Drug Testing and Analysis最新文献

Impact of Repeated Glucocorticoid Oral Administration on the Urinary Steroid Profile.

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3853

Sergi Coll, Deamelys Hernández, Claudia Bressan, Rosalia Ramírez, Núria Monfort, Ana Aldea-Perona, Rosa Ventura

{"title":"Impact of Repeated Glucocorticoid Oral Administration on the Urinary Steroid Profile.","authors":"Sergi Coll, Deamelys Hernández, Claudia Bressan, Rosalia Ramírez, Núria Monfort, Ana Aldea-Perona, Rosa Ventura","doi":"10.1002/dta.3853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3853","url":null,"abstract":"The detection of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS) is performed with the Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP). Glucocorticoids (GC) could be a confounding factor to the ABP Steroidal Module because they inhibit the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and ABP metabolites have partial adrenal origin. In previous studies, single-dose systemic GC administrations have been shown to reduce the urinary ratios A/T and 5αdiol/E. In this work, the impact of repeated oral doses of GCs on the urinary steroid profile (SP) has been evaluated. The treatments administered consisted of multiple oral administrations of methylprednisolone (12 mg/24 h for 3 days, n = 8) and dexamethasone (2 mg/12 h for 5 days, n = 8). Urine samples were collected before, during, and after the GC treatments, and the SP was measured in all samples using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The multiple-dose oral administration of GCs resulted in a treatment-dependent reduction of the excretion rates of some urinary metabolites (5αAdiol, A, and Etio) and the urinary SP ratios A/T and 5αAdiol/E. The T/E ratio was not significantly affected. Overall, although the consumption of GC could result in atypical profiles for A/T and 5αAdiol/E ratios, according to the cost/benefit assessment, GC should not be considered a confounding factor to the urinary SP because misunderstandings would only take place in very specific situations and, in those cases, the analysis by isotope ratio mass spectrometry of the urine triggering the atypical profile would demonstrate the endogenous origin of the SP metabolites.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143031678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rapid and Simple Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) Sample Preparation for Propofol Analysis in Hair, Blood, and Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3856

Sara Odoardi, Serena Mestria, Valeria Valentini, Giulia Biosa, Sabina Strano Rossi

{"title":"Rapid and Simple Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) Sample Preparation for Propofol Analysis in Hair, Blood, and Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.","authors":"Sara Odoardi, Serena Mestria, Valeria Valentini, Giulia Biosa, Sabina Strano Rossi","doi":"10.1002/dta.3856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3856","url":null,"abstract":"Propofol is a widely used anesthetic. Although considered safe, propofol-related deaths occur, as it is sometimes abused recreationally or used to commit suicide. A simple, rapid, and reliable method for its analysis in various biological samples is needed. Sample clean-up is a critical step in the analysis, both in terms of time and cost, indeed. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a simple and fast extraction based on ternary solvent mixtures that uses small volumes of solvent and sample. A DLLME extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was developed and validated for the analysis of propofol in blood, urine, and hair. The same extraction mixture of 2.5:1 methanol/chloroform was used for the different biological samples. Validation for linearity, LOD, LOQ, precision, accuracy, and recovery gave satisfactory results for the three types of biological samples included in the study, with limits of quantification of 1 μg/mL for urine, 0.2 μg/mL for blood, and 0.1 ng/mg for hair. The DLLME procedure for purification involves a small amount of solvent, thus reducing the cost and the environmental impact. In addition, a high enrichment factor is obtained, and the time for analysis is short. The method was applied to authentic post-mortem samples for the determination of propofol in blood, urine, and hair. Also, segmental hair analysis was performed to assess chronic propofol abuse. The developed method proved to be rapid, simple, and cost-effective for blood, urine, and hair extract clean-up for the determination of propofol by GC/MS.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143021345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Retrospective Evaluation of Novel Synthetic Opioids and Xylazine Chronic Intake by Post-Mortem Hair Testing. 通过死后毛发检测对新型合成阿片类药物和噻嗪慢性摄入的回顾性评价。

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3852

Marco Ballotari, Nicola Pigaiani, Anna Bacci, Karen S Scott, Gregory G Davis, Rossella Gottardo, Federica Bortolotti

