Guixin Man , Feng Zhang , Na Li , Yu Song , Xiuying Wang , Shuyan Song
{"title":"Construction of hierarchical nanoparticle-assembled magnesium‑nickel‑cobalt oxides@carbon composites nanorods for high-performance supercapacitor","authors":"Guixin Man , Feng Zhang , Na Li , Yu Song , Xiuying Wang , Shuyan Song","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Construction of hierarchical nanostructured multimetallic oxides@carbon composite is an effective strategy to develop advanced electrode material for high performance asymmetric supercapacitors. In this paper, we synthesized a series of Mg-Ni-Co oxides@carbon composites via calcination of multimetal-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) coordination complexes in air. We revealed the different coordination abilities of Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup> and Ni<sup>2+</sup> with EDTA by analyzing the compositions of these composites and pointed out the presence of Ni<sup>2+</sup> is required for the formation of rod-like structures. More importantly, we found trimetal-EDTA complexes derivatives exhibit better electrochemical performance than the related bimetal-EDTA complexes derivatives due to the synergistic effects of structure and composition. An asymmetric supercapacitor assembled with the optimal trimetal-EDTA complex derivative (NiCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/NiO/MgO/C composite) as positive electrode exhibited high energy density (22.1 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> at a power density of 375 W kg<sup>−1</sup>) and excellent cycling stability (93.8 % after 10,000 cycles). This work provides meaningful insights into the design of high-performance electrode materials derived from metal-EDTA complexes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 116501"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yongxin Li , Muhammad Habib Ullah Khan , Waqar Azeem Khan , Taseer Muhammad , Mehboob Ali , Syed Zaheer Abbas
{"title":"Optimization of convective heat transfer and thermal storage in ternary hybrid nanomaterials using machine learning-driven exogenous neural networks with radiation effects","authors":"Yongxin Li , Muhammad Habib Ullah Khan , Waqar Azeem Khan , Taseer Muhammad , Mehboob Ali , Syed Zaheer Abbas","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ternary hybrid nanomaterials (THNFs) have emerged as effective enhancers of the physical properties of base fluids, significantly improving thermal efficiency. A THNF (CoFe2O4, Al2O3, Cu/H2O) is formulated by dispersing three distinct nanoparticles into a base liquid, leading to advanced features such as enhanced flow control, electrical conductivity, and magnetic properties. This study utilizes Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to analyze the 3-D magnetized stretched flow of THNF within a porous medium. The Darcy-Forchheimer model is employed to investigate the complex movement of THNF through the porous space. A convective boundary condition is applied, with water as the base fluid and a combination of copper, polyphenol-coated, and aluminum oxide nanoparticles as the dispersed phase. In order to transform PDEs into the intended ODEs, similarity variables are used. The Wolfram Mathematica program is used to implement the ND-Solve technique as a numerical solver tool. Using a stochastic artificially intelligent neural network in MATLAB, the findings are validated and cross-checked until they further converge to the Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagated model. Full samples (100 %) are split into training data (70 %), and testing and validation data (15 % each) before BPLMS is applied. Ten hidden neural units are used to continually train the data in order to get the mean squared error. The statistical tabular record contains regression expressions, fitness state functions, error histograms, state transition functions, and performance analysis. The graphical results are obtained from matrix data for all three functions, dimensionless primary velocity profile <span><math><msup><mi>f</mi><mo>′</mo></msup><mfenced><mi>η</mi></mfenced></math></span>, dimensionless temperature profile <span><math><mi>θ</mi><mfenced><mi>η</mi></mfenced></math></span> and dimensionless secondary velocity profile <span><math><msup><mi>g</mi><mo>′</mo></msup><mfenced><mi>η</mi></mfenced></math></span> along with Skin friction coefficients and Nusselt number by using ANNs on THNF CoFe2O4, Al2O3, Cu/H2O with variation of different parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 116395"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongshen He , Guangying Huang , Xilai Yan , Han Han , Jie Xie , Shibo Han , Ajoy Kanti Mondal , Qingxian Miao , Fang Huang
