Journal of Human Kinetics最新文献

{"title":"Data-Driven External-Load Analytics: Integrating Cluster Analysis and ACWR Monitoring in Elite Handball.","authors":"Nebahat Eler, Tevfik Cem Akalın, Serdar Eler, Marko Joksimovic","doi":"10.5114/jhk/217125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/217125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to characterize multidimensional external-load profiles obtained from sensor-based tracking data over a four-month competitive period in an elite men's handball team and to investigate their associations with the session type, the playing position, and weekly workload fluctuations, as measured by the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR). Data were collected from 23 elite players using an ultra-wideband tracking system. Six variables, i.e., total distance, maximum speed, accumulated acceleration load (AAL), the number of exertions, maximum jump height, and the number of jumps ≥0.30 m, were standardized and clustered using k-means (k = 4). The cluster with the highest composite z-score was defined as a high load. The association between weekly density of high-load sessions and the likelihood of an ACWR spike (≥1.30) was tested using logistic regression. Results showed that match sessions were 1.8 times more likely than training sessions to fall into the high-load cluster. Wings and center-backs were significantly more represented in high-load clusters than goalkeepers and pivots. Additionally, when 15% or more of the previous week's sessions were classified as of the high load, the odds of an ACWR spike in the following week increased by 10.7 times. These findings suggest that data-driven (unsupervised) clustering of external-load variables supports early identification of high-risk workload patterns. Monitoring the weekly distribution of high-load sessions may help mitigate fatigue-related maladaptation by enabling proactive, position-specific load management in elite handball.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"119-132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112154/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Core-Perception Coupling: Relationships among Core Temperature, the Rating of Perceived Exertion, and Thirst during Moderate Continuous Exercise under Different Hydration Status.","authors":"Karol Skotniczny, Jan Walencik, Szymon Siatkowski, Jakub Chycki","doi":"10.5114/jhk/220099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/220099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydration status modulates both exercise performance capacity and exercise tolerance. This study aimed to examine within-trial relationships among core temperature (Tc), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and thirst during moderate continuous cycling, and to test whether baseline hydration status would moderate these associations. Thirty trained men (34.7 ± 6.1 years; VO₂max 48.8 ± 5.8 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) completed up to 120 min of cycling at 50% Wmax under thermoneutral conditions. Participants were randomized to an experimental group receiving structured hydration counseling (EXP, n = 16) or a control group following habitual fluid intake (CON, n = 14). Hydration status was verified via urine specific gravity; Tc (CORE heat-flux sensor), the heart rate, RPE (0-10), and thirst (0¬-10) were recorded every 15 min. Analyses included repeated-measures tests, Spearman correlations, and ANCOVA adjusting for baselines and VO₂max. Tc rose from rest and tended to plateau by ~60-75 min, whereas RPE and thirst increased throughout. Hydration status predicted higher RPE (partial η² = 0.41, p < 0.001) with Tc not independently significant (p = 0.81); VO₂max was not a significant predictor, although the effect estimate suggested an inverse association with RPE (p = 0.058). For thirst, hydration status remained significant (partial η² = 0.27-0.50, p ≤ 0.005). Comparing the two groups, the CON group showed greater increases in RPE (ΔRPE mean +0.23 ± 0.05, p < 0.001; ΔRPE peak +0.53 ± 0.10, p < 0.001) and thirst (ΔThirst mean +0.23±0.04, p < 0.001). EXP participants more often completed the 120-min trial (75.0% vs. 28.6%; χ² = 10.57, p = 0.014). Perceptual coupling was strong (ΔRPE-ΔThirst r_s≈0.84), with ΔRPE inversely related to VO₂max and ΔTc modestly. Starting exercise euhydrated reduces perceived effort and thirst during prolonged, thermoneutral cycling, while Tc per se adds little explanatory power for RPE after adjustment. Simple field markers (thirst, heart rate) can flag emerging strain, particularly in less fit individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"317-338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-Exercise Hydration Modulates the Sweat Rate and Executive Control during Moderate Exercise to 3% Dehydration under Thermoneutral Conditions.","authors":"Karol Skotniczny, Michał Toborek, Artur Terbalyan, Adam Zając, Mateusz Gawełczyk, Szymon Siatkowski, Jakub Chycki","doi":"10.5114/jhk/220097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/220097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dehydration impairs endurance and may compromise cognition, yet the impact of pre-exercise hydration status on thermoregulation and cognitive function during continuous exercise is not well defined. Thirty physically active men were randomized to be tested either well-hydrated (HYD; n = 16) or insufficiently hydrated (HYP; n = 14), classified by fasting urine specific gravity (USG; HYD < 1.018; HYP > 1.018) verified over three weeks. On the experimental day, participants cycled at 50% maximal power output (Wmax) under thermoneutral conditions (22°C, 45% RH) until 3% body-mass