Drug Testing and Analysis最新文献_第3页

Evaluation of Therapeutic Opioids in Hair of Neonatal and Pediatric Patients. 阿片类药物治疗新生儿和儿童毛发的评价。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-07-27 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3935

Max Polke, Florian Zapf, Tanja Restin, Thomas Kraemer, Tina M Binz

{"title":"Evaluation of Therapeutic Opioids in Hair of Neonatal and Pediatric Patients.","authors":"Max Polke, Florian Zapf, Tanja Restin, Thomas Kraemer, Tina M Binz","doi":"10.1002/dta.3935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3935","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic hair analysis poses a valuable tool for assessing opioid exposure in children and neonates. However, reliable literature data on opioid concentrations in the hair of this population are mostly scarce, making the interpretation of such hair analysis results rather challenging. This noninterventional study aims to address this issue by investigating 118 hair samples of pediatric patients (median age: 50 days) from the University Children's Hospital Zurich. These patients were treated with medically approved novel synthetic opioids (fentanyl, remifentanil, sufentanil, or alfentanil) and traditional opioids (morphine, methadone, and hydromorphone) during their clinical treatment. Quantification of the opioids and selected metabolites was achieved by a previously validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based method, which showed good sensitivity with lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) ranging from 0.1 to 1 pg/mg hair. Most analytes were successfully detected in patients' hair, with the majority being identified for the first time in this matrix. Significant correlations were found between the opioid concentrations in hair and the administered medication doses, indicating that hair analysis may reflect the extent of opioid exposure in this population. Furthermore, metabolite ratios similar to the ones commonly found in adult hair were identified, which are forensically important to differentiate between active intake of a drug and contamination. The metabolite ratio of β-hydroxyfentanyl to fentanyl was particularly well suited for children and neonatal patients. In conclusion, concentration ranges, metabolite ratios, and dose correlations of the studied opioids in pediatric hair were established, providing insights into opioid incorporation pathways.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Long-Term Stability of Ethyl Glucuronide in Hair: A 10-Year Retrospective Analysis of 909 Samples by LC-MS/MS. 用LC-MS/MS分析909份头发中葡萄糖醛酸乙酯的长期稳定性

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3934

Sara Casati, Alessandro Ravelli, Roberta F Bergamaschi, Massimo Del Fabbro, Giorgio Binelli, Gabriella Roda, Marica Orioli

{"title":"Long-Term Stability of Ethyl Glucuronide in Hair: A 10-Year Retrospective Analysis of 909 Samples by LC-MS/MS.","authors":"Sara Casati, Alessandro Ravelli, Roberta F Bergamaschi, Massimo Del Fabbro, Giorgio Binelli, Gabriella Roda, Marica Orioli","doi":"10.1002/dta.3934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3934","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring long-term alcohol consumption is critical in forensic and public health contexts. Hair analysis of ethyl glucuronide (EtG), a direct metabolite of ethanol, has become a standard method for detecting chronic alcohol use. While the reliability of EtG hair testing is well established for short- and medium-term analyses, its stability in hair stored over extended periods has not been comprehensively evaluated. This limitation is especially relevant in retrospective investigations, postmortem evaluations, and long-term epidemiological studies, where archived samples may be analyzed years after collection. In this study, we assessed the long-term stability of EtG in human hair stored for up to 10 years. A total of 909 samples originally analyzed between 2013 and 2022 were re-tested in 2023 using a previously published and validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. When the results of the old and the new analyses were compared, EtG concentrations showed no significant degradation over time, with more than 80% of the samples displaying matching values when analytical uncertainty was considered. Only a small fraction of samples (4.4%) dropped below the commonly used interpretive threshold for chronic alcohol use (30 pg/mg) after 10 years of storage. These findings provide robust evidence that EtG remains chemically stable in hair under standard storage conditions over a decade, confirming the reliability of archived samples for assessing alcohol use history and expanding the utility of EtG analysis in long-term toxicological and forensic investigations. The demonstrated stability strengthens confidence in hair as a matrix for retrospective substance use evaluation across scientific disciplines.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of Two Spectroscopic Techniques to Estimate the MDMA Dose of Ecstasy-Like Tablets, an On-Site Approach. 两种光谱技术评估摇头丸样片剂MDMA剂量的现场方法。