{"title":"Synergistic optimization of polypyrrole/mulberry paper-based composite electrode by carbon black and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for high-performance flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors","authors":"Hongshen He , Guangying Huang , Xilai Yan , Han Han , Jie Xie , Shibo Han , Ajoy Kanti Mondal , Qingxian Miao , Fang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mulberry paper (MP) is an ideal substrate for fabricating electrodes with high specific capacitance and flexibility. In this paper, carbon black (CB) and aminated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (AMWCNTs) are used as the substrate of MP, which improves the specific capacitance, mechanical flexibility and safety properties of paper-based electrode composites. The polypyrrole (PPy) is loaded onto the composites to improve the low loading of polypyrrole on MP and the excessive resistance of the electrodes through synergistic effects. The paper-based electrode (CB/AMWCNTs/PPy-MP) obtained by a three-step simple process not only has a remarkable area specific capacitance of 2223 mF cm<sup>−2</sup> at 2 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, but also has good mechanical toughness, environmental stability and flame retardant properties. An all-solid-state supercapacitor with an area specific capacitance of 471.2 mF cm<sup>−2</sup> is assembled by composite electrodes, and the maximum energy and power densities are 21.39 μWh cm<sup>−2</sup> and 4.58 mW cm<sup>−2</sup>, respectively, and it could be bent from 0° to 90° without affecting its performance. This provides an effective method for preparing renewable flexible energy storage devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 116475"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rashed Bahramei, Hadi Samimi-Akhijahani, Payman Salami, Naser Behroozi-Khazei
{"title":"Life cycle assessment and CFD evaluation of an innovative solar desalination system with PCM and geothermal system","authors":"Rashed Bahramei, Hadi Samimi-Akhijahani, Payman Salami, Naser Behroozi-Khazei","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study introduces a novel solar desalination system supported by a parabolic trough collector (PTC) to enhance thermal efficiency and reduce temperature fluctuations. The system utilizes solar energy to purify water, mimicking the natural water cycle, while integrating Phase Change Material (PCM) to optimize thermal energy storage and utilization during nighttime or cloudy conditions. To improve system performance, the spraying unit was analyzed using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. Additionally, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) were conducted to evaluate the system's environmental impact, focusing on global warming and pollution levels. The results showed that the highest volume fraction (25.8 %) was achieved in the spraying rate of 0.75 l/min at <em>t</em> = 10.254 s, with CFD simulation data aligning with test data at a high accuracy level (R<sup>2</sup> > 98.2 %). The adoption of PCM reduced environmental pollutant emissions by increasing thermal energy efficiency. However, environmental pollution was significantly influenced by the use of copper pipes and cables, contributing 9.81 % to ozone layer depletion, 15.6 % to global warming, 28.9 % to non-renewable energy consumption, and 61.7 % to mineral extraction. The fresh water production from the proposed desalination system with PCM was 978 cc, with the improvement of at least 10.15 % compared to the system without PCM. The integration of PCM in the desalination system improved thermal performance, reduces energy waste, and improves sustainability by lowering pollutant emissions. Compared to conventional electrical desalination systems, the proposed system demonstrates superior efficiency due to its reliance on renewable energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 116116"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alkali-activated fly ash composite NaNO3 thermal energy storage materials: Low-temperature preparation and high-temperature stability","authors":"Zhigang Qiao, Hui Li, Jiale Wang, Qing Wang, Zhiming Xu, Yuan Zhou, Wukui Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of high-performance medium- to high-temperature phase change thermal storage materials through simple preparation methods is essential for advancing thermal energy storage (TES) technologies. However, the conventional cold-pressing sintering techniques face limitations due to excessively high sintering temperatures and poor skeleton stability at elevated temperatures. In this study, an innovative approach was employed to fabricate shape-stabilized phase change materials (SSPCMs) by encapsulating NaNO<sub>3</sub> using alkali-activated fly ash (AAF) as the skeleton support materials (SSMs) under low-temperature. The results demonstrated that SSPCMs maintained stable morphology under thermal cycling without molten salt leakage and exhibited excellent chemical compatibility. The maximum encapsulation capacity of molten salt reached 70 %, with a melting enthalpy of 114.82 J/g, and retained a high value of 105.08 J/g after 100 thermal cycles. The SSPCMs exhibited compressive strength up to 5.50 MPa at 350 °C, meeting practical application requirements. SEM and MIP analyses revealed that SSMs formed by AAF provided a robust foundation for encapsulation. During thermal cycling, NaNO<sub>3</sub> migrated into micro-pores of SSMs driven by capillary forces, further enhancing the effective encapsulation of NaNO<sub>3</sub>. This study presents a novel low-temperature preparation