Journal of General Virology最新文献

{"title":"Glycan site loss in two egg-adapted live attenuated influenza vaccine strains does not cause antigenic mismatches.","authors":"Jack C Hirst, Amy Napier, David Burbidge, Katherine Scott, Vivian Lindo, Yasunori Watanabe, Oliver Dibben","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002122","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The haemagglutinin (HA) proteins of contemporary human H3N2 influenza viruses are heavily glycosylated. Glycans influence the protein's receptor-binding properties and antigenic profile and can be lost when candidate influenza vaccine strains are propagated in embryonated chicken eggs. Glycan changes in egg-derived vaccine strains have been linked to reduced vaccine effectiveness in inactivated influenza vaccines due to changes in antigenicity, but this has not been investigated in live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs). Here, we determined the impact of egg-adaptive glycosylation changes on the antigenicity of two H3N2 LAIV strains which lost an N-linked glycan site due to egg adaptation: A/New Caledonia/71/2014 (LAIV strain for the 2016-18 influenza seasons) and A/Kansas/14/2017 (LAIV strain for the 2019-20 influenza season). Glycosylation of these egg-adapted HA proteins, along with cell-adapted HA proteins from the same strains, was characterized using nano-liquid chromatography-MS, and their antigenic profiles were assessed with microneutralization assays. We found that the absent glycan sites in the egg-adapted strains were present and occupied by a glycan in the respective cell-adapted strains. Despite this, ferret sera raised against the egg-adapted A/New Caledonia/71/2014 strain were still able to effectively neutralize its glycosylated, cell-adapted counterpart and could also neutralize representatives of most circulating clades from 2016 to 2018. Sera raised against egg-adapted A/Kansas/71/2014 showed reduced cross-reactivity to its cell-adapted counterpart, but this effect was primarily driven by a separate egg adaptation, D190N, rather than the glycosylation change. These data show that glycan loss in LAIV HA proteins due to egg adaptation does not necessarily result in antigenic changes relative to cell-derived viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"106 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12231097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144553744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in ORF4 of HCoV-229E under different culture conditions.","authors":"Yuki Kitai, Shohei Kojima, Aikeda Aishajiang, Miyuki Kawase, Oshi Watanabe, Haruka Yabukami, Rina Hashimoto, Yukiko Akahori, Hiroshi Katoh, Kazuo Takayama, Hidekazu Nishimura, Kazuya Shirato, Makoto Takeda","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002131","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genome of human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), a causative agent of human respiratory infections, encodes a unique accessory gene, ORF4. Analysis of laboratory strains and clinical specimens has suggested that HCoV-229E acquires truncating mutations in ORF4 under standard laboratory culture conditions. This study confirmed that HCoV-229E from patients with acute respiratory infections harboured a full-length ORF4 (219 amino acids). In contrast, virus stocks derived from the same patients and passaged in conventional cultured cells [LLC-MK2, human embryonic fibroblast (HEF); HEF, HeLa] exhibited truncated ORF4 of various lengths, such as 168, 143 and 16 amino acids. However, when these virus stocks were propagated in human bronchial/tracheal epithelial cells (HBTECs) cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI), the full-length ORF4 was selected and stably maintained throughout a prolonged observation period. These findings highlight the importance of ORF4 in patients and under physiologically relevant conditions, and the HBTEC-ALI culture system is valuable for analyzing the native properties of HCoV-229E with an intact full-length ORF4.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"106 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12282251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Summary of taxonomy changes ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) from the Animal DNA Viruses and Retroviruses Subcommittee, 2025.","authors":"Arvind Varsani, Adly M M Abd-Alla, Niklas Arnberg, Kelly S Bateman, Mária Benkő, Annie Bézier, Philippe Biagini, Jamie Bojko, Anamarija Butkovic, Marta Canuti, Vladimír Celer, Jean-Michel Drezen, Laszlo Egyed, Matthias G Fischer, Sarah François, Benjamin Guinet, Balázs Harrach, Robert L Harrison, Elisabeth A Herniou, Michael Hess, Jia Hu, Johannes A Jehle, Győző L Kaján, Adrianna E Kajon, Eugene V Koonin, Simona Kraberger, Peter J Krell, Mart Krupovic, Jens H Kuhn, Chengfeng Lei, Matthieu Leobold, Fabrizio Maggi, Suresh K Mittal, Hiroaki Okamoto, Tanja Opriessnig, Xiaowei Peng, Judit Pénzes, Iva I Podgorski, Thomas S Postler, Bergmann M Ribeiro, Carmen San Martín, Maria Söderlund-Venermo, Xiulian Sun, András Surján, Zoltán L Tarján, Julien Varaldi, Márton Z Vidovszky, Göran Wadell, Hidemi Watanabe, Natalya Yutin, Monique M van Oers, Ictv Taxonomy Summary Consortium","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002113","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) holds a ratification vote annually after review of newly proposed taxa by ICTV Study Groups and members of the virology community. In March 2025, the vote outcome of the 11 proposals within the mandate of the Animal DNA Viruses and Retroviruses Subcommittee was made public. Here, we provide a summary of the