Journal of Human Kinetics最新文献

{"title":"Thermal Responses to Exercise in Male Master Track & Field Athletes: Monitoring during Competition.","authors":"Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk, Bartłomiej Michalak, Łukasz Gutkowski, Jakub Bałdyka, Manuel Sillero-Quintana, Dariusz Boguszewski, Karol Gryko, Kazimierz Mikołajec, Anna Kopiczko","doi":"10.5114/jhk/218447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/218447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to involutional changes, the ability to perform physical exercise may undergo dynamic alterations. Therefore, analysis of physiological variables characterizing the response to competitive effort in Master athletes can provide additional information about the condition of the athlete and any potential dysfunctions. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of physical effort (warm-up and competition) on changes in skin surface temperature (T_sk) of the lower limbs in athletes across different age categories. Considering the abrupt changes in the functioning of various systems, athletes were divided into three age categories: 35-45 years, 50-65 years, and over 70 years of age. Thermographic imaging was applied at rest and immediately after the race. In the 35-45 age group, a statistically significant decrease in T_sk was observed after exercise, particularly in the area of the rectus femoris muscle of both lower limbs, with the largest reduction recorded for the right rectus femoris muscle (ΔT_sk = 0.63°C). Significant changes in Tsk were also found in the left biceps femoris muscle and the right gastrocnemius muscle. In the 50-65 and 70+ age groups, the changes were not statistically significant. Overall, exercise-induced changes in lower-limb skin temperature were evident primarily in the youngest Master athletes, whereas no consistent or statistically significant age-related differences were observed among groups. These findings suggest a relative preservation of thermoregulatory responses with advancing age in trained individuals, however, given the predominantly non-significant inter-group comparisons, age-related interpretations should be considered exploratory.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"227-243"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112170/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing Training Load in the Lead-Up to Competition: Session-Rating of Perceived Exertion, not the Acute-to-Chronic Workload Ratio, Associated with the Performance of Elite Swimmers.","authors":"Alexanter Marinof, Jesús Martínez-Sobrino, Jesús Santos Del Cerro, José María González-Ravé, Santiago Veiga","doi":"10.5114/jhk/218950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/218950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to investigate the dynamic relationship between training loads and swimming performance among elite swimmers over a 40-week training period. Training data from seven international-level swimmers (4 men and 3 women) were collected during three macrocycles comprising one target competition each. The best personal times at the beginning of the cycle (MT_p) were used to calculate the change in the swimmer's performance at the end of each macrocycle (MT₁, MT₂, and MT₃). The training volume in the pool and the gym, as well as the session rating of perceived exertion (_SRPE) were used to calculate the acute-to-chronic workload ratio (ACWR). Associations between training loads and performance change were analyzed using linear mixed models (LMMs), with the swimmer identity being included as a random intercept to account for repeated measures. The higher accumulated dry-land and swimming load during the final seven weeks preceding competition was negatively associated with performance (z_D__SRPE_kg7: β = -20.3; z_W__SRPE_km7: β = -15.5), whereas ACWR-based models showed limited explanatory value. The findings of the study emphasize that monitoring the swimmer's _SRPE in the lead-up to competition can be important for performance optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"271-284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112164/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of Rhabdomyolysis and Kidney Injury after Intensive Exercise. Potential of Novel Biomarkers of Kidney Injury: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Eugenia Murawska-Ciałowicz, Gilmara Gomes de Assis, Maria Ciałowicz, Ewa Bakońska-Pacoń","doi":"10.5114/jhk/218100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/218100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-intensity interval training (HIIT), CrossFit®, strength training, and others, develop athletes' strength, speed, and endurance within a very short period of time, enabling competition at the highest sporting level. At present, they constitute one of the most widely practiced training modalities, used both in competitive and recreational sports. However, excessive intensity of such training sessions provokes substantial muscle damage (rhabdomyolysis) and may lead to renal injury, which in severe cases is diagnosed as acute kidney injury (AKI). This necessitates hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, thereby affecting athletes' health status and limiting their ability to participate in sports activities. The present work is a review of current