Drug Testing and Analysis最新文献

Segmental Hair Analysis of Diphenhydramine and Cyclizine Following a Single Dose. 苯海拉明和环克利嗪单剂量后的节段性毛发分析。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2026-05-03 DOI: 10.1002/dta.70084

Jan Bílek, Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen, Robert Kronstrand, Sys Stybe Johansen

{"title":"Segmental Hair Analysis of Diphenhydramine and Cyclizine Following a Single Dose.","authors":"Jan Bílek, Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen, Robert Kronstrand, Sys Stybe Johansen","doi":"10.1002/dta.70084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.70084","url":null,"abstract":"Diphenhydramine and cyclizine are over-the-counter (in many countries) antihistamines that have considerable sedative effects. Therefore, they can be used in drug-facilitated crimes to incapacitate victims. There is a knowledge gap regarding detection possibilities and concentration levels of these antihistamines in hair. This study aimed to investigate whether a single dose of diphenhydramine and cyclizine could be quantified in head hair, and for how long. A single-dose study was conducted in which 12 adult volunteers ingested a single dose of diphenhydramine (25 mg) and cyclizine (44 mg). Hair samples were collected before drug intake and at 1, 3, 5, and if possible, 12 months after intake. To quantify a single dose of antihistamines in head hair, a validated LC-MS/MS method with a lower limit of quantification of 1 pg/mg was applied. Both antihistamines and their main metabolites, N-demethyldiphenhydramine and norcyclizine, were detected in all hair samples collected up to 5 months after intake. Twelve months after intake, diphenhydramine was quantifiable in 25% and cyclizine in 62.5% of available hair samples. The concentrations found in hair within 1 year after intake ranged from 0 to 610 pg/mg for diphenhydramine and from 0 to 590 pg/mg for cyclizine. The median decrease in concentration over 2, 4, and 11 months was 43%, 70%, and 100% for diphenhydramine and 40%, 64%, and 98% for cyclizine. The data obtained provided indicative concentration ranges for a single oral dose of diphenhydramine and cyclizine in hair, thereby improving the interpretation of hair analyses in forensic casework.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147808932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identification of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Analogs, Including Methyl Ether Derivatives of THC and Hexahydrocannabiphorol, THC Methyl Carbonate and Its Synthetic by-Product, in Commercially Available Oil Products. 四氢大麻酚（THC）类似物的鉴定，包括四氢大麻酚和六氢大麻酚的甲基醚衍生物、四氢大麻酚碳酸甲酯及其合成副产品。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-18 DOI: 10.1002/dta.70058

Rie Tanaka, Michiho Ito, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri

{"title":"Identification of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Analogs, Including Methyl Ether Derivatives of THC and Hexahydrocannabiphorol, THC Methyl Carbonate and Its Synthetic by-Product, in Commercially Available Oil Products.","authors":"Rie Tanaka, Michiho Ito, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri","doi":"10.1002/dta.70058","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.70058","url":null,"abstract":"As of 2025, the distribution of products claiming to contain so-called semisynthetic cannabinoids has continued. In most cases, the names of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) analogs contained in these products are labeled; however, the actual components are often unknown. In this study, we identified the compounds in products that claim to contain THC analogs. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-MS) were used to analyze six products. Seven compounds were isolated from products via silica gel column chromatography, and their structures were determined by 1H, 13C NMR, and various two-dimensional NMR techniques, including H-H correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence, heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation, and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy. The compounds detected in products A and B were identified as Δ8-THCM and Δ9-THCM. From product C, 9(R)-hexahydrocannabiphorol methyl ether (9(R)-HHCPM) was identified. The compounds isolated from product D were identified as 2-allyl-Δ8-THC. Δ9-THC methyl carbonate and Δ8-iso-THC methyl carbonate were isolated and identified from product E. The compounds isolated from product F were identified as 10(S)-Hydroxy-9(R)-HHC. This study is the first report on THC analogs having methylcarbonated hydroxyl groups at the C1 position of THC in commercial products. The newly detected THC analogs are potential health hazards if used in general; there are no toxicity data for any of these compounds. In addition, with their unregulated synthesis and the by-product/residues that might have concerns exist. Thus, there are concerns regarding the distribution of products containing new THC analogs.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"690-698"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147479269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gene Editing and the Future of Thoroughbred Breeding and Racing. 基因编辑与纯种马育种和比赛的未来。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-11 DOI: 10.1002/dta.70056

Edward Ryder, James Given, Natasha Hamilton

引用次数: 0

Characterization of Samples From a Seized Synthetic Drug Laboratory by Suspect and Nontarget Screening With LC-HRMS-Identification of Markers Indicating Changes in the Clandestine Manufacturing Process of Amphetamine via the Leuckart Route. 用lc - hrms进行可疑和非靶标筛选对一个被查获的合成药物实验室样品的特征分析——通过Leuckart路线秘密制造安非他明过程中变化标记的鉴定