{"title":"Retrospective Evaluation of Novel Synthetic Opioids and Xylazine Chronic Intake by Post-Mortem Hair Testing.","authors":"Marco Ballotari, Nicola Pigaiani, Anna Bacci, Karen S Scott, Gregory G Davis, Rossella Gottardo, Federica Bortolotti","doi":"10.1002/dta.3852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3852","url":null,"abstract":"Fentanyl and its derivatives (nonpharmaceutical fentanyl, NPFs) represent the largest group among synthetic opioids. Fentanyl-related deaths and fatalities from tampering with pharmaceutical products have been reported. Furthermore, in the United States, adulterants such as xylazine and other substances, including the nitazenes class of opioids, have been found in an increasing number of unintentional overdose deaths, drug seizures, and reports of use by recreational drug users. Monitoring the diffusion of fentanyl, NPFs, nitazenes, and adulterants among the population is a fundamental pursuit in forensic toxicology. The use of hair analysis is perfect for this purpose, providing essential information regarding previous intake or exposure to xenobiotics. The present study focused on the development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS method for the detection and quantification of fentanyl, NPFs, and xylazine, as well as the semiquantitative detection of nitazenes in hair samples from post-mortem cases collected under the jurisdiction of the Jefferson County Coroner/Medical Examiner's Office (Birmingham, AL, USA). The method was validated according to international guidelines and applied to the analysis of n = 250 post-mortem hair samples. In 52% of the analyzed hair samples, fentanyl, its main metabolites, and related analogs were detected, showing significant exposure to these substances in the population. Moreover, xylazine was detected in n = 48 hair samples (19.2%). The developed UPLC-MS/MS method proved suitable for rapid chromatographic separation and sensitive detection of the studied compounds. In addition, this is the first time that xylazine and protonitazene have been measured in hair samples of subjects exposed to synthetic opioids.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142996926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comprehensive Qualitative Drug Screening in Emergency Toxicology Using an Automated LC-MSⁿ System:Simultaneous Quantification of Relevant Drugs and Metabolites in Blood Plasma. 使用自动LC-MSn系统进行紧急毒理学综合定性药物筛选：血浆中相关药物和代谢物的同时定量。

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-01-19 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3855

Selina Hemmer, Maximilian Ninnig, Lea Wagmann, Sascha K Manier, Markus R Meyer

{"title":"Comprehensive Qualitative Drug Screening in Emergency Toxicology Using an Automated LC-MSn System:Simultaneous Quantification of Relevant Drugs and Metabolites in Blood Plasma.","authors":"Selina Hemmer, Maximilian Ninnig, Lea Wagmann, Sascha K Manier, Markus R Meyer","doi":"10.1002/dta.3855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3855","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid and comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analytical procedures are crucial in 24/7 emergency toxicology (ET) to support diagnosis and treatment of acute intoxications and to monitor their progression and efficacy of detoxification strategies. This study aimed to develop the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of 62 drugs, as well as seven active metabolites in human blood plasma using an automated liquid chromatography (LC)-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (MS) screening system. Sample preparation was conducted by liquid-liquid extraction, and plasma concentrations were determined using an electronically stored 5-point calibration. Validation was performed according to international guidelines and recommendations for ET including selectivity, carry-over, accuracy, precision, and matrix effects. Finally, applicability was evaluated using case samples and proficiency tests. The method demonstrated selectivity for all analytes, with no significant carry-over or matrix effects. Accuracy and precision recommended for ET could be fulfilled for all tested analytes, except for 10 analytes. Patient plasma samples were analyzed and compared with results obtained by reference LC-tandem MS or gas chromatography-MS methods. Furthermore, the applicability of the method could be demonstrated. It provides a fast, robust, and reliable blood plasma screening for 69 analytes and an additional quantification of 59 analytes relevant in ET. The use of an electronically stored 5-point calibration and a simplified \"push and print solution\" allows for straightforward assessment of blood plasma levels of the analytes.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142996917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gene Doping Detection From the Perspective of 3D Genome. 基于三维基因组的基因兴奋剂检测。

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-01-05 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3850

Xinyuan Ren, Yue Shi, Bo Xiao, Xianbin Su, Hui Shi, Guang He, Peijie Chen, Die Wu, Yi Shi

{"title":"Gene Doping Detection From the Perspective of 3D Genome.","authors":"Xinyuan Ren, Yue Shi, Bo Xiao, Xianbin Su, Hui Shi, Guang He, Peijie Chen, Die Wu, Yi Shi","doi":"10.1002/dta.3850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3850","url":null,"abstract":"Since the early 20th century, the concept of doping was first introduced. To achieve better athletic performance, chemical substances were used. By the mid-20th century, it became gradually recognized that the illegal use of doping substances can seriously endangered athletes' health and compromised the fairness of sports competitions. Over the past 30 years, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has established corresponding rules and regulations to prohibit athletes from using doping substances or restrict the use of certain drugs, and isotope, chromatography, and mass spectrometry techniques were accredited to detect doping substances. With the development of gene editing technology, many genetic diseases have been effectively treated, but enabled by the same technology, doping has also the potential to pose a threat to sports in the form of gene doping. WADA has explicitly indicated gene doping in the Prohibited List as a prohibited method (M3) and approved qPCR detection. However, gene doping can easily evade detection, if the target genes' upstream regulatory elements are considered, the task became more challenging. Hi-C experiment driven 3D genome technology, through perspectives such as topologically associating domain (TAD) and chromatin loop, provides a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of gene regulation and expression, thereby better preventing the potential use of 3D genome level gene doping. In this work, we will explore gene doping from a different perspective by analyzing recent studies on gene doping and explore related genes under 3D genome.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142930167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Impact of Triptorelin on Hormone Levels in Human and Its Metabolite Confirmation Using Liquid Chromatography-Ion Trap/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS-IT-TOF) and Liquid Chromatography-Orbitrap (LC-Orbitrap) for Doping Control Analysis. 雷triprelin对人体内激素水平的影响及其代谢物液相色谱-离子阱/飞行时间质谱（LC/MS-IT-TOF）和液相色谱-轨道阱（LC- orbitrap）兴奋剂控制分析的证实