newly accepted proposals. These include reorganization of taxa in the realm <i>Varidnaviria</i>, classification of the 'polinton-like' viruses into a new family (<i>Phypoliviridae</i>) within a new order <i>Archintovirales</i>; establishment of a new phylum (<i>Commensaviricota</i>) in the kingdom <i>Shotokuvirae</i>; the establishment of a new family called <i>Filamentoviridae</i> with two new genera and three new species; the addition of four new genera in the family <i>Anelloviridae</i> with 70 new species; and the addition of 85 new species in the families <i>Adenoviridae</i> (<i>n</i>=16), <i>Baculoviridae</i> (<i>n</i>=5), <i>Circoviridae</i> (<i>n</i>=5), <i>Parvoviridae</i> (<i>n</i>=55) and <i>Polyomaviridae</i> (<i>n</i>=4). Also, in the family <i>Belpaoviridae</i>, 11 species were renamed to comply with the binomial requirement for species names.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"106 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12451622/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144707724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmission and pathogenicity in ferrets after experimental infection with HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses.","authors":"Luca Bordes, Nora M Gerhards, Marit Roose, Sandra Venema, Marc Engelsma, Wim H M van der Poel, Evelien A Germeraad, Nancy Beerens, Sandra Vreman","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002124","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A marked increase in the incidence of mortality amongst wild mammals attributed to infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses was observed in Europe in 2021. Neurological signs and high viral antigen levels in the brain of infected wild mammals indicate that the HPAI H5N1 virus causes severe disease in mammals, but serological analysis suggests that infections may be more widespread, implying that some mammals could experience mild disease. The clinical manifestation and transmissibility of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses amongst mammals represent critical risk factors for potential zoonotic transmission to humans. This study examined the pathogenicity, viral tissue tropism and associated pathology of three HPAI H5N1 viruses in ferrets, which are a model for influenza A infection in humans. Ferrets were experimentally infected with an HPAI H5N1 poultry virus (genotype C) and two HPAI H5N1 viruses (genotype BA) isolated from a red fox, one of which carries the zoonotic PB2-E627K mutation. The red fox isolate, but not the poultry isolate, caused high morbidity, viral shedding and mortality in ferrets. Transmission to co-housed ferrets was investigated in a group setting for the virus carrying the PB2-E627K mutation and caused neurological signs accompanied by prominent viral antigen staining in recipient ferrets compared to directly inoculated ferrets. This study shows that HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses can infect mammals with varying pathogenicity and that mammal-to-mammal transmission can occur. This increases the zoonotic potential of the virus and highlights the need for enhanced surveillance in wild mammals for early detection of potential zoonotic threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"106 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12282323/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144591423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular genetic analyses of the N, NSm and NSs genes of a local population of <i>Orthotospovirus tomatomaculae</i> reveal purifying selection in crops in the southeastern USA.","authors":"Bhavya Shukla, J Michael Moore, Theodore McAvoy, Nino Brown, Albert K Culbreath, Sudeep Bag","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002119","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Orthotospovirus tomatomaculae</i> [tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)] is a major pathogen in horticultural and row crops worldwide including the USA. In this study, tomato spotted wilt disease incidence was monitored in <i>Arachis hypogaea</i> (peanut; year 1990 to 2024) and <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> (tobacco; year 2000 to 2024) in commercial farmers' fields in the Southeastern USA. Furthermore, nucleocapsid (N), nonstructural movement (NSm) and nonstructural silencing suppressor (NSs) protein gene sequences of TSWV global populations from North America, South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Africa and Australia were compared with local US population and analysed to understand the genetic variability in the virus genome. In our study, full-length sequences of 94 N, 111 NSm and 78 NSs genes were amplified from TSWV-infected <i>A. hypogaea</i> (peanut), <i>Capsicum annuum</i> (pepper), <i>N. tabacum</i> (tobacco) and <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> (tomato). nt-based phylogenetic analysis of N, NSm and NSs genes correlated with the geographical location of the TSWV isolates, with notably higher substitution rates in the population of recent years. In addition, the least genetic variability was observed in the N gene of the local population upon comparison with other global TSWV population. The neutrality test of TSWV suggested a non-neutral evolution of the virus genome. Low variation among the selected genes might be attributed to strong purifying selection pressure in the populations. Furthermore, estimation of selection pressure (dN/dS) on small (S) segment-encoded N protein and nonstructural protein showed higher purifying selection than the movement protein encoded by the medium (M) segment of the TSWV