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-05 DOI: 10.1002/dta.70048

Maximilian Greif, Tobias Frömel, Stephan Wagner, Carolin Huhn, Michael Pütz

{"title":"Characterization of Samples From a Seized Synthetic Drug Laboratory by Suspect and Nontarget Screening With LC-HRMS-Identification of Markers Indicating Changes in the Clandestine Manufacturing Process of Amphetamine via the Leuckart Route.","authors":"Maximilian Greif, Tobias Frömel, Stephan Wagner, Carolin Huhn, Michael Pütz","doi":"10.1002/dta.70048","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.70048","url":null,"abstract":"In clandestine laboratories, amphetamine is predominantly synthesized via the Leuckart route. In recent years, a trend is observed: Capacities of illicit production facilities for synthetic drugs in Europe increased and fewer small-scale laboratories are encountered by police and customs authorities. One of the designer pre-precursors currently applied is methyl α-phenylacetoacetate (MAPA), which can be converted into the key synthesis educt benzyl methyl ketone by acidic hydrolysis. Besides replacements of former designer pre-precursors due to scheduling (e.g., α-phenylacetoacetonitrile [APAAN]), another trend for synthesis is observed since 2019, namely, the alkaline hydrolysis of the reaction intermediate N-formylamphetamine into the free amphetamine base during the second step of the Leuckart route instead of the previously predominantly applied acidic hydrolysis using concentrated hydrochloric acid. In this study, 28 samples of products and production waste seized from a dismantled large-scale amphetamine laboratory in Germany that used MAPA as designer pre-precursor and the modified alkaline Leuckart step two were analyzed by a nontargeted liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry approach for tentative identification of specific markers for the use of MAPA and the alkaline hydrolysis of N-formylamphetamine. After peak picking, 23 features were identified as suspects and further seven new features were tentatively identified. These seven potential marker compounds appeared to be indicative for the pre-precursor conversion step and were found in production waste and in amphetamine base product samples. Additionally, there were hints for the formation of high molecular weight compounds during the modified Leuckart step two.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"625-640"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147363423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Statistical Discrimination of Urinary Steroid Biomarkers in the Athlete Biological Passport: A Novel Approach to an Abnormal Steroid Profile Score (ASPS). 运动员生物护照中尿类固醇生物标志物的统计区分：异常类固醇特征评分（ASPS）的新方法。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-05 DOI: 10.1002/dta.70054

James G Hopker, Jim E Griffin, Matthew N Fedoruk, Laura A Lewis

{"title":"Statistical Discrimination of Urinary Steroid Biomarkers in the Athlete Biological Passport: A Novel Approach to an Abnormal Steroid Profile Score (ASPS).","authors":"James G Hopker, Jim E Griffin, Matthew N Fedoruk, Laura A Lewis","doi":"10.1002/dta.70054","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.70054","url":null,"abstract":"The steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) longitudinally monitors five ratios between urinary concentrations of endogenous anabolic and androgenic steroids. Even though it has improved detection of testosterone doping, the interpretation of data from multiple discrete biomarkers is complex. This study sought to create a single score to identify doping rather than relying on the interpretation of each parameter alone. A Bayesian model was used to define an ABP sequence probability for each biomarker to assess the extremity of a measurement relative to the expected levels from ABP. This was used to discriminate between doped and presumed clean individuals based upon pattern classification of biomarkers using classification algorithms. Data were obtained from laboratory-controlled experimental studies as well as routine doping control tests. A laboratory model (where classifier is trained using the laboratory-controlled data only) and a mixed model (where classifier is trained on combined laboratory-controlled and doping control data) were developed and tested on the doping control data. Logistical regression was seen to have the best classification performance across the methods used, with the Abnormal Steroid Profile Score (ASPS) representing the estimated probability from the logistical regression model. Classifier performance produced an AUC of 0.67 and 0.75 when trained on the laboratory model and the mixed model, respectively, with T/E and 5α-Diol/5β-Diol representing the main biomarkers driving the ASPS. These findings demonstrate that the ASPS can discriminate between the doping status of individuals, even if a mixture of steroids, administration methods and doses are used.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"608-618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13122283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147363444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Supramolecular Solvent Extraction for Doping Control Analysis of Prohibited Substances in Horse Urine. 超分子溶剂萃取法检测马尿中违禁物质。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-11 DOI: 10.1002/dta.70061