knowledge on the phenomenon of rhabdomyolysis, its etiological factors, pathomechanisms, and health consequences, accompanied by a concise overview of emerging biomarkers of renal injury. The assessment of these biomarkers following physical exercise may provide new insights into the dynamics of post-exercise changes, indicate the severity and localization of exercise-induced renal damage, and contribute to a deeper understanding of structural kidney injury associated with strenuous physical activity-knowledge that may be applied in the prevention of exertional kidney injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"199-226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112168/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological Effects of the Cool Vest Jacket on Recovery after a Repeated Shuttle Sprint Ability Test.","authors":"Carlos Lorente-González, Jose Vicente Beltran-Garrido, Abraham Batalla-Gavaldà, Francisco Corbi","doi":"10.5114/jhk/218610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/218610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soccer is an intermittent sport requiring rapid recovery from repeated high-intensity efforts, especially under heat stress conditions. Cooling vests have emerged as a practical strategy to enhance post-exercise heat dissipation, yet their physiological effects remain underexplored. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a cooling vest following a repeated shuttle sprint ability (RSSA) test under hot conditions, focusing on skin temperature, blood lactate, and heart rate responses. Eleven recreational male soccer players completed two RSSA tests in a randomized crossover design, each followed by 15 min of passive recovery with or without a cooling vest. Skin temperature was measured at five anatomical sites, while blood lactate and the heart rate were recorded at baseline, pre-test, and at 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 min post-exercise. Compared with the control condition, the cooling vest intervention significantly reduced skin temperature at the 3^rd and the 5^th min post-exercise (3 min: d_z = -1.54, 95% CI [-2.53, -0.55], p < 0.001; 5 min: d_z = -0.90, 95% CI [-1.71, -0.08], p = 0.016). Transient between-condition differences were also observed for blood lactate at the 3^rd and the 5^th min (3 min: d_z = -1.00, 95% CI [-1.95, -0.006], p = 0.022; 5 min: d_z = -1.34, 95% CI [-2.36, -0.31], p = 0.003) and for the heart rate at 1 min post-exercise (d_z = -0.84, 95% CI [-1.59, -0.09], p = 0.013). No consistent differences were found at other time points. The protocol showed high between-day reliability (CV = 2.47%; ICC = 0.75), supporting the validity of the observed effects. In conclusion, post-exercise use of a cooling vest after repeated sprints in the heat accelerates early superficial thermal recovery, as evidenced by reductions in skin temperature during the first minutes of recovery. Transient and isolated differences were also observed for the heart rate and blood lactate concentration; however, these effects were not sustained across the full recovery time-course. From a practical perspective, cooling vests may be useful during short recovery windows in intermittent sports, while further research is needed to determine whether broader or longer-lasting physiological benefits can be achieved.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"257-270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112155/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuromuscular Adaptation to Varying Drop Jump Heights: A Muscle Synergy Approach in Elite Handball Players.","authors":"Jinwei Zhao, Kinga Łosińska, Luyao Chen, Piotr Aschenbrenner","doi":"10.5114/jhk/217230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/217230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rapid single-leg landings and rebounds are central to high-performance handball, yet little is known about neuromuscular coordination adaptations to changing mechanical demands under such conditions. This study examined how different landing heights would modulate lower limb muscle synergy patterns in elite male handball players performing single-leg drop jumps. Twenty professional athletes executed rebound jumps from five standardized heights (0.15-0.75 m). Kinematic data, ground reaction forces, and surface electromyography (sEMG) from seven lower limb muscles were collected and synchronized. Muscle synergies were extracted using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), while the temporal characteristics of activation patterns were analyzed with SPM1d. Across landing heights, synergy dimensionality remained stable while both muscle weightings and phase-specific activation (pre-activation, buffering, propulsion) were systematically modulated. These height-dependent adjustments were consistent with redistribution within existing motor modules rather than isolated muscle-specific changes. Practically, programming unilateral plyometrics at ~0.60 m may elicit the most pronounced, yet controlled, adaptation of braking and push-off strategies relevant to impact-force management.