Drug Testing and Analysis最新文献

Prevalence of AAS-Positive Samples at Drug Abuse Laboratory Sweden Between 2014 and 2023 and Sub-Study of Dual Use of AAS and Narcotics. 2014 - 2023年瑞典药物滥用实验室AAS阳性样本患病率及AAS与麻醉品双重使用亚研究

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3955

Kim Petterson Bohlin, Tomas Villén, Oscar Hopcraft, Anton Pohanka, Lena Ekström

{"title":"Prevalence of AAS-Positive Samples at Drug Abuse Laboratory Sweden Between 2014 and 2023 and Sub-Study of Dual Use of AAS and Narcotics.","authors":"Kim Petterson Bohlin, Tomas Villén, Oscar Hopcraft, Anton Pohanka, Lena Ekström","doi":"10.1002/dta.3955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3955","url":null,"abstract":"It is of interest to investigate trends in AAS usage profile. Here we aimed to retrospectively study the prevalence of AAS-positive samples based on 21,172 consecutive analyses from routine AAS testing 2014-2023. Moreover, 310 urine samples from 2022 to 2023 were reanalyzed for a broader AAS panel as well as for the presence of narcotics. Between 2014 and 2023, the frequency of reported AAS-positive samples varied between 6% and 11%, with no trend discerned. The prevalence of samples containing several AAS also shows a similar distribution. The most common AAS detected were consistently testosterone, nandrolone, and drostanolone. Of the 310 urine samples reanalyzed, 80 male and 6 female samples were positive for AAS. Thirteen of the samples showed T/E 4-10, indicative of testosterone use, with no other AAS. Consequently, 4% of the samples might have been reported as false negatives. Of the AAS-positive samples, amphetamine was found in 10% and 0% of the male and female samples, respectively. Cannabis was more often detected in AAS-positive female samples (50%) than in male samples (25%), whereas cocaine was more commonly detected in male than in female samples (33 versus 17%). The prevalence of cannabis and amphetamine was like previous AAS studies conducted in Sweden, whereas the presence of cocaine in male samples was substantially higher. Co-use of AAS and narcotics is a well-known problem and highlights the importance of preventive actions and education/awareness of AAS.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identification of Candidate Biomarkers Detected in the Urine of Racehorses After Anabolic Agent Administration: Use of Orthogonal Methods for Structural Elucidation. 使用合成代谢剂后赛马尿液中检测到的候选生物标志物的鉴定：使用正交方法进行结构解析。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3951

C Cloteau, V Delcourt, B Loup, B Chabot, M Pescher, E Susdorf, Z Kaabia, P Garcia, M A Popot, B Le Bizec, G Dervilly, L Bailly-Chouriberry

{"title":"Identification of Candidate Biomarkers Detected in the Urine of Racehorses After Anabolic Agent Administration: Use of Orthogonal Methods for Structural Elucidation.","authors":"C Cloteau, V Delcourt, B Loup, B Chabot, M Pescher, E Susdorf, Z Kaabia, P Garcia, M A Popot, B Le Bizec, G Dervilly, L Bailly-Chouriberry","doi":"10.1002/dta.3951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3951","url":null,"abstract":"Biomarker identification by mass spectrometry represents a key step in the workflow of nontargeted metabolomic studies. Given the complexity of the data, this step, which must be carried out by a trained specialist, is time-consuming, and the biomarkers discovered are not always identified. While this stage is not an obstacle to the development of new screening and classification tools, it is nonetheless crucial to a better understanding of the results obtained. For this reason, the aim of this study was to perform structural elucidation of candidate biomarkers, which had previously been displayed to screen for the administration of anabolic agents in the urine of racehorses and whose robustness had been evaluated. The present study involved a combination of various analytical strategies, including enzymatic hydrolysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry and ion mobility (LC-HRMS, LC-IMS-HRMS), and in vitro experiments. Two candidate biomarkers were identified as phase II metabolites of tebuconazole, belonging to the equine exposome. This identification opens the way to further investigations into the relationship between the presence of this compound and its disruption in horse urine following anabolic agent administration. Overall, the use of orthogonal approaches provided better complementary information on the structure of the compound and ultimately enabled us to identify biomarkers with the highest possible level of confidence.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Clostebol Metabolism by Different Routes of Administration: Selection of Diagnostic Urinary Markers. 不同给药途径的尿代谢：诊断性尿标志物的选择。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3953

Xavier de la Torre, Cristiana Colamonici, Dayamin Martínez Brito, Rodny Montes de Oca Porto, Francesco Botrè