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3933

N Meert, K Segers, F Van Durme, J Eliaerts

{"title":"Evaluation of Two Spectroscopic Techniques to Estimate the MDMA Dose of Ecstasy-Like Tablets, an On-Site Approach.","authors":"N Meert, K Segers, F Van Durme, J Eliaerts","doi":"10.1002/dta.3933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3933","url":null,"abstract":"MDMA, commonly known as \"ecstasy,\" is widely used in clubs and at festivals, earning its reputation as a \"party drug.\" The increasing demand for rapid on-site dose estimation of MDMA in tablets arises from the need of various stakeholders, including law enforcement, emergency services, and public health officials, to respond appropriately to potential public safety risks and incidents. This study evaluates the performance of two portable spectroscopic techniques (near-infrared [NIR] and Fourier-transform-infrared [FT-IR]) combined with chemometric modelling for estimating the MDMA dose in tablets. Ninety-eight seized tablets were measured on-site with both spectroscopic techniques and confirmed by the reference techniques: gas chromatography (GC) combined with a mass spectrometer (MS) and a flame-ionization detector (FID). Considering the correlation values (NIR: R2 = 0.64 for indirect contact with intact tablets, 0.87 for direct contact with homogenized tablets; FT-IR: R2 = 0.84) and the RMSEP values (NIR: 8.0 for indirect contact with intact tablets, 5.9 for direct contact with homogenized tablets; FT-IR: 5.4), both spectroscopic techniques provide a reliable dose prediction in comparison to the GC-FID results. Moreover, these devices are suitable for rapid on-site application. The instruments' choice depends on several factors, such as speed, safety measures, and laboratory support for modelling. However, determining the MDMA dose does not address all health risks. Other factors, such as the presence of low-dosed substances (undetectable on-site) and the combination of MDMA with other drugs and/or alcohol also play a significant role. Therefore, laboratory analysis remains essential for comprehensive safety assessment.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Detection of a Single Microdose of Testosterone and Recombinant EPO in Healthy Volunteers. 健康志愿者单微剂量睾酮和重组EPO的检测。

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3932

Carmel Heiland, Oscar Hopcraft, Mats Johanson, Anton Pohanka, Mikael Lehtihet, Lena Ekström

{"title":"Detection of a Single Microdose of Testosterone and Recombinant EPO in Healthy Volunteers.","authors":"Carmel Heiland, Oscar Hopcraft, Mats Johanson, Anton Pohanka, Mikael Lehtihet, Lena Ekström","doi":"10.1002/dta.3932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3932","url":null,"abstract":"Doping with testosterone (T) and erythropoietin (EPO) in low doses (micro-doping) is a challenge to detect. Here, we have investigated the ability to detect micro-doping of recombinant human (rhEPO) and testosterone (T) after administration of a single dose of subcutaneous Eporatio (15 IU/kg) and transdermal Testogel (100 mg) to healthy males. For rhEPO detection in urine, MAIIA EPO purification kits 3F6 (#1410) and 7D3 (#1460) were used for ITP and CP analyses, respectively, whereas kit 3F6 (#1430) was used for dried blood spots (Tasso). The sensitivity to detect rhEPO in Tasso was investigated and compared with previous detection results for Capitainer and Mitra. For T detection, the urinary and capillary serum steroid profile and IRMS analysis were performed. It was possible to detect administration of 15 IU/kg Eporatio with high sensitivity with our ITP method up to 72 h after administration, and the CP findings supported the ITP findings. Tasso provides less sensitivity in detecting Eporatio than Mitra and Capitainer. With IRMS, 100% of the samples analyzed were positive, also when not associated with elevated urinary T/E or 5αAdiol/E ratios. As an alternative, high systemic T levels aligned with positive IRMS results, highlighting the value of serum T as a complementary biomarker. Overall, the World Anti-Doping Agency ITP and CP methods employed today show good sensitivity towards detection of micro-dosing of rhEPO and T.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Method Development of Pegmolesatide for Doping Analysis: A Novel Synthetic Erythropoietin-Mimetic Agent. 方法：一种新型人工合成促红细胞生成素兴奋剂聚莫苷的研制。

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3931

Lu Liu, Zhanliang Wang, Lingyu Zhao, Xinmiao Zhou, Lisi Zhang

{"title":"Method Development of Pegmolesatide for Doping Analysis: A Novel Synthetic Erythropoietin-Mimetic Agent.","authors":"Lu Liu, Zhanliang Wang, Lingyu Zhao, Xinmiao Zhou, Lisi Zhang","doi":"10.1002/dta.3931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3931","url":null,"abstract":"Pegmolesatide, a novel synthetic erythropoietin-mimetic agent, was developed by the Hansoh Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company Ltd. (Jiangsu, China). In late 2023, it was approved in China for the treatment of anemia in both dialysis and non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease, with the advantages of reduced immunogenicity and extended duration of action. The aim of this study was to develop a strategy for detecting pegmolesatide in doping analysis. Here, we present a bottom-up nano-liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry approach for qualitative analysis of pegmolesatide using erythropoietin receptor coupled magnetic beads, followed by trypsinization and subsequent detection of characteristic peptides. Using full scan and data-dependent MS/MS (ddMS2) modes, two characteristic peptide segments of pegmolesatide were identified. An analytical method using product ion scan mode was developed to detect the identified characteristic peptides. Both peptide segments were analyzed for the initial testing procedure, whereas one characteristic peptide segment obtained from complete trypsinization was analyzed for the confirmation procedure. After full validation, the selectivity, reliability, limit of detection, limit of identification, carryover, and stability were evaluated. The results demonstrate that our developed method can be a fit-for-purpose analytical method for the antidoping of pegmolesatide.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comprehensive Screening of Multiple Prohibited Substances in Chinese Traditional Patent Medicine by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS综合筛选中成药中多种禁用物质