method for SSPCMs using AAF, significantly improving the high-temperature stability of medium- to high-temperature phase change thermal storage materials. The approach offers a cost-effective and scalable solution for advancing TES technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 116424"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"3D ZnO hexagonal prism-decorated 2D MXene-based high-performance flexible symmetric supercapacitor","authors":"Sahil Jangra , Shilpi Sengupta , Azam Raza , Aadil Rashid Lone , Bhushan Kumar , Manab Kundu , Iftikhar Hussain , Kavita Pandey , Subhankar Das , M.S. Goyat","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible, high-performance supercapacitors are critical for the future generation of portable and wearable electronics. In this research, we present, for the first time, the synthesis and design of a flexible supercapacitor device using ZnO hexagonal prism-decorated MXene synthesized via a hydrothermal method, serving as a highly efficient electrode material. Pristine MXene suffers from restacking, limiting its electrochemical performance; however, decorating it with ZnO hexagonal prism mitigates this issue by enhancing interlayer spacing and improving ion transport. The unique hexagonal prism morphology of ZnO, combined with the layered MXene structure, significantly enhances electrical conductivity while preventing restacking. The resulting material achieved an impressive specific capacitance of 140 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 0.5 A g<sup>−1</sup>, greatly surpassing pristine MXene (73 F g<sup>−1</sup>). Furthermore, it exhibited outstanding cycling stability, with 97.2 % capacitance retention after 12,000 cycles at 3 A g<sup>−1</sup>. A flexible symmetric supercapacitor fabricated using this material demonstrated excellent mechanical flexibility, maintaining reliable electrochemical performance under bending angles of 0°, 60°, 90°, and 180°. The device also delivered a high energy density of 6.33 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> and a power density of 600 W kg<sup>−1</sup>, showcasing the potential of ZnO hexagonal prism decorated MXene as a promising material for advanced energy storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 116366"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean Pierre Mwizerwa , Jie Li , Chen Li , Kun Xu , Pamphile Ndagijimana , Changyong Liu
{"title":"High gravimetric and volumetric energy densities enabled by 3D-printed thick anode","authors":"Jean Pierre Mwizerwa , Jie Li , Chen Li , Kun Xu , Pamphile Ndagijimana , Changyong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing advanced Li-ion batteries with high areal capacity, and gravimetric and volumetric energy densities remains a challenge. This study uses additive manufacturing technology to prepare thick Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>-Li<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> (LTO-LSO) composite electrodes for Li-ion batteries with high area capacity and energy density. The 3D-printed electrodes are made of grid-patterned and closely stacked LTO-LSO composite, carbon black super p, and PVDF. The LSO nanoparticles are uniformly wrapped on the surface of LTO as a protective layer, resulting in increased ionic/electronic conductivity and abundant open and hierarchical macropores in the planned grid-lined 3D-printed LTO-LSO electrodes. The composite electrode has excellent conductivity (up to 4.13<span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span>10<sup>2</sup> μS cm<sup>−1</sup>) and low charge-transfer resistance, making it suitable for 3D-printed thick electrodes. The 3D-printed thick LTO-LSO composite electrodes (12 layers) have a high areal capacity of 6.56 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup>, areal and volumetric energy densities of 388.04 mWh cm<sup>−2</sup> and 241.46 mWh cm<sup>−3</sup>, as well as excellent cycling performance at 10C after 450 cycles. Moreover, the full cell with a 3D-printed thick LTO-LSO anode and 3D-printed LiCoO<sub>2</sub> (LCO) cathode exhibits exceptional cycle stability, gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of 723.40 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> and 1200 Wh L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Our strategies show that growing a highly conductive protective layer on the surface of electrodes and designing ultrathick electrodes are promising approaches to the fabrication of multidimensional structures with high area capacity, gravimetric and volumetric Li-ion batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 116407"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A distributionally collaborated planning of energy storage, transmission and distribution systems considering long- and short-term energy storage characteristics","authors":"Peiyun Feng , Pingliang Zeng , Zao Tang , Xinghua Zhou , Yibo Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inherent uncertainty and variability of renewable generation increasingly brings significant challenges to power systems planning and operation in that serious multi-scale spatio-temporal imbalances resulting in