{"title":"Clostebol Metabolism by Different Routes of Administration: Selection of Diagnostic Urinary Markers.","authors":"Xavier de la Torre, Cristiana Colamonici, Dayamin Martínez Brito, Rodny Montes de Oca Porto, Francesco Botrè","doi":"10.1002/dta.3953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3953","url":null,"abstract":"The accidental contamination by the use of transdermal applications of clostebol acetate has been proven by the monitoring of its main urinary metabolite 4-chloro-3α-hydroxy-androst-4-en-17-one (M1). This work is aimed at describing clostebol metabolism in humans and at searching for specific metabolic markers or concentration thresholds allowing for distinguishing between an oral and a transdermal administration, helping to set up adequate criteria to be adopted by the antidoping community when incidental contamination is suspected. Urine samples were collected after the administration of a single dose of clostebol acetate orally (n = 3, males), a single transdermal dose (n = 1, male), and multiple transdermal administrations (n = 3, males, and n = 3, females). After enzymatic hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction, and the formation of trimethylsilyl derivatives, the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The metabolism of clostebol after oral and transdermal applications was described. Ten metabolites were detected after oral administration (M1-M10), but only five (M1-M4 and M9) could be detected after transdermal applications under the assay conditions applied. The use of concentrations of any metabolite might be difficult because of the interindividual variability in absorption, metabolism, and/or excretion. Instead, the ratios between M4 and M1 showed plausible results to discriminate between both administrations under the conditions described here. The intentionality of the use of one or other route of administration cannot be assessed.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145068771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative Evaluation of Smart Sampling for hCG Determination: A New Potential Direction in Protein Biomarker Analysis From Dried Microsamples. 智能取样测定hCG的比较评价：干燥微样品中蛋白质生物标志物分析的新方向。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-09-14 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3948

Ago Mrsa, Marijana Matijevic, Yvette Dehnes, Trine Grønhaug Halvorsen, Léon Reubsaet

{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Smart Sampling for hCG Determination: A New Potential Direction in Protein Biomarker Analysis From Dried Microsamples.","authors":"Ago Mrsa, Marijana Matijevic, Yvette Dehnes, Trine Grønhaug Halvorsen, Léon Reubsaet","doi":"10.1002/dta.3948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3948","url":null,"abstract":"Since the early 20th century, sampling biological matrices like blood on paper (dried blood spots [DBS]) has been vital in clinical analysis. While DBS microsampling is convenient for small molecules, extensive sample preparation can make LC-MS protein analysis impractical because of the time-consuming steps, especially for low-abundance proteins. Smart sampling, introduced in 2018, simplifies this by integrating sample preparation directly on the sampler. The work presented in this paper aims to compare a newly validated smart sampling method with two other methods: an in-house method based on immunocapture on magnetic beads and a commercial method that uses electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). The performance of the three hCG methods was compared using 21 single-blind serum samples. Linear regression analysis revealed strong correlations (all R2 > 0.91) between the actual sample concentrations and the results obtained from all three methods. Immunocapture with magnetic beads showed the strongest linear correlation (R2 = 0.974). To assess agreement between the methods, Bland-Altman analysis was conducted. The comparison between smart sampling and magnetic beads showed an average bias of -5.2, with no significant trend in variation across the sample concentration range of 0.5-75 ng/mL. The smart sampling and ECLIA comparison revealed a bias of 0.4 ± 4 ng/mL, indicating even better agreement and consistent results. This paper presents the first-ever comparison of a smart sampling method with existing methods. The results highlight smart sampling as a promising new approach for bioanalysis and boost the technique as a viable alternative in protein biomarker analysis from complex matrices using LC-MS.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145063058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From Kratom to Semi-Synthetic Opioids: The Rise and Risks of MGM-15. 从Kratom到半合成阿片类药物：MGM-15的上升和风险。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3952

Abhishek Gour, Sushobhan Mukhopadhyay, Allison Henderson, Ahmed Awad, Maria A Seabra, Mallory Pullman, Francisco León, Stephen J Cutler, Christopher R McCurdy, Abhisheak Sharma