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-07-15 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3929

Qiaoling Fei, Yiman Feng, Jiarui Wang, Jing Li, Huiwu Zhang, Jing Jing, Xiaopei Wu, Jianghai Lu, Yanhua Ma, Youxuan Xu, Xiaobing Wang

{"title":"Comprehensive Screening of Multiple Prohibited Substances in Chinese Traditional Patent Medicine by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS.","authors":"Qiaoling Fei, Yiman Feng, Jiarui Wang, Jing Li, Huiwu Zhang, Jing Jing, Xiaopei Wu, Jianghai Lu, Yanhua Ma, Youxuan Xu, Xiaobing Wang","doi":"10.1002/dta.3929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3929","url":null,"abstract":"An ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) system was established for the rapid screening of doping agents in Chinese traditional patent medicine (CTPM), aiming to enhance the prevention and control of doping risks associated with herbal medicines. Samples were extracted by ultrasonic extraction with acetonitrile, while oily CTPM samples were extracted with 80% acetonitrile in water and purified using a Captiva EMR General Pigmented Dry cartridge. The extraction was concentrated under nitrogen flow, and the residues were dissolved, filtered, and detected using a Thermo Scientific UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS system. Separation was performed on an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse C18 column at 40°C with an injection volume of 5 μL and a gradient elution of 10-mM ammonium formate solution (pH 3.6) and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The subsequent analysis was conducted using dual electrospray ionization in the Full MS/data-dependent secondary mass spectrometry scan mode. The method covers a total of 303 substances from 12 categories. Over 95% of the targets had limits of detection at or below 50 ng·g-1 or ng·mL-1 in CTPM. The method was validated for qualitative identification, including assessments of specificity, sensitivity, robustness, extraction recovery, matrix effect, and precision. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by the successful detection of higenamine (54%), ephedrine (42%), strychnine (11%), and morphine (2%) in 100 authentic samples. This paper presents a method for the rapid screening of doping agents in CTPM with high resolution, accuracy, and retrospectivity, reducing the risks of herbal medicine-induced doping violations.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144641333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identification of Novel THC Analogs: Chloro Derivatives of Hexahydrocannabinol and Tetrahydrocannabibutol Butanoate in an Oil Product Obtained in Japan. 新型四氢大麻酚类似物的鉴定：日本某油品中六氢大麻酚和四氢大麻醇丁酸酯的氯衍生物。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-07-14 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3927

Rie Tanaka, Maiko Kawamura, Michiho Ito, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri

{"title":"Identification of Novel THC Analogs: Chloro Derivatives of Hexahydrocannabinol and Tetrahydrocannabibutol Butanoate in an Oil Product Obtained in Japan.","authors":"Rie Tanaka, Maiko Kawamura, Michiho Ito, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri","doi":"10.1002/dta.3927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3927","url":null,"abstract":"Since around 2021, products such as e-cigarette liquid cartridges, herbal products, and gummy products, claiming to contain tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) analogues, have been seen for sale on the internet. Recently, products claiming to contain other THC derivatives have appeared. In this study, we identified the ingredients in products distributed on the internet that claim to contain THC derivatives. The e-cigarette cartridge product analyzed in this study was obtained from Japan in September 2024. One milligram of the oil product was treated with 1 mL of acetonitrile under ultrasonication. The resulting solutions were used for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-MS) measurements. After isolating and purifying unknown components from the product, structural analysis was performed by measuring 1H, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and various two-dimensional NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY) and LC with hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight MS. The analysis revealed that chlorinated HHCs (i.e., (9R)-2-chloro-HHC, (9S)-2-chloro-HHC, (9R)-4-chloro-HHC, (9S)-4-chloro-HHC, (9R)-2,4-dichloro-HHC, and (9S)-2,4-dichloro-HHC) were the major components, and chlorinated dihydro-iso-THCs (i.e., 10-chloro-dihydro-iso-THC, 8-chloro-dihydro-iso-THC, and 8,10-dichloro-iso-THC) were the minor components isolated and identified from the product. Furthermore, Δ9-THCB-O-butanoate, a compound in which the hydroxyl group at the C1 position of Δ9THCB was butanoylated, was detected.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Post-Mortem Identification and Toxicological Findings of Fluetonitazepyne and Isotonitazepyne. 氟硝西平和异硝西平的死后鉴定和毒理学研究。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3928

