Drug Testing and Analysis最新文献

Investigations Into Structures of In Vitro-Derived Phase I Metabolites of a Novel 20-Keto-Steroid S42 by GC-EI HR MS Analysis and Chemical Synthesis.

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-03-30 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3890

Hui-Chung Wen, Felicitas Wagener, Thomas Piper, Jörg Neudörfl, Mario Thevis, Mathias Schäfer

{"title":"Investigations Into Structures of In Vitro-Derived Phase I Metabolites of a Novel 20-Keto-Steroid S42 by GC-EI HR MS Analysis and Chemical Synthesis.","authors":"Hui-Chung Wen, Felicitas Wagener, Thomas Piper, Jörg Neudörfl, Mario Thevis, Mathias Schäfer","doi":"10.1002/dta.3890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3890","url":null,"abstract":"S42, 4-Methyl-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-one a new 20-keto-steroid, is a novel selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM). The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) bans the use of SARMs in sports at all times. In preparation of a sensitive detection procedure to control for S42 abuse, in vitro metabolism experiments were conducted and biotransformation products were analyzed with GC-EI MS-orbitrap instrumentation. S42-C20-OH, S42-C6ß-OH, and S42-C7α-OH were synthesized as reference material to study their exemplary EI-HR (electron ionization- high resolution) mass spectra. Additionally, S42-d7, synthesized earlier with 2H-labels at carbon atoms C1, C2, C3, C6, and C7, was used for the in vitro metabolism study. Comparison of the respective mass spectra of labeled and unlabeled reference materials and of specifically mass-shifted fragment ions provided the foundation for the structure elucidation of S42 in vitro phase I metabolites. Molecular ions of selected S42 phase I metabolites found in the in vitro experiments were submitted to higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) MS2-product ion experiments to allow straightforward and secured assignment and interpretation of fragmentation patterns. At least eight phase I metabolites of S42 were identified in the in vitro study and analyzed as tri-methyl-silyl ether derivatives. Specifically, different singly, doubly, and triply hydroxylated metabolites of S42 were identified and analyzed with GC-EI HR MS.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of Testosterone Esters in Serum and DBS Samples-Results From an Interlaboratory Study.

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3889

Tobias Langer, Alessandro Musenga, Biljana Stojanovic, Daniel Pecher, Günter Gmeiner, Laura Harju, Tina Suominen, Cynthia Mongongu, Magnus Ericsson, Silke Grabherr, Tiia Kuuranne, Raul Nicoli

{"title":"Analysis of Testosterone Esters in Serum and DBS Samples-Results From an Interlaboratory Study.","authors":"Tobias Langer, Alessandro Musenga, Biljana Stojanovic, Daniel Pecher, Günter Gmeiner, Laura Harju, Tina Suominen, Cynthia Mongongu, Magnus Ericsson, Silke Grabherr, Tiia Kuuranne, Raul Nicoli","doi":"10.1002/dta.3889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3889","url":null,"abstract":"Testosterone (T) formulations that are used for doping purposes often contain the steroid in esterified forms. As these esters are hydrolysed in the bloodstream before renal excretion, they can be detected in blood matrices and have not been detected in urine so far. Serum samples can additionally be used for longitudinal blood steroid profiling, but their collection, shipping and storage have some disadvantages. The use of dried blood spots (DBS), an alternative blood matrix, is more convenient for pre-analytical and post-analytical aspects but is not fully established in antidoping laboratories yet. To evaluate the ability of multiple antidoping laboratories to detect T-esters in serum and DBS samples, an interlaboratory study was organised. Common T-esters were spiked in five samples of each matrix (serum, cellulose card DBS, polymeric DBS) at concentrations that correspond to an administration scenario and sent as blinded specimens to each laboratory. The laboratories were requested to apply their own analytical method to detect the T-esters and to provide a rough estimate of their concentrations. All laboratories identified the spiked testosterone esters correctly in all samples and the estimated concentrations were deemed comparable (average relative standard deviation < 30%), considering that only qualitative initial testing procedures (ITPs) were used. This study could firstly demonstrate the capability of different analytical approaches to analyse T-esters in serum and DBS samples and, secondly, show that the methods employed by the participating laboratories are all fit for purpose.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characterising a New Cannabis Trend: Extensive Analysis of Semi-Synthetic Cannabinoid-Containing Seizures From Germany.