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-01-05 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3849

Navaporn Saardpun, Cholsittapan Asawesna, Seksun Kaewklam, Premsant Sangkhum, Wisoot Kongchareonsombat, Thanit Kusamran, Darawan Pinthong

{"title":"The Impact of Triptorelin on Hormone Levels in Human and Its Metabolite Confirmation Using Liquid Chromatography-Ion Trap/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS-IT-TOF) and Liquid Chromatography-Orbitrap (LC-Orbitrap) for Doping Control Analysis.","authors":"Navaporn Saardpun, Cholsittapan Asawesna, Seksun Kaewklam, Premsant Sangkhum, Wisoot Kongchareonsombat, Thanit Kusamran, Darawan Pinthong","doi":"10.1002/dta.3849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3849","url":null,"abstract":"Triptorelin, a synthetic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), is mainly used in the clinical treatment of prostate cancer. The mechanism initially stimulates luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone secretion followed by suppression, resulting in a reduction in cancer progression. However, GnRHs are prohibited in doping control because of the indirect surge of LH and testosterone. Therefore, GnRH analog detection and confirmation are enforced by World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) requirements. The effects of triptorelin on LH and endogenous steroid levels in urine and serum of five prostate cancer patients taking triptorelin for the first time were investigated and compared with leuprorelin. The samples were collected at 0.0 h, 3.0 h, 6.0 h, 1 month, and 3 months later after drug administration. The effect of triptorelin on LH levels was measured using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Testosterone and endogenous steroid levels were monitored using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Triptorelin showed an advantage over leuprorelin on LH and testosterone suppression, which is preferable to use for prostate cancer treatment. In this study, triptorelin (5-10), a unique in vivo metabolite, was found in urine and serum and verified with synthetic triptorelin (5-10). The metabolite was analyzed using liquid chromatography combined with Orbitrap (LC-Orbitrap) and liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/MS-IT-TOF). When triptorelin levels are undetectable, the presence of triptorelin (5-10) in human urine can be used as evidence that triptorelin is being misused in doping control.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142930183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simultaneous detection of testosterone, nandrolone, and boldenone esters in dried blood spots for doping control in sports by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. 利用液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测干血斑中的睾酮、诺龙和勃地酮酯，以控制体育运动中的兴奋剂使用。

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-23 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3681

Asami Miyamoto, Masanori Ota, Mitsuhiko Sato, Masato Okano

{"title":"Simultaneous detection of testosterone, nandrolone, and boldenone esters in dried blood spots for doping control in sports by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.","authors":"Asami Miyamoto, Masanori Ota, Mitsuhiko Sato, Masato Okano","doi":"10.1002/dta.3681","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3681","url":null,"abstract":"Testosterone, nandrolone, and boldenone, which are listed as doping substances on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List, are mostly available commercially in esterified forms. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) represents a key tool for identifying these substances, as they are hydrolyzed and discharged in the urine as pseudo-endogenous substances. However, IRMS, which comprises a complicated process, cannot achieve the direct detection of steroid esters in blood samples. These substances can be detected using dried blood spots (DBSs), reducing the impact of esterase hydrolysis. Here, a simultaneous liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for detecting 28 steroid (13 testosterone, nine nandrolone, and six boldenone) esters was developed using three DBS types of samples, including a cellulose paper and polymer. The substances were first derivatized with methyloxime to increase their sensitivities (the limits of detection were <0.1-0.4, <0.1-0.9, and <0.1-0.9 ng/mL for the testosterone, nandrolone, and boldenone esters, respectively). Further, the DBS absorbents were verified since the effect of interferences depended on it. Next, a study involving seven participants was conducted to detect intramuscularly administered testosterone enanthate (100 mg). Polymer and cellulose papers were used to collect blood from their upper arms and fingertips, respectively, and testosterone enanthate was identified and detectable at both blood-collection sites for up to 144 and 216 h, respectively. Furthermore, testosterone enanthate was detectable in the DBS samples stored under refrigeration after 6 months, indicating the stable nature of DBS.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"42-55"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140192867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Endogenous nature of estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione in entire male horses. 整匹雄马体内雌甾-4,9-二烯-3,17-二酮的内源性性质。