Pirkko Kriikku, Anna Pelander, Antti Jylhä, Ilkka Ojanperä

引用次数: 0

Avoid Falsely Accusing Female Athletes Who Use Levonorgestrel of Doping. 避免错误地指责使用左炔诺孕酮的女运动员服用兴奋剂。

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3925

Alexander Andersson, Anton Pohanka, Mikael Lehtihet, Lena Ekström

{"title":"Avoid Falsely Accusing Female Athletes Who Use Levonorgestrel of Doping.","authors":"Alexander Andersson, Anton Pohanka, Mikael Lehtihet, Lena Ekström","doi":"10.1002/dta.3925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3925","url":null,"abstract":"Athletes are explicitly responsible for everything they consume, which may be an issue when the metabolic pathways of prohibited and non-prohibited compounds intersect. This was the case when 18-methyl-19-noretiocholanolone, an 18-methyl-19-nortestosterone metabolite, was detected in a sample of an athlete that had used an emergency contraceptive pill containing levonorgestrel. Six women were recruited to this study to elucidate the link between 18-methyl-19-noretiocholanolone and levonorgestrel. After providing a pre-treatment urine sample, one tablet of NorLevo, 1.5 mg, was ingested and six additional urine samples were collected. The samples were analysed with GC-MS/MS after extraction and derivatisation. In all six participants, 18-methyl-19-noretiocholanolone could be detected at 1.5-2.5 ng/mL with a tmax of 2 h. The presence of 18-methyl-19-noretiocholanolone was in all samples accompanied by levonorgestrel and its metabolite tetrahydronorgestrel, the latter being present at highest concentrations (60-300 ng/mL) up to 48 h post intake. Conclusively, this study demonstrates a metabolic link between 18-methyl-19-noretiocholanolone and levonorgestrel, confirming the need to verify the absence of levonorgestrel or its markers before reporting an adverse analytical finding.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

"Do It Yourself" Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist Precursors as a Ban-Evading Strategy: Comparison of the Pharmacological Characteristics of Precursors and Their Final Products. “自己动手”合成大麻素受体激动剂前体作为一种禁令规避策略：前体及其最终产物的药理学特性比较。

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-07-09 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3924

Marie H Deventer, Alex J Krotulski, Christophe P Stove

{"title":"\"Do It Yourself\" Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist Precursors as a Ban-Evading Strategy: Comparison of the Pharmacological Characteristics of Precursors and Their Final Products.","authors":"Marie H Deventer, Alex J Krotulski, Christophe P Stove","doi":"10.1002/dta.3924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3924","url":null,"abstract":"The enactment of the generic ban on synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) in China (2021) added a new flavor to the already diverse and complex SCRA market. Although a large portion of SCRAs is covered by this legislation, a novel strategy to bypass the ban has emerged. So-called \"DIY\" (do-it-yourself) kits and semi-finished SCRAs are now being offered online, allowing users or intermediate suppliers to purchase ban-evading precursors, with the aim that buyers finish the synthesis. Using in vitro β-arrestin2 recruitment bioassays, we assessed the CB1 and CB2 receptor activation potential of three methyl-3,3-dimethyl-butanoate SCRA precursors (MDMB-ICA, MDMB-INACA, and MDMB-5'Me-INACA), along with some of their potential finished end products, including typical, well-known but scheduled SCRAs (e.g., 5F-MDMB-PINACA and 5F-MDMB-PICA), as well as some more recent substances (MDMB-BUTICA). Whereas tail-less precursors were weakly active at CB1 (EC50 values of 2.34 μM and higher), \"finished\" SCRAs ((4F-)MDMB-BUTI (NA)CA and (5F-)MDMB-PI (NA)CA) strongly activated CB1 (EC50 1.01-35 nM and Emax 366%-488% [relative to JWH-018]). This emphasizes that this \"DIY\" synthesis phenomenon poses a serious threat to public health, as it is a new indirect way of \"legally\" providing users with very potent (known) compounds. Importantly, the \"DIY\" strategy currently ensures the continued presence of scheduled substances on the market, as exemplified by forensic cases from the United States. While precursors can often not be detected because of a concentration below the limit of detection, it is hypothesized that the presence of SCRAs in at least some of these cases stems from this ban-evading strategy.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0