose tissue, kidney, liver, brain, skeletal, and cardiac muscle tissue samples. The toxicological ascertainment evidenced the presence of OC, alprazolam, and bromazepam in fluids and tissues. For Subject 1, the concentration of OC in peripheral blood collected 72 h after death (0.33 mg/L) was similar to the concentration in vitreous humor (0.41 mg/L); vitreous humor to peripheral blood ratio was 1.24. Ten days after death, OC levels were more than 10 times higher in peripheral blood (5.14 mg/L) and about six times higher compared to central blood specimen (1.78 mg/L), while OC levels in urine were, as expected, analogous. For Subject 2, OC concentration in peripheral blood collected 72 h after death (0.50 mg/L) was similar to vitreous humor (0.87 mg/L). At Day 10 after death, OC levels were four times higher in peripheral blood (2.10 mg/L) while levels in central blood were lower (0.40 mg/L). OC concentration in urine was substantially similar at the two times of collection. OC levels in gastric contents were quite high (more than 50 mg/L). The analyses of specimens collected at two different times clearly demonstrate variation of blood OC concentrations with time. Postmortem redistribution from organs was also evidenced by high concentrations of OC in tissues such as the liver and kidney.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fentanyl and Propofol Misuse: Hair Analysis Provides Significant Evidence in the Death of a Young Doctor.","authors":"M José Burgueño, José R Bueno, Carmen Megía, Oscar Quintela, Sergio Velázquez, Begoña Bravo","doi":"10.1002/dta.3851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An intern doctor was found dead at their home with several signs of venepuncture. A bottle of propofol and a filled syringe appeared at the scene. Their medical history recorded antidepressant treatment and a suicide attempt 1.5 years earlier by massive ingestion of venlafaxine and quetiapine. Toxicological investigation was requested to know previous history of drug use and to clarify the cause of death. A thorough chemical-toxicological analysis of blood, urine, gastric contents, and syringe contents was performed by GC-MS and LC-Q-TOF. A comprehensive qualitative screening of more than 500 drugs and toxins, as well as quantification of fentanyl, benzodiazepines, and propofol-glucuronide, was carried out on three 3-cm hair segments by LC-MS/MS. A high concentration of fentanyl was found in blood (38 ng/mL), together with nordiazepam (167 ng/mL), propofol (< 500 ng/mL), venlafaxine (630 ng/mL), and O-desmethylvenlafaxine (510 ng/mL). Results in hair varied from distal to proximal to the root segment: fentanyl increased (43, 56, and 175 pg/mg, respectively); propofol-glucuronide decreased (239, 73, and 37 pg/mg); and benzodiazepines increased. Venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine were positive in all three segments. These results revealed polydrug use for at least 9 months prior to death and an increase in fentanyl use over this period. Segmental hair analysis uncovers patterns of drug misuse that improve the interpretation of postmortem results. Although death by suicide cannot be totally ruled out, the findings suggest accidental death by overdose of fentanyl in combination with other psychoactive drugs in a propofol and fentanyl abuser.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143363377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening and Quantification of the Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist 5F-MDMB-PINACA From Seized Prison Paper Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Approaches.","authors":"Giorgia Vaccaro, Jacqueline L Stair, Stewart B Kirton, Daniel Baker, Amira Guirguis","doi":"10.1002/dta.3864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3864","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infusing synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists on paper quickly became a main route for illicit entry into prisons (i.e., mail correspondence) in the last decade. So far, there are limited data on validated detection methods and typical concentration profiles of these substances on paper to inform interventions. An approach to quantify and map the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA) 5F-MDMB-PINACA on a seized paper sample from a UK Prison was determined using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The seized paper sample was initially screened using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry that confirmed the presence of 5F-MDMB-PINACA. A quantification method was then optimised and validated for the SCRA using a simple liquid chromatography-quadrupole Dalton-mass spectrometry system. Percentage recovery studies were carried out on paper spiked with 1, 5 and 20 mg/cm² of 5F-MDMB-PINACA with five consecutive MeOH extractions. Results showed that one extraction recovered 83%-86%, while three extractions resulted in 98%-99% 5F-MDMB-PINACA recovery. Finally, the method was used to determine the concentration profile across the seized paper sample; 5F-MDMB-PINACA was in detectable amounts on all the paper subunits (n = 39) ranging between 0.26 and 55.13 μg/cm², displaying a wide distribution of concentrations. Concentration profiles of SCRAs on seized paper samples are informative for interventions for those who are abusing or handling these substances in custodial settings but also provide key concentration ranges for those developing advanced methods of analysis in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143363378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hair EtG Testing in Combination With Measurements of PEth and EtG in Blood to Improve the Assessment of Alcohol Consumption.","authors":"Siân Bevan, Lolita Tsanaclis","doi":"10.1002/dta.3865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3865","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ethyl glucuronide detection in hair (H-EtG) effectively diagnoses long-term abstinence and differentiates between social and chronic excessive alcohol use. However, hair testing does not capture alcohol consumption within the week prior to sample collection. To address this limitation, blood tests like phosphatidylethanol (PEth) and blood ethyl glucuronide (B-EtG) are used alongside H-EtG, extending alcohol detection from minutes after drinking up to the period covered by hair. A total of 1205 cases were selected, where H-EtG was analysed in hair segments over 3 cm long, and concurrent fingertip blood samples in dried blood spots (DBSs) were analysed for PEth and B-EtG using UPLC/ESI-MS/MS with cut-offs: H-EtG = 5 pg/mg, PEth = 20 ng/mL and B-EtG = 10 ng/mL. A total of 468 (39%) cases showed H-EtG, PEth and B-EtG levels below cut-off, consistent with abstinence, while 198 (16%) were above cut-off, indicating continuous alcohol consumption. The remaining cases exhibited various patterns. B-EtG was negative in 282 cases (23%), with H-EtG and PEth detected, suggesting alcohol use but not recently. PEth was positive, but H-EtG and B-EtG were negative in 149 cases (12%), indicating alcohol use within a month, but not recently. H-EtG was positive in 78 cases (6%), with PEth and B-EtG negative, confirming recent abstinence. H-EtG was negative in 27 cases (2%), indicating no alcohol use for months, but recent consumption was confirmed by the detection of PEth and B-EtG. Only two cases (0.2%) had positive B-EtG with negative H-EtG and PEth, indicating recent alcohol use. The results confirm the value of combining H-EtG with concurrent blood testing of PEth and B-EtG, significantly enhancing drinking history assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143254139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}