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3685

Helen S M Ho, Emmie N M Ho, Wing-Tak Wong

{"title":"Endogenous nature of estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione in entire male horses.","authors":"Helen S M Ho, Emmie N M Ho, Wing-Tak Wong","doi":"10.1002/dta.3685","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3685","url":null,"abstract":"Estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione (dienedione) is an anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) sold as a bodybuilding supplement. It is prohibited in both human and equine sports. With no report of 4,9-diene configuration in endogenous steroids, dienedione has long been considered a synthetic AAS. Nevertheless, the reoccurring detection of dienedione in colt (entire male horse) urine samples lead to the investigation of its possible endogenous nature in horses. This paper describes (i) the detection of naturally occurring dienedione in colts, (ii) the conjugation study of dienedione and (iii) the population study of free and glucuronide-conjugated dienedione in colt urine. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of dienedione content in colt urine were performed, employing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Qualitative analyses showed that dienedione was endogenous in colt urine and mainly in the form of glucuronide conjugates. Glucuronidation of dienedione was believed to happen at 3-enol leading to dienedione-3-glucuronide. Upon the population study of free and glucuronide-conjugated dienedione in colt urine samples (n = 175), the mean ± SD was determined to be 2.5 ± 3.5 ng/ml. The population data fitted a normal distribution after a fifth root transformation with the exclusion of one outlier by Grubb's test. A possible in-house threshold was proposed at 30 ng/ml of free and glucuronide-conjugated dienedione in colt urine associated with a risk factor of 1 in 14,269 (with a degree of freedom of 173). This is the first report of endogenous dienedione in entire male horses and the approach for controlling its potential misuse by using a threshold is also presented.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"75-87"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140292253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Wastewater surveillance to assess cocaine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine use trends during a major music festival in Brazil. 通过废水监测评估巴西大型音乐节期间可卡因和亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺的使用趋势。

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3682

Cezar Silvino Gomes, Diogo de Jesus Soares Freire, Hadassa de Souza Ramos Pontes Moura, Adriano Otávio Maldaner, Francisco Ayrton Senna Domingos Pinheiro, George Leandro Ramos Ferreira, Matheus Leopoldo de Oliveira Miranda, Leandro De Santis Ferreira, Felipe Gonçalves Murga, Fernando Fabriz Sodré, Cícero Flávio Soares Aragão

引用次数: 0

Systematic web monitoring of drug test subversion strategies in the United States. 对美国药物检测颠覆策略的系统性网络监测。

IF 2.6 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-23 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3671

Megan Grabenauer, Svante Vikingsson, Richard A Olson, Faith E Lyons, Lisa S Davis, Eugene D Hayes, Ronald R Flegel

{"title":"Systematic web monitoring of drug test subversion strategies in the United States.","authors":"Megan Grabenauer, Svante Vikingsson, Richard A Olson, Faith E Lyons, Lisa S Davis, Eugene D Hayes, Ronald R Flegel","doi":"10.1002/dta.3671","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.3671","url":null,"abstract":"As negative drug tests are frequently a condition for employment, some people who use drugs will try to subvert the testing. In this study, systematic web monitoring was used to investigate how drug test subversion is discussed online. Posts pertaining to drug test subversion were obtained from public websites and the dark web (n = 634, July-December 2021). Most information from public websites came from Twitter (65%), and 94% of dark web posts were from Reddit. The posts were manually coded to extract quantitative and qualitative information about drug test subversion tactics. Most posts discussed urine drug tests (85%), followed by hair (11%) and oral fluid (2%), and the most discussed drugs were marijuana (72%) and cocaine (7.3%). Urine drug test subversion mainly pertained to specimen substitution, with synthetic urine or urine from another person. Another strategy was to mask diluted urine by ingesting creatine. Urine adulteration was rarely discussed. Hair test subversion involved harsh treatments with products such as bleach, baking soda, and/or detergent. Hair removal was also discussed. Oral fluid test subversion focused on removing drugs from the oral cavity through vigorous brushing of teeth and tongue as well as the use of mouthwash, hydrogen peroxide, gum, and commercial detox products. This study highlights subversion strategies used by donors. Although little evidence was provided as to the effectiveness of these strategies, this information may help guide future studies and development of specimen validity testing to minimize the impact of drug test subversion attempts.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"34-41"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140192868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0