loss of load and significant renewable generation curtailment caused by excess generation co-exist. To address these new challenges, new types of planning method and operation strategy are required. This article proposes a distributed collaborative planning model for energy storage, transmission and distribution networks considering characteristics of long-term hydrogen energy storage (h-ESSs) and short-term electrochemical energy storage systems (ESSs). Firstly, the collaborative planning framework is proposed considering long- and short-term energy storage operational characteristics and their coupling mechanisms with network expansion planning. Secondly, the collaborative planning model of energy storage and transmission as well as energy storage and distribution networks are established to minimize the demand losses and renewable generation curtailment, in addition to minimizing overall investment and operational costs. The characteristics of long- term energy storage is utilized to ensure seasonal spatio-temporal generation and supply balances while the short- term energy storage is considered to smooth renewable energy uncertainty and fluctuations. Thirdly, considering energy storage, transmission and distribution systems as independent investment entities, in order to protect their privacy, a distributed robust alternating direction multiplier method (ADMM) was employed, in addition, Lagrangian multipliers and penalty parameters are dynamically updated to improve solution efficiency and convergence. Finally, the proposed method is applied to case studies. Results show that the proposed method effectively allocates h-ESS and ESSs to ensure supply-demand balance across all timescales, and as the RES penetration level increases, requirements for h-ESS rises much faster than ESSs, reaching 1.7 times that of ESS at the 70 % penetration rate, this is due to increased seasonal volatility. Furthermore, compared with independent planning practices, the proposed method reduces total cost by up to 10 % with significant reduction in RES curtailment, demonstrating the effectiveness and validity of the proposed method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 116396"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xianggang Guan , Puheng Yang , Shichao Zhang , Jingli Guan , Zhe Zhang , Shuai Yin , Fangchao Han , Yalan Xing
{"title":"Study on the preparation of three-dimensional flexible self-supporting thick electrodes using phase transformation method and their electrochemical performance","authors":"Xianggang Guan , Puheng Yang , Shichao Zhang , Jingli Guan , Zhe Zhang , Shuai Yin , Fangchao Han , Yalan Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid development of flexible electronic devices, wearable equipment, and implantable medical devices, there is an increasing demand for flexible energy storage devices. Polyacrylonitrile and polyurethane are cross-linked and polymerized using the phase transformation process under the action of a non-solvent phase, resulting in a three-dimensional skeleton for flexible, self-supporting thick electrodes that exhibit a three-dimensional porous structure. In this structure, polyurethane serves as a flexible component, while the chain-like conductive agent KB provides electronic conduction pathways for the active material. Carbon nanofibers function as bridges between active particles, facilitating electronic transfer among them. Additionally, carbon nanotubes in the non-solution phase form an external conductive network within the three-dimensional electrode. The prepared three-dimensional porous flexible thick electrodes can control the electrode thickness to be above 300 μm, with a capacity retention rate of 97.74 % after 200 cycles. They still exhibit a specific capacity of 133.39 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at a current density of 2.0C. This represents a significant improvement compared to traditional self-supporting electrodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 116392"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hayder Ali , Hassan Abbas Khan , Muhammad Khalid , Michael Pecht
{"title":"A review and analysis of the safety labeling of lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Hayder Ali , Hassan Abbas Khan , Muhammad Khalid , Michael Pecht","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-ion batteries are known to present significant safety risks, particularly in terms of fire hazards and explosions. In 2023, there were approximately 2500 reported incidents involving fires and explosions, resulting in around 100 fatalities and 800 injuries. Warning labels (or marking) of these batteries are essential to ensure safe handling, operation, and disposal, thereby mitigating potential safety risks and preventing accidents. This paper examines the labeling practices of over 200 lithium-ion cells from 20 manufacturers and 6 countries and reviews changes in warning labeling from 2003 to 2023. The paper then reviews current labeling practices and standards and concludes by offering recommendations for improvements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 116461"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}