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"147-164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112167/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Normobaric Hypoxia at 2000 and 3000 m Significantly Lowers the Maximal Lactate Steady State (MLSS) in Trained Cyclists: Training Implications.","authors":"Marta Bazańska-Janas, Natalia Grzebisz-Zatońska, Kamila Płoszczyca, Marek Janas, Adam Niemaszyk, Miłosz Czuba","doi":"10.5114/jhk/217391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/217391","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The reduced availability of oxygen under hypoxic conditions makes it necessary to adjust training intensity by reducing the workload and modifying exercise zones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of normobaric hypoxia of varying severity (H2000: FiO₂ = 16.5%, ~2000 m; H3000: FiO₂ = 14.5%, ~3000 m) on physiological variables associated with the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in trained cyclists, including the work rate (WRMLSS), oxygen uptake (VO₂MLSS), minute ventilation (V̇EMLSS), and the heart rate (HRMLSS). Sixteen trained male cyclists (age: 30 ± 5 years; body height: 180.5 ± 8.0 cm; body mass: 75.2 ± 9.0 kg; body fat content: 10.2 ± 2.0%; VO₂ _max: 57.0 ± 6.0 ml/kg/min) performed incremental and constant-load exercise tests under normoxic (N) and hypoxic (H2000 and H3000) conditions to determine the MLSS. Exposure to H2000 and H3000 significantly reduced the WRMLSS by 9.3% and 18.5%, respectively, as well as VO₂MLSS by 7.2% and 17% compared with normoxia (p < 0.05), while the HRMLSS remained unchanged. SpO₂ showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) drop between N and H2000 (-10.61%), as well as N and H3000 (-16.43%). Blood lactate concentration at the 30^th min of MLSS exercise was significantly (p < 0.05) higher under both H2000 (+36%) and H3000 (+34%) conditions compared to N. These findings indicate that acute normobaric hypoxia equivalent to 2000 and 3000 m significantly impairs the ability to sustain exercise at MLSS intensity. It is recommended that MLSS power be reduced by ~10% at 2000 m and by ~20% at 3000 m, while HR values remain unchanged under both conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"165-178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Heat and Humidity on Critical Power and Physiological Responses during the Three-Minute All-Out Test in Cyclists.","authors":"Yu-Hsuan Kuo, Yun-Rong Yang, Huey-June Wu, Yu-Chi Kuo","doi":"10.5114/jhk/219785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/219785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of high ambient temperature and varying humidity levels on critical power (CP) and physiological variables in cyclists. Twelve male cyclists (age 36 ± 8 years, body height 172 ± 4 cm, body mass 72 ± 10 kg) performed incremental exercise tests (IET) and 3-min all-out tests (3MT) under three environmental conditions: high temperature with high relative humidity (Ht-wet), high temperature with low relative humidity (Ht-dry), and neutral temperature with low relative humidity (Nt-dry). Physiological responses, including maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) and ventilatory thresholds (VT₁, VT₂) were assessed relative to power output (wVO_2max, wVT₁, wVT₂). End power (EP), anaerobic work capacity (WEP), and time to exhaustion were also measured. Results showed that VO_2max and wVO_2max did not differ among conditions, whereas VT₂ and wVT₁ were highest under the Nt-dry, intermediate under the Ht-dry, and lowest under the Ht-wet condition (p < 0.05). For VT₁ and wVT₂, values under the Ht-wet condition were significantly lower than under Nt-dry and Ht-dry conditions (p < 0.05). During the 3MT, EP, peak power, and average power were significantly higher under the Nt-dry than under Ht-dry and Ht-wet conditions (p < 0.05). In conclusion, high temperature reduced 3MT performance compared with the neutral condition, with no additional decline between Ht-wet and Ht-dry conditions. In contrast, VT and wVT were most reduced under the Ht-wet condition, indicating greater impairment of submaximal physiological responses under hot-humid conditions. These results suggest that humidity mainly affects threshold-related outcomes rather than 3MT performance. Environmental heat should therefore be considered when applying 3MT-derived variables for training prescription.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"305-315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112173/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strength and Power Responses to a Power-Oriented Resistance Training Model across an Entire Soccer Competitive Season.","authors":"Renan F H Nunes, Lucas A Pereira, Juan P Fiorenza, Carlos A Paes, Rafael Grazioli, Piotr Bryk, Irineu Loturco","doi":"10.5114/jhk/218820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/218820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated longitudinal changes in strength- and power-related performance across an entire competitive season in elite soccer players using a frequent and systematic monitoring approach. Twenty-three professional players competing in the Brazilian first division were monitored over seven consecutive months. Athletes performed two to three resistance training (RT) sessions per week, with one weekly \"control\" session used to adjust training loads and assess neuromuscular status through bar-derived measures obtained in the half-squat exercise. Relative power (RP), relative strength (RS), and