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3886

Marica Hundertmark, Laura Besch, Jörg Röhrich, Tanja Germerott, Cora Wunder

{"title":"Characterising a New Cannabis Trend: Extensive Analysis of Semi-Synthetic Cannabinoid-Containing Seizures From Germany.","authors":"Marica Hundertmark, Laura Besch, Jörg Röhrich, Tanja Germerott, Cora Wunder","doi":"10.1002/dta.3886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3886","url":null,"abstract":"In May 2022, semi-synthetic cannabinoids (SSC) appeared on the European drug market, claiming to offer a legal alternative with cannabimimetic effects. Since then, the use of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) has quickly become very popular and derivatives, among them heptyl-analogs with prolonged alkyl-sidechains and acetylated forms, have appeared. First HHC-bans were introduced in some EU countries in early 2023. As only limited data is available on this dynamic consumption trend, this study aims to analyse a seizure collective comprehensively. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was validated for quantification of (R,S)-HHC, Δ8-THC, Δ9-THC, CBD, CBG, CBN, (R,S)-HHC-O and CBN-O and applied to a collective of 80 SSC-containing products including flowers, resins, edibles, vape liquids and papers. Further derivatives, among them (R,S)-HHCP, Δ9-THCP, Δ8-THCP, (R,S)-HHCP-O, (R,S)-H4CBD, THC-O and THCP-O were qualitatively evaluated. HHC-content was characterised by extreme fluctuations from <LOQ up to 70.9 wt-%. Δ9-THC was detected in most seizures, with around a quarter of samples exceeding the EU-legal limit for hemp (< 0.3 wt-% Δ9-THC). Δ8-THC was rarely found in elevated levels which might indicate residues of HHC-synthesis. H4CBD was the most frequently detected SSC-derivative, followed by heptyl-analogs. Acetates played a minor role and were usually only detected in traces, while elevated levels occurred rarely. Unusual cannabinoid compositions were detected in cannabis carrier material, including extreme CBD-concentrations (up to 67.3 wt-%) and CBG-dominant cultivars. Systematic investigation of seizures provides information for assessing the risk to consumers and is a valuable basis for the interpretation of findings in biological material.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143661802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

In Vivo Metabolic Studies of 2-Hydroxyethyl Salicylate in Horses.

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3885

Helen S M Ho, Adrian F Farrington, Emmie N M Ho, Wing-Tak Wong

{"title":"In Vivo Metabolic Studies of 2-Hydroxyethyl Salicylate in Horses.","authors":"Helen S M Ho, Adrian F Farrington, Emmie N M Ho, Wing-Tak Wong","doi":"10.1002/dta.3885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3885","url":null,"abstract":"2-Hydroxyethyl salicylate (2HES), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is a medication to treat musculoskeletal injuries and inflammation swelling of humans and horses. Its misuse could affect the performance of horses and mask injuries, which could pose significant health risks. In horseracing, it is reported as an adverse finding once detected in competition. The metabolism of 2HES in either human or horse has not been reported, and therefore, little is known about its metabolic fate. This paper describes the in vivo metabolism of 2HES in horse with an objective to identify the most appropriate target(s) for detecting 2HES administration. To study the elimination and biotransformation of 2HES, topical administrations were performed by giving three castrated horses (geldings) each a total of 100-g Tensolvet gel (equivalent to 5 g of 2HES). The postulated in vivo metabolites included glucuronide-conjugated 2HES (2HES-Glu) and sulphate-conjugated 2HES (2HES-SO4) from Phase II conjugation possibly at hydroxyethyl moiety and salicylic acid (SA) from hydrolysis of 2HES. To control the misuse of 2HES in horses effectively, 2HES was found to be the most suitable target. Total 2HES could be detected for up to 10 days in urine, whereas free 2HES could be detected for 16 h in plasma. As the maximum concentration of SA in postadministration urine and plasma sample did not exceed its corresponding international thresholds, monitoring the amount of SA could not be used as an indicator for possible 2HES exposure.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143613017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantitative Investigation of Nitrosamine Drug Substance-Related Impurities (NDSRIs) Under Artificial Gastric Conditions by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis.