Yat-Ming So, Wai Him Kwok, Stella M S Yuen, Celia O L Wong, Emmie N M Ho

{"title":"Supramolecular Solvent Extraction for Doping Control Analysis of Prohibited Substances in Horse Urine.","authors":"Yat-Ming So, Wai Him Kwok, Stella M S Yuen, Celia O L Wong, Emmie N M Ho","doi":"10.1002/dta.70061","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.70061","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the recent success in introducing supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS)-based extraction to drug analysis, its application and robustness in day-to-day regular urine testing have yet to be demonstrated. Moreover, the applicability of SUPRAS in equine doping control testing remains unexplored. In this work, we have successfully developed for the first time a simple, rapid, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly SUPRAS extraction method for analyzing 76 prohibited substances of different classes (selective androgen receptor modulators, hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, benzodiazepines, etc.) in hydrolyzed horse urine with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for detection. The developed 1,2-hexanediol-based SUPRAS-LC/MS method has been fully validated, and its applicability and robustness in day-to-day testing of horse urine have also been demonstrated. This work marks a significant milestone in the advancement of green and sustainable drug testing methodology in equine sports, offering a novel approach to address one of the complexities inherent in equine doping control.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"652-668"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147429672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bioactivation and Metabolism of Amino Acid MDMA Prodrugs in Zebrafish Embryos, Human Liver S9, Whole Blood, and Microdosed Human Urine. 氨基酸MDMA前药在斑马鱼胚胎、人肝脏、全血和微量人尿中的生物活化和代谢

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-15 DOI: 10.1002/dta.70057

Simon K Wellenberg, Lea Wagmann, Matthias D Kroesen, Philip Schippers, Matthias Grill, Jennifer Herrmann, Markus R Meyer

{"title":"Bioactivation and Metabolism of Amino Acid MDMA Prodrugs in Zebrafish Embryos, Human Liver S9, Whole Blood, and Microdosed Human Urine.","authors":"Simon K Wellenberg, Lea Wagmann, Matthias D Kroesen, Philip Schippers, Matthias Grill, Jennifer Herrmann, Markus R Meyer","doi":"10.1002/dta.70057","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dta.70057","url":null,"abstract":"3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) remains unapproved for therapeutic use despite the promising results of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. There is a need to better understand the safety, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of possible MDMA-based prodrugs. Like lisdexamfetamine, amino acid prodrugs of MDMA may enable more controlled systemic exposure, but their metabolic activation pathways and metabolites are not known yet. This study investigated the bioactivation and metabolism of the MDMA prodrugs, MDMA-tryptophan (MDMA-Trp), MDMA-lysine (MDMA-Lys), and MDMA-glycine (MDMA-Gly), in zebrafish embryos (ZE), pooled human liver S9 fraction (pHLS9), pooled fresh human whole blood (pFHWB), and human urine after microdosing (HMD). It elucidated mechanistic activation routes and identified screening targets relevant for drug testing and safety assessment. In ZE, MDMA-Trp underwent hydroxylation and N-dealkylation prior to amide cleavage, indicating a stepwise bioactivation pathway that differs from direct conversion observed for the other prodrugs. All three prodrugs were cleaved to MDMA in ZE, pHLS9, and HMD, with known MDMA metabolites additionally formed in ZE and pHLS9, whereas no metabolites were detected in pFHWB, suggesting that amide cleavage is not mediated in blood under the tested conditions. Unique urine screening targets were identified only for MDMA-Trp, while biomarkers for MDMA-Lys and MDMA-Gly consisted of MDMA and known MDMA metabolites. This study demonstrated conversion of amino acid prodrugs to MDMA in pHLS9- and ZE-based systems and in humans after microdosing, but not in blood. There is a need for further studies such as their pharmacokinetic profiles in humans.","PeriodicalId":160,"journal":{"name":"Drug Testing and Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"669-677"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13122274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Letter to the Editor. 给编辑的信。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-10 DOI: 10.1002/dta.70029

Reid Aikin, Norbert Baume, Carlo Brugnara, Giuseppe D'Onofrio, Tristan Equey, Laura Lewis, Jakob Mørkeberg, Jean-François Naud, Olaf Schumacher

引用次数: 0

Explanation Regarding Questions About an AAF. 关于AAF问题的说明。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-10 DOI: 10.1002/dta.70059

Jean-Claude Alvarez, Gérard Dine

引用次数: 0

Neural Network-Based Detection of Adulterants in Opioid Samples Using IR Absorption Spectroscopy. 基于神经网络的阿片样品中掺假物红外吸收光谱检测。

IF 2.7 3区医学

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-05 DOI: 10.1002/dta.70050

Joshua Jai, Lea Gozdzialski, Bruce Wallace, Chris G Gill, Dennis Hore

引用次数: 0