estimated one-repetition maximum (1RM) were recorded across 28 training sessions using the load associated with maximum power output. Weekly variations were analyzed using a 4-week rolling average, and pre-, mid-, and post-season periods were compared using repeated-measures ANOVA. Across the season, RP, RS, and 1RM exhibited a gradual and consistent positive trend. While only isolated meaningful changes were detected when individual sessions were compared with rolling averages, significant improvements were observed at the post-season time point compared with both pre- and mid-season values (p < 0.05). Notably, despite a modest ~5% increase from pre- to post-testing, absolute training loads did not change significantly across the season, indicating that performance gains were achieved without meaningful increases in training load magnitude. These findings demonstrate that a power-oriented RT model, supported by continuous monitoring and load adjustments, can effectively preserve and enhance strength and power throughout a competitive soccer season. This approach appears to mitigate commonly reported in-season declines in neuromuscular performance and offers a practical strategy for managing RT under congested competitive schedules.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"245-255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship between Training Load Indicators and the Total Quality Recovery Scale during the Preseason Period in Collegiate Taekwondo Athletes.","authors":"Chan-Ho Park, Hyun Chul Jung","doi":"10.5114/jhk/217225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/217225","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined the relationship between training load (TL) indicators and recovery status (total quality recovery, TQR) during the preseason training period in collegiate Taekwondo athletes. A total of 25 athletes (17 males and 8 females; age: 19.2 ± 1.04 years, training experience: 6.8 ± 3.40 years, body height: 168.0 ± 8.08 cm, body mass: 64.1 ± 8.38 kg, fat content: 15.9 ± 7.21%) participated in this prospective observational study. Over eight weeks, 855 training sessions were monitored. TL was quantified using the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) method, and derived TL indicators [weekly load variation (SDΔ), rolling average acute:chronic workload ratio (RA ACWR), exponentially weighted moving average acute:chronic workload ratio (EWMA ACWR), training monotony (TM), and training strain (TS)] were calculated. Recovery status was assessed daily using the TQR scale. In the univariate linear mixed model analyses, SDΔ (β = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.51, -0.08], p = 0.006) and the EWMA ACWR (β = -0.46, 95% CI [-0.64, -0.29], p < 0.001) were significantly associated with TQR. However, in the multivariate model, only the EWMA ACWR (β = -0.74, 95% CI [-0.97, -0.52], p < 0.001) remained a significant predictor. These findings suggest that the EWMA ACWR is the most sensitive TL indicator for capturing short-term changes in recovery status. Integrating the EWMA ACWR with simple tools such as the TQR scale may help coaches balance TL and recovery in preseason training. Future studies should include additional physiological and psychological markers to evaluate whether EWMA ACWR-based load management can effectively reduce injury risk and enhance athletic performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"133-145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112162/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Prior Fatigue on Velocity Loss as a Set-Termination Criterion in the Bench Press Exercise.","authors":"Luis Rodiles-Guerrero, Beatriz Bachero-Mena, Moreno Miguel Sánchez-","doi":"10.5114/jhk/214212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/214212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study analyzed the relationship between the percentage of completed repetitions with respect to the maximum that can be performed (%Rep) and the velocity loss (VL) in the bench press exercise after a previous effort (PE). Fourteen men performed four protocols (one week apart) consisting of a set to failure with 60% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) preceded by a PE with the same load but different VL magnitude (0%: PE₀, 20%: PE₂₀, 40%: PE₄₀, and 60% of VL: PE₆₀). Velocity against 60% 1RM (V60-load) and blood lactate concentration were measured after each PE. The relationship %Rep-VL was obtained through the coefficient of determination (R²) and the standard error of estimate (SEE). Absolute reliability and differences during the set to failure were calculated. V60-load decreased significantly in all protocols (except PE₀) (p ≤ 0.05). Blood lactate concentration increased with the magnitude of effort (p ≤ 0.05). Regarding the relationship %Rep-%VL, as the %VL increased during the PE, the R² decreased and the SEE increased. %Rep showed \"satisfactory\" absolute reliability above 15%VL, with the absolute differences being high-moderate (<10%) for all VL magnitudes (except PE_0-40 with 60%VL). VL is a reliable and accurate set termination criterion with a PE of any magnitude, but higher reliability is observed with low-moderate levels of fatigue.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"35-48"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}