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3874

Matthias Vogel, Sylvia E Escher, Emanuel Weiler, Anke Londenberg, Uwe Deppenmeier, Rhys Whomsley

{"title":"Quantitative Investigation of Nitrosamine Drug Substance-Related Impurities (NDSRIs) Under Artificial Gastric Conditions by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis.","authors":"Matthias Vogel, Sylvia E Escher, Emanuel Weiler, Anke Londenberg, Uwe Deppenmeier, Rhys Whomsley","doi":"10.1002/dta.3874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3874","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of nitrosamines in numerous human medicinal products (HMP) has recently emerged as a cause for concern. Following the initial discovery of carcinogenic low molecular weight nitrosamines such as nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in HMP, regulatory authorities worldwide requested marketing authorization holders to perform risk assessments for the presence of nitrosamines in their products. The initially observed contaminations-mainly low molecular weight nitrosamines-were generated by organic solvent impurities or by-products from synthesis and nitrite carried over to finished products (FP). More recently, complex nitrosamine drug substance-related impurities (NDSRIs) have been reported arising from direct nitrosation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) at secondary amine groups in the presence of nitrite derived from excipients. In addition, an alternative route of API nitrosation is conceivable due to interaction with gastric acid and physiological nitrite after drug intake. Within this study, 13 secondary amine bearing APIs were selected to individually identify susceptibilities for nitrosation by using high physiological limit values in terms of pH and nitrite. Therefore, artificial gastric media were fortified with 200 μM sodium nitrite and increasing concentrations of APIs at pH 3.15 and 37°C for 2 h. All NDSRI concentrations were quantitatively determined via validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methodology. Additionally, time-dependent nitrosations of selected APIs were monitored to kinetically assess the proportion of NDSRIs after the gastric passage. All results and observations were further processed by means of structure activity relationship (SAR) predictions to identify highly susceptible compounds in the group of concern.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143613040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identification of Acetyl, Propionyl, and Butanoyl Derivatives of THC and Its Analogs, and Their Synthetic By-Products in Oils and a Herbal Product.

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3883

Rie Tanaka, Michiho Ito, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri

{"title":"Identification of Acetyl, Propionyl, and Butanoyl Derivatives of THC and Its Analogs, and Their Synthetic By-Products in Oils and a Herbal Product.","authors":"Rie Tanaka, Michiho Ito, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri","doi":"10.1002/dta.3883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3883","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2021, products claiming to contain Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) analogs have been distributed online and in physical stores, including liquid cartridges for electronic cigarettes, herbal products, and gummy products. This study identified the ingredients in products claiming to contain THC analogs distributed online. Seven oil products and one herbal product were analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-MS). After isolating and purifying the unknown components from the products, structural analysis was performed by measuring 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and various two-dimensional NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY). The analysis revealed the presence of Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (Δ8-THC-O), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (Δ9-THC-O), Δ4(8)-iso-THC-O-acetate, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabihexol acetate (Δ9-THCH-O), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabiphorol acetate (Δ9-THCP-O), Δ8-THC-O-propionate, Δ9-THC-O-propionate, Δ4(8)-iso-THC-O-propionate, Δ9-THCB-O-butanoate, and Δ9-THCP-O-butanoate in these products.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143613001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hematological ABP: Interest of New Generation Sequencing Methods (NGS) to Study Suspicious Fluctuations in Erythropoiesis.