isolates. Single-likelihood ancestor counting suggested an overall negative selection pressure on several codons of the selected genes, which indicated that natural selection and population bottleneck events might have influenced the evolution of TSWV. Our study also deciphered high gene flow and low genetic differentiation amid the different TSWV population sets. Additionally, BEAST analysis of TSWV N gene sequences from GA predicted the most common recent ancestor existed ~25 years ago. This data was further correlated with disease incidence data from peanut and tobacco crops obtained in the last three decades. These findings suggest the intermixing of TSWV isolates between peanut, pepper, tobacco and tomato crops, while the virus genome has undergone strong purifying selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"106 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12282330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144584120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coronaviruses in wild rodent and eulipotyphlan small mammals: a review of diversity, ecological implications and surveillance considerations.","authors":"Simon P Jeeves, Jonathon D Kotwa, David L Pearl, Bradley S Pickering, Jeff Bowman, Samira Mubareka, Claire M Jardine","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002130","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronaviruses are abundant and diverse RNA viruses with broad vertebrate host ranges. These viruses include agents of human seasonal respiratory illness, such as human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1; important pathogens of livestock and domestic animals such as swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus and feline coronavirus; and human pathogens of epidemic potential such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Most coronavirus surveillance has been conducted in bat species. However, small terrestrial mammals such as rodents and eulipotyphlans are important hosts of coronaviruses as well. Although fewer studies of rodent and eulipotyphlan coronaviruses exist compared to those of bats, notable diversity of coronaviruses has been reported in the former. No literature synthesis for this area of research has been completed despite (a) growing evidence for a small mammal origin of certain human coronaviruses and (b) global abundance of small mammal species. In this review, we present an overview of the current state of coronavirus research in wild terrestrial small mammals. We conducted a literature search for studies that investigated coronaviruses infecting rodent and eulipotyphlan hosts, which returned 63 studies published up to and including 2024. We describe trends in coronavirus diversity and surveillance for these studies. To further the examination of the interrelatedness of these viruses, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of coronavirus whole genomes recovered from rodent and eulipotyphlan hosts. We discuss important facets of terrestrial small mammal coronaviruses, including evolutionary aspects and zoonotic spillover risk. Lastly, we present important recommendations and considerations for further surveillance and viral characterization efforts in this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"106 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12282219/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144608507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virus taxonomy proposal summaries: a searchable and citable resource to disseminate virus taxonomy advances.","authors":"Richard Mayne, Peter Simmonds, Donald B Smith, Evelien M Adriaenssens, Elliot J Lefkowitz, Hanna M Oksanen, Francisco Murilo Zerbini, Poliane Alfenas-Zerbini, Frank O Aylward, Juliana Freitas-Astúa, R Curtis Hendrickson, Holly R Hughes, Mart Krupovic, Jens H Kuhn, Małgorzata Łobocka, Arcady R Mushegian, Judit Penzes, Alejandro Reyes Muñoz, David L Robertson, Simon Roux, Luisa Rubino, Sead Sabanadzovic, Nobuhiro Suzuki, Dann Turner, Koenraad Van Doorslaer, Arvind Varsani","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002079","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Taxonomic classification of cellular organisms requires the publication of descriptions and proposed names of species and the deposition of specimens. Virus taxonomy is developed through a different system of annual submission of formal taxonomy proposals (TPs) that can be submitted by anyone but are typically prepared by a study group appointed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) and consisting of experts on a particular group of viruses. These are initially evaluated by an expert subcommittee and by the executive committee (EC) of the ICTV. EC-approved TPs are then submitted for evaluation and a ratification vote by the wider ICTV membership. Following ratification, the new taxonomy is annually updated in the Master Species List, associated databases and bioinformatic resources. The process is consistent, creates traceability in assignments and supports a fully evaluated, hierarchical classification and nomenclature of all taxonomic ranks from species to realms. The structure also facilitates large-scale and coordinated changes to virus taxonomy, such as the recent introduction of a binomial species nomenclature.TPs are available on the ICTV website after ratification, but they are not indexed in bibliographic databases and are not easily cited. Authors of TPs do not receive citation credit for adopted proposals, and their voluntary contributions are largely invisible in the published literature. For greater visibility of TPs and their authors, the ICTV will commence the annual publication of summaries of all TPs from each ICTV subcommittee. These summaries will provide a searchable compendium of all annual taxonomy changes and additions as well as direct links to the Master Species List and other ICTV bioinformatic resources. Their publication will provide due credit and citations for their authors, form the basis for disseminating taxonomy decisions and promote greater visibility and accessibility to taxonomy changes for the virology community.