{"title":"From Kratom to Semi-Synthetic Opioids: The Rise and Risks of MGM-15.","authors":"Abhishek Gour, Sushobhan Mukhopadhyay, Allison Henderson, Ahmed Awad, Maria A Seabra, Mallory Pullman, Francisco León, Stephen J Cutler, Christopher R McCurdy, Abhisheak Sharma","doi":"10.1002/dta.3952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3952","url":null,"abstract":"Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a plant native to Southeast Asia, has long been used for its stimulant and analgesic properties. 7-Hydroxymitragynine (7-HMG) is a potent and selective opioid agonist in vitro and demonstrates a potent opioid effect in living subjects, reversible by naloxone. It has been semi-synthesized into products that are readily available in retail and virtual shops. It is known that 7-HMG has earned the nickname \"legal morphine,\" and has gained popularity among users seeking pain relief and/or a \"high\" comparable with prescription opioids. Medicinal chemistry efforts have led to synthetic 7-HMG derivatives such as MGM-15, where stereospecific saturation of the imine N(1)-C(2) double bond increases opioid receptor affinity and activity. Despite its higher in vitro opioid potency, MGM-15 is currently sold in the US for human consumption as a \"research chemical\" in tablet form, even though there is an absence of this being studied in humans and obviously no FDA approval. In this study, we analyzed commercially available MGM-labeled tablets using UPLC-MS/MS and subsequently evaluated the binding affinities of purified MGM-15 across multiple opioid receptors. Tablets contained an average of 10.9 ± 0.2 mg (10.7 to 11.2 mg) of MGM-15, with no naturally occurring kratom alkaloids or illicit substances detected. MGM-15 shows greater hMOR and hDOR binding affinities than 7-HMG, indicating the potential for higher opioid effects and risks, emphasizing the urgent need for more research to advise regulation and hopefully prevent misuse and harm.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Detection of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Steroid Esters-Comparing Dried Blood Spots Collection Devices and Urine Samples. 合成代谢雄激素类固醇和类固醇酯的检测——干燥血斑采集装置与尿样的比较。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3950

Tina Suominen, Jeanette von Walden, Laura Harju, Anton Pohanka, Jenny Schulze, Mikael Lehtihet, Lena Ekström

{"title":"Detection of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Steroid Esters-Comparing Dried Blood Spots Collection Devices and Urine Samples.","authors":"Tina Suominen, Jeanette von Walden, Laura Harju, Anton Pohanka, Jenny Schulze, Mikael Lehtihet, Lena Ekström","doi":"10.1002/dta.3950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3950","url":null,"abstract":"Dried blood spots (DBS) have emerged as a promising complement, and in some settings, an alternative, to urine for anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) testing, offering advantages such as minimal invasiveness, simplified storage, and transportation. This study evaluated two DBS collection devices-cellulose-based Capitainer-B50 and polymer-based Tasso-M20-and compared results with traditional urine analysis. Ten self-reported AAS users were recruited and provided matched urine and DBS samples. High agreement between the two DBS devices was observed, although Capitainer-B50 showed a slightly greater detection rate, likely due to a higher sample volume (50 μL vs. 17.5 μL) improved analyte recovery, and lower background noise. Notably, DBS enabled detection of testosterone use in all 10 participants, while urine testing missed two cases with naturally low urinary testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratios (most likely UGT2B17 del/del carriers). Moreover, the differentiation between prescribed and illicit use of testosterone esters was also possible in DBS, but not in urine testing, while nandrolone detection in DBS was limited at low concentrations. The findings support DBS as a sensitive and practical tool for AAS detection and provide critical advantages in detecting doping with testosterone esters in individuals with prescribed testosterone therapy and in UGT2B17 deletion carriers.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145028625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impurity Profiling of ATS Synthesized From Ring-Substituted APAAN and MAPA Analogs. 环取代apan和MAPA类似物合成ATS的杂质谱分析。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3946

Deanna Langone, Ben Painter, Clark Nash, Janneke W Hulshof, Sander Oldenhof, Martin R Johnston, K Paul Kirkbride

{"title":"Impurity Profiling of ATS Synthesized From Ring-Substituted APAAN and MAPA Analogs.","authors":"Deanna Langone, Ben Painter, Clark Nash, Janneke W Hulshof, Sander Oldenhof, Martin R Johnston, K Paul Kirkbride","doi":"10.1002/dta.3946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3946","url":null,"abstract":"Designer precursors for the synthesis of amphetamine-type stimulants pose a significant challenge to law enforcement. The precursors APAAN (α-phenylacetoacetonitrile) and MAPA (methyl α-acetylphenylacetate) became popular in the previous decade and have since been restricted. Recently, a ring-substituted analog of MAPA used for the synthesis of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) was detected, highlighting the potential for criminal misuse of substituted analogs of these designer precursors. Previous research has characterized the impurity profiles of methamphetamine synthesized from APAAN and MAPA. In this study, the impurity profiles of MDMA and PMMA (p-methoxymethamphetamine) synthesized from ring-substituted analogs of APAAN and MAPA were characterized. In addition, byproducts forming from the conversion of p-methyl and p-fluoro analogs of APAAN and MAPA into analogs of P2P were investigated. MDMA was synthesized from 3,4-methylenedioxy-substituted MAPA (methyl α-acetyl-[3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl]acetate, MAMDPA) via sodium cyanoborohydride reductive amination and hydrogenation with platinum oxide and methylamine. Four impurities originating from MAMDPA were detected in MDMA synthesized via reductive amination, all of which are 3,4-methylenedioxy analogs of the impurities detected in methamphetamine synthesized from MAPA. Synthesis of MDMA via the hydrogenation route only produced one characteristic impurity, which, due to its instability under acidic conditions, is not likely to be present in clandestine MDMA hydrochloride samples. PMMA was synthesized via sodium cyanoborohydride reductive amination of MeO-P2P produced from methoxyl-substituted APAAN (α-p-methoxyphenylacetoacetonitrile, APMPAAN). Five impurities were identified as originating from APMPAAN, two of which are proposed to be the most reliable markers for the use of APMPAAN in the synthesis of PMMA.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