loss or for 120 min. Core temperature (Tc) was recorded continuously, the sweat rate (SR) was derived from nude body-mass change, and executive function (Stroop Interference) along with visuospatial working memory (Corsi Block-Tapping) were assessed pre- and post-exercise. Participants in the HYD group produced a higher SR (ΔSRmean +0.30 L·h⁻¹, 95% CI 0.18-0.43; ΔSRpeak +0.34 L·h⁻¹, 95% CI 0.04-0.63) and were more likely to reach 3% mass loss (10/16 vs. 1/14; p = 0.002). Despite greater sudomotor output, early Tc burden (0-90 min) did not differ between groups. Hydration status selectively affected executive control: Stroop naming interference showed a time × status interaction (F(1,27) = 4.57, p = 0.042), driven by slowing in HYP participants (≈+63 ms, p = 0.029), whereas Corsi indices were unchanged. These findings support targeting euhydration before prolonged exercise (e.g., morning USG <1.018), as inadequate baseline hydration may impair inhibitory control even when early Tc responses are comparable. Accordingly, for training or competition requiring rapid decision-making and attentional control, pre-exercise hydration strategies (planned fluid intake and/or USG-based monitoring) may be warranted to mitigate decrements in executive function.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"285-303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112172/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genes and Injuries in Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Kinga Łosińska, Paweł Cięszczyk, Adam Zajac, Jarosław Markowski, Jan Pilch, Wojciech Smółka, Adam Maszczyk","doi":"10.5114/jhk/218951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/218951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sports injuries are a significant concern for both professional and recreational athletes, influencing performance, longevity, and rehabilitation outcomes. While external factors such as biomechanics and workload management have been extensively studied, emerging research highlights the role of genetic predispositions in injury susceptibility. This systematic review and meta-analysis consolidated findings from 24 studies examining the association between genetic polymorphisms and sports-related injuries, with a focus on musculoskeletal tissue integrity, muscle function, and inflammatory response. The analysis identified key genetic markers, including COL1A1, COL5A1, and ACTN3, associated with ligament and tendon injuries, as well as the impact of cytokine gene variants (IL-6, TNF-α) on recovery processes. The pooled odds ratio suggested a significantly increased risk of injury among individuals carrying specific genetic variants. Subgroup analyses further revealed gene-specific effects on the injury type and athlete classification. Despite these insights, gene-environment interactions and methodological variability remain challenges in fully elucidating genetic contributions to injury risk. The findings underscore the potential for personalized injury prevention strategies based on genetic screening, enhancing both sports performance and rehabilitation efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"179-198"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The dRM-Index: Applicability of the Differential Respiratory-to-Muscular Training Load Index in Young Female Soccer Players.","authors":"Arrizabalaga Oihan Esnal-, Tabar Ibai Garcia-, Artetxe Asier Gonzalez-, Asier Los Arcos","doi":"10.5114/jhk/211330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/211330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study described the differential respiratory and muscular perceived training loads (RPEres-TL and RPEmus-TL) within and between sessions, and investigated the associations between neuromuscular performance and the dRM-Index (i.e., the ratio of differential respiratory and muscular perceived training loads: RPEres-TL divided by RPEmus-TL) among youth female soccer players. Thirteen outfield players (age: 17 ± 1 years) of the third team of a Women's Soccer Spanish First Division Club completed the 14-week study period. Neuromuscular performance tests (countermovement jump [CMJ], CMJ arm swing, single leg CMJ, and 30-m sprint tests) were conducted before (T1) and after (T2) the study period. Players improved neuromuscular performance (p < 0.05; Cohen's d < 1.29; small-to-large) from T1 to T2. RPEres-TL was greater than RPEmus-TL for training sessions performed four (M-4: p < 0.001; Cohen's d = -0.61; moderate) and one (M-1: p = 0.01; Cohen's d = -0.37; small) days before the match. Baseline sprint performance showed large correlations with the dRM-Index during M-2 (p < 0.05; r < 0.59), M-1 (p < 0.05; r < 0.60) and matches (p < 0.05, r < 0.66). Differential RPE allows the analysis of the TL distribution during the week providing additional insights into the training workload. Baseline sprint performance can be used to forecast the differed heterogeneous individual cardiovascular and neuromuscular responses to the sessions. This initial study on the dRM-Index offers a novel and practical approach to individualize and optimize the training process of youth female soccer players.