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3880

G Dine, A Lamzouri, E Guibert, J-C Alvarez

引用次数: 0

The 23rd International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians.

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3882

Emmie N M Ho

引用次数: 0

Rapid and Accurate Identification of Fentanyl and Buprenorphine in Transdermal Patches Using QuickProbe GC-MS.

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3884

Moshe Burshtein, Simcha Shimron

{"title":"Rapid and Accurate Identification of Fentanyl and Buprenorphine in Transdermal Patches Using QuickProbe GC-MS.","authors":"Moshe Burshtein, Simcha Shimron","doi":"10.1002/dta.3884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3884","url":null,"abstract":"The use of transdermal patches, primarily for pain relief, has grown significantly in recent years. This increase in legitimate use has been accompanied by a rise in their illegal use. Consequently, forensic laboratories are facing a growing number of these complex samples requiring analysis. These systems often involve complex sample matrices, demanding analytical techniques that are both efficient and highly sensitive. This study introduces the application of QuickProbe GC-MS for the rapid identification of fentanyl and buprenorphine in transdermal patches. Utilizing in situ extraction, the method eliminates the need for time-consuming sample preparation, achieving a full analysis cycle time of under 2 min. QP GC-MS successfully detected fentanyl and buprenorphine at concentrations as low as 4.125 and 5 mg, respectively, while adhering to the highest selectivity guidelines. This rapid and streamlined approach has broader implications for forensic investigations, enabling high-throughput screening of seized drug samples and potentially extending to the analysis of emerging drugs of abuse. The speed and efficiency of QP GC-MS make it a valuable tool for law enforcement, public health agencies, and toxicology labs facing the challenge of keeping pace with evolving drug trends.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of Dimenhydrinate on Motor Behavior and Vascular Function: Possible Implications for the Field of Sports.

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3875

Jazmín Flores-Monroy, Diana Ramírez-Hernández, Diego Lezama-Martínez, Benjamín Velasco-Bejarano

{"title":"Effects of Dimenhydrinate on Motor Behavior and Vascular Function: Possible Implications for the Field of Sports.","authors":"Jazmín Flores-Monroy, Diana Ramírez-Hernández, Diego Lezama-Martínez, Benjamín Velasco-Bejarano","doi":"10.1002/dta.3875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3875","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies have described the sedative effects of dimenhydrinate (DMH), although others report a stimulant effect on psychomotor functions. Because the first generation of antihistamines was shown to seriously impair cognitive psychomotor and driving performance in healthy volunteers, the aim of our research was to determine the effect of DMH by testing physical activity and cognitive and cardiovascular functions using an animal model to identify a possible stimulatory effect. The study protocol consisted of two phases. The first was designed to analyze the stimulating motor effect of DMH. Four study groups were formed: (1) vehicle (Veh), (2) modafinil (MOD), (3) DMH at 50 mg/kg (DMH-50), and (4) DMH at 200 mg/kg (DMH-200). Motor coordination and balance, physical activity, hemodynamics, and nitrous oxide (NO) quantification were performed. In the second phase, we sought to discriminate the compound in DMH that generates the stimulating effect. In this case, the study groups were (1) Veh, (2) MOD, (3) DMH, (4) diphenhydramine (DPH), (5) 8-chlorotheophylline (8-Cl-T), and (6) theophylline (TEO). In this phase, we quantified glucose and insulin levels, behavior, physical activity, blood pressure, and vascular reactivity to phenylephrine and acetylcholine. Findings showed that DMH might improve a motor and physical stimulating effect but also increased NO levels in the lungs. DPH promoted a compulsive-like behavior that diminished with 8-Cl-T. Regarding cardiovascular effects, DMH decreased vascular reactivity to phenylephrine and acetylcholine. Finally, in the DMH formulation, 8-Cl-T was identified as the compound responsible for increasing blood pressure and heart rate.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143571736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0