RETRACTION: Voltammetric Determination of Isoproterenol Using Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes-Ionic Liquid Paste Electrode 论文摘要：用多壁碳纳米管-离子液体糊电极伏安法测定异丙肾上腺素。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3949

引用次数: 0

Enantiomeric Determination of Medetomidine in Street Drug Samples (August 2024-February 2025) and Implications for Immunoassay Test Strip Analysis. 街头毒品样品中美托咪定对映体的测定（2024年8月- 2025年2月）及其对免疫测定试纸条分析的影响。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3947

Edward Sisco, Mónica Ventura, Sarah A Shuda

{"title":"Enantiomeric Determination of Medetomidine in Street Drug Samples (August 2024-February 2025) and Implications for Immunoassay Test Strip Analysis.","authors":"Edward Sisco, Mónica Ventura, Sarah A Shuda","doi":"10.1002/dta.3947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3947","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last several years, there has been an influx of α2-agonists into the street drug supply, beginning with the proliferation of xylazine, a potent veterinary sedative. Since 2023, another sedative, medetomidine, has been widely detected. Medetomidine, broadly, encompasses two enantiomers-dexmedetomidine and levomedetomidine-with the dex enantiomer being pharmacologically active and present in human-use pharmaceuticals. In this work, we investigate street drug samples containing medetomidine to better understand the enantiomeric makeup in the illicit supply. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyze 100 drug product or paraphernalia residue samples. All samples were found to contain a racemic mixture of medetomidine. A subset of samples was analyzed by medetomidine immunoassay test strips, where racemic mixtures were not found to negatively affect results. All samples were also qualitatively analyzed using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) to identify commonly co-occurring compounds, which included fentanyl, xylazine, and local anesthetics. Parabens, preservatives found in licit injectable preparations of the drug, were not detected. This work provides a snapshot into the medetomidine makeup of the street drug supply, which needs to be continually monitored given the differences in pharmacology between the two enantiomers.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144991033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identification of Tetrahydrocannabidiol Metabolites in Human Urine. 人尿中四氢大麻二酚代谢物的鉴定。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-09-02 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3945

Willi Schirmer, Isabelle Mösch, Stefan Schürch, Wolfgang Weinmann

{"title":"Identification of Tetrahydrocannabidiol Metabolites in Human Urine.","authors":"Willi Schirmer, Isabelle Mösch, Stefan Schürch, Wolfgang Weinmann","doi":"10.1002/dta.3945","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3945","url":null,"abstract":"Tetrahydrocannabidiol (H4CBD) is an emerging semisynthetic cannabinoid, which has been known since 1940. Like hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), it is easily obtained by hydrogenation of available phytocannabinoids, in the case of H4CBD by hydrogenation of cannabidiol (CBD). H4CBD shows a weak affinity for the CB1 receptor, but it is unclear if H4CBD shows psychoactive properties, as reports from users are divided. Only a few countries have placed H4CBD under their narcotic substance law, for example, France and Switzerland. The aim of this study was to identify human Phase I and II metabolites in urine as potential forensic targets. The H4CBD used for this study was bought from an online store and analyzed beforehand using GC-MS. The Phase I and II metabolites were identified using LC-HR-MS/MS and GC-MS after trimethylsilylation. The found H4CBD metabolites were carboxylated, hydroxylated, and bishydroxylated species and their glucuronides with hydroxylation and carboxylation positions on the alicyclic moiety and on the side chain. The tentatively identified metabolites were the carboxylic acids 5″-COOH-H4CBD and 7-COOH-H4CBD, the hydroxylated metabolites (1R,6R)-OH-H4CBD, (1R,6S)-OH-H4CBD, two epimers of 2″-OH-H4CBD, and both epimers of 7-OH-H4CBD. The identified bishydroxylated metabolites were side-chain hydroxylated derivatives of 7-OH-H4CBD. Various other hydroxylated metabolites were found, but their exact hydroxylation positions could not be determined. Some ESI+ spectra of the metabolites showed very unusual fragmentation patterns, like the loss of both oxygens from the resorcinol moiety with subsequent ring contraction and the appearance of radical cations for Phase II metabolites. These unusual patterns were noticed for H4CBD and its side-chain-altered metabolites.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0