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"73-86"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112166/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose-Dependent Effects of Astaxanthin on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Exercising Males.","authors":"Muhammet Yılmaz, Halit Harmancı, Filiz Özyiğit, Muhammed M Atakan","doi":"10.5114/jhk/210201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/210201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Astaxanthin (AX) is a potent antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory carotenoid. Research examining whether AX could counteract exercise-induced muscle damage and improve exercise capacity has reported inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of high-dose versus low-dose AX supplementation for four weeks on muscle damage markers, total antioxidant status, and a subjective marker of muscle pain following exhaustive exercise. A total of 24 active males were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: an AX12 group (12 mg·day^-1; n = 8), an AX36 group (36 mg·day^-1; n = 9) or a placebo group (PLC, n = 7). After four weeks of supplementation, blood samples were collected at rest, and at 2, 24, 48, and 72 h following eccentric arm exercise performed at 85% of the predetermined one-repetition maximum to assess muscle damage markers and total antioxidant status, and muscle pain levels were evaluated using a Numerical Visual Pain Scale_0-10. Creatine kinase activity was significantly lower in AX groups compared to the PLC group at 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise (p < 0.05), with no difference between both AX groups (p > 0.05). At 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise, lactate dehydrogenase activity in the PLC group was higher than in AX12 and AX36 groups, averaging 2.2 and 2.8 times higher, respectively; however, these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). A significant time effect of the muscle pain score was noted at 2, 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise (p < 0.001), with no significant differences among the supplementation protocols (p > 0.05). In conclusion, four-week AX supplementation at a dose of 12 or 36 mg·day^-1 similarly reduces plasma creatine kinase activity following exhaustive exercise, yet its impact on muscle pain and antioxidant status remains limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"103-117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112163/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerobic Exercise under Cold Conditions May Affect the Cardiac Structure by Elevating the Galectin 3 and CK-MB Levels.","authors":"Saime Ozbek Sebin, Engin Sebin, Basak Gulakar, Cebrail Gencoglu, Serhat Ozbay, Suleyman Ulupinar, Konca Altinkaynak, Abdullah Bora Ozkara","doi":"10.5114/jhk/213943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/213943","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the myocardial effects of aerobic exercise in cold weather in healthy individuals by measuring galectin-3 (Gal-3) and CK-MB levels. Forty-one individuals (12 professional athletes [age: 21.91 ± 2.60 years, body mass: 63.5 ± 8.4 kg, BMI: 21.7 ± 1.6 kg/m²], 14 physically active [age: 21.95 ± 2.30 years, body mass: 65.5 ± 10.3 kg, BMI: 22.4 ± 1.4 kg/m²], and 15 sedentary individuals [age: 21.40 ± 2.64 years, body mass: 62.5 ± 7.4 kg, BMI: 22.2 ± 1.7 kg/m²]) participated in this study. Athletes and physically active individuals performed 40 minutes of acute aerobic running exercises at 0°C and 20°C environmental temperatures. Gal-3 and CK-MB levels were measured pre- and post-exercise. Baseline Gal-3 levels of professional athletes (p < 0.001) and physically active individuals (p = 0.048) were significantly higher than those of sedentary individuals. Two-way ANOVA showed significant interaction (p = 0.035) between temperature (0°C vs. 20°C) and exercise (pre- vs. post-exercise). At 0°C, there was a significant increase in post-exercise serum Gal-3 levels when compared with pre-exercise values (p < 0.001, +7.1%), whereas no significant difference was observed at 20°C. Moreover, no significant interaction was found for CK-MB levels (p = 0.306) between the temperature (0°C vs. 20°C) and exercise (pre- vs. post-exercise). Additionally, there was a significant difference between pre- and post-exercise values at the 0°C environmental temperature for serum CK-MB levels (p < 0.001), while there was no significant difference at 20°C. This study demonstrates that regular exercise is associated with biochemical abnormalities that may affect cardiac structure and function. Aerobic exercise under cold conditions may cause myocardial injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"87-102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112158/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"You Play the Way You Train: The Influence of Accumulated Weekly Training Loads on Match Physical Performance in Soccer Players.","authors":"Iván Asín-Izquierdo, Carlos Galiano, Fabio Y Nakamura, Fernando H Pareja-Blanco, Clemente Jose A Asian-","doi":"10.5114/jhk/208874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/208874","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The relationship between soccer players' match performance and cumulative training loads needs to be analysed. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: 1) to examine the influence of accumulated weekly training loads on subsequent mechanical match outcomes, and 2) to analyze individual variability in training and match loads using the coefficient of variation (CV) throughout the season. Internal and external loads over the entire season of 22 semi-professional soccer players (age 23.2 ± 4.2 years, body mass 75.0 ± 5.8 kg, and body height 1.79 ± 0.06 m) were analyzed. The devices used were 10-Hz Playertek+ GPS/GNSS units equipped with an inertial system and an accelerometer (Catapult Innovations, Melbourne, Australia) and the Borg scale in its 6-20 points version. The analysis of the data with the entire squad included all demarcations (except goalkeepers), however, in a second analysis players with the highest participation throughout the season were included, i.e., six defenders (three center back and three fullback players), three midfielders and three forwards (two wingers and one striker). Match high-speed running (HSR) showed significant correlations with most of the variables analyzed (r = 0.14-0.52). Training load variables analyzed (14.7-64.5%) exhibited larger CV values than those observed in matches (4.4-31.8%). Players with greater match HSR showed superior accumulated HSR during the week before the match than those who presented less match HSR (p = 0.024). The cumulative training load indicates a direct relationship with match HSR performance acutely and chronically. Thus, coaches should design tasks emphasizing HSR accumulation throughout the season.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"5-20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112165/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifactorial Thresholds of Psychomotor Fatigue in Soccer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Moses Gnanasigamani, Jennifer M Kiruba, Paweł Chmura","doi":"10.5114/jhk/212912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/212912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study addressed the complex nature of fatigue in soccer, examining its physical, psychological, neuromuscular, and metabolic dimensions. It evaluated the impact of these different types of fatigue on players' performance, highlighting the importance of comprehensive fatigue-management strategies for enhancing performance and reducing injury risk among soccer players. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various types of fatigue on performance of male soccer players across different competitive levels, through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. A total of 37 randomized controlled trials involving male soccer players were included, following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines to assess the multifaceted impacts of fatigue. Key findings revealed that neuromuscular fatigue had the highest mean effect size (0.63), with substantial consistency across studies (95% CI: 0.45-0.80, I² = 99.79%). Physical and metabolic fatigue both showed a mean effect size of 0.38, though they differed in variability; metabolic fatigue demonstrated considerable heterogeneity (I² = 98.73%), reflecting diverse physiological responses, while physical fatigue showed moderate consistency (I² = 98.20%). Psychological fatigue had a significant impact on performance (mean effect size: 0.57), with variability (I² = 97.08%) suggesting context-dependent effects. These results underscore the necessity of a multimodal approach that integrates physical, metabolic, neuromuscular, and psychological interventions to optimize soccer performance and mitigate injury risk. Practical implications include the adoption of targeted recovery strategies such as inter-set recovery intervals and whole-body vibration techniques, as well as the implementation of mental resilience and cognitive training to manage psychological fatigue. Such strategies are essential for developing individualized training and recovery protocols that enhance athletic performance and support long-term career sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"49-71"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112161/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Hot Water Immersion at Different Temperatures during a Transition Period on Vertical Jump Performance.","authors":"Caiyan Li, Anjie Wang, Chansol Hurr","doi":"10.5114/jhk/215290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/215290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increased muscle temperature (Tm) enhances exercise performance but can decrease during the transition period between the warm-up and the competition. Although passive warming strategies can maintain Tm, the optimal heating temperatures and their effects on performance are unclear. Seventeen healthy males participated in this study with four experimental conditions: no intervention (CON), hot water immersion at 36°C (HWI₃₆), 39°C (HWI₃₉), and 42°C (HWI₄₂) during a 20-min transition period. Vertical jump (VJ) performance, core temperature (Tc), the heart rate (HR), and perceived thermal comfort were measured across eight VJ sets (VJ1-8) performed over 1 h, and biomechanical analyses were conducted to understand the changes in jump performance. Significant improvements in VJ performance were observed immediately after the transition period under all hot water immersion (HWI) conditions compared to CON (CON 49.2 ± 4.7 vs. HWI₃₆ 50.9 ± 4.8 vs. HWI₃₉ 52.2 ± 3.8 vs. HWI₄₂ 53.5 ± 4.4 cm, all p < 0.05 for VJ2). HWI₃₉ and HWI₄₂ sustained greater VJ performance up to 50 min post-immersion than did CON and HWI₃₆ (all p < 0.05 for VJ2-7). HWI₃₉ and HWI₄₂ increased knee range of motion and peak knee angular acceleration in the concentric phase during jumps (p < 0.05). Tc and the HR were significantly higher under the HWI₄₂ condition (p < 0.05), with participants reporting greater thermal discomfort. HWI₃₉ and HWI₄₂ during the transition period enhanced and sustained VJ performance, with HWI₃₉ being more tolerable. The enhanced VJ performance was primarily due to improved range of motion and concentric muscle contraction. These findings provide valuable insights for the optimization of passive warming strategies in competitive sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":16055,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Kinetics","volume":"101 Spec Issue","pages":"21-33"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13112152/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147773641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}