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"106 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12451635/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144707727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Summary of taxonomy changes ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses from the Plant Viruses Subcommittee, 2025.","authors":"Luisa Rubino, Peter Abrahamian, Wenxia An, Miguel A Aranda, José T Ascencio-Ibañez, Nicolas Bejerman, Arnaud G Blouin, Thierry Candresse, Tomas Canto, Mengji Cao, John P Carr, Won Kyong Cho, Fiona Constable, Indranil Dasgupta, Humberto Debat, Ralf G Dietzgen, Michele Digiaro, Livia Donaire, Toufic Elbeaino, Denis Fargette, Fiona Filardo, Matthias G Fischer, Nuria Fontdevila, Adrian Fox, Juliana Freitas-Astua, Marc Fuchs, Andrew D W Geering, Mahan Ghafari, Anders Hafrén, John Hammond, Rosemarie Hammond, Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska, Eugenie Hebrard, Carmen Hernández, Jean-Michel Hily, Ahmed Hosseini, Roger Hull, Alice K Inoue-Nagata, Ramon Jordan, Hideki Kondo, Jan F Kreuze, Mart Krupovic, Kenji Kubota, Jens H Kuhn, Scott Leisner, Jean-Michel Lett, Chengyu Li, Fan Li, Jun Min Li, Paola M López-Lambertini, Juan J Lopez-Moya, Francois Maclot, Kristiina Mäkinen, Darren Martin, Sebastien Massart, W Allen Miller, Musa Mohammadi, Dimitre Mollov, Emmanuelle Muller, Tatsuya Nagata, Jesús Navas-Castillo, Yutaro Neriya, Francisco M Ochoa-Corona, Kazusato Ohshima, Vicente Pallás, Hanu Pappu, Karel Petrzik, Mikhail Pooggin, Maria Isabella Prigigallo, Pedro L Ramos-González, Simone Ribeiro, Katja R Richert-Pöggeler, Philippe Roumagnac, Avijit Roy, Sead Sabanadzovic, Dana Šafářová, Pasquale Saldarelli, Hélène Sanfaçon, Cecilia Sarmiento, Takahide Sasaya, Kay Scheets, Willem E W Schravesande, Susan Seal, Yoshifumi Shimomoto, Merike Sõmera, Livia Stavolone, Lucy R Stewart, Pierre-Yves Teycheney, John E Thomas, Jeremy R Thompson, Antonio Tiberini, Yasuhiro Tomitaka, Ioannis Tzanetakis, Marie Umber, Cica Urbino, Harrold A van den Burg, René A A Van der Vlugt, Arvind Varsani, Adriaan Verhage, Dan Villamor, Susanne von Bargen, Peter J Walker, Thierry Wetzel, Anna E Whitfield, Stephen J Wylie, Caixia Yang, F Murilo Zerbini, Song Zhang, Ictv Taxonomy Summary Consortium","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002114","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In March 2025, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote, newly proposed taxa were added to those under the mandate of the Plant Viruses Subcommittee. In brief, 1 new order, 3 new families, 6 new genera, 2 new subgenera and 206 new species were created. Some taxa were reorganized. Genus <i>Cytorhabdovirus</i> in the family <i>Rhabdoviridae</i> was abolished and its taxa were redistributed into three new genera <i>Alphacytorhabdovirus</i>, <i>Betacytorhabdovirus</i> and <i>Gammacytorhabdovirus</i>. Genus <i>Waikavirus</i> in the family <i>Secoviridae</i> was reorganized into two subgenera (<i>Actinidivirus</i> and <i>Ritunrivirus</i>). One family and four previously unaffiliated genera were moved to the newly established order <i>Tombendovirales</i>. Twelve species not assigned to a genus were abolished. To comply with the ICTV mandate of a binomial format for virus species, eight species were renamed. Demarcation criteria in the absence of biological information were defined in the genus <i>Ilarvirus</i> (family <i>Bromoviridae</i>). This article presents the updated taxonomy put forth by the Plant Viruses Subcommittee and ratified by the ICTV.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"106 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12451643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144715089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arsenic trioxide could promote SARS-CoV-2 NSP12 protein degradation.","authors":"Tao Yang, Chen Ying Zhu, Pei Han Yu, Chang Yang, Hua Naranmandura","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002121","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global dissemination and infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have become a worldwide crisis with staggering confirmed cases and death tolls. Although prophylactic vaccines are widely applied to curb the spread of the virus, these protections are greatly weakened by the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Non-structural protein 12 (NSP12) of SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that plays an essential role in viral replication and transcription, representing a promising target for drug development. Currently, extensive drugs are designed to specifically target and inhibit NSP12 activity, while highly infectious and drug-resistant variants have significantly compromised their efficacy. Here, we identified that arsenic trioxide (ATO) could specifically reduce not only WT SARS-CoV-2 NSP12 but also mutant NSP12 levels, along with low toxicity. Moreover, the reduction of NSP12 was caused by its robust ubiquitination and subsequent degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway after ATO treatment. Of note, STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1 was found to be the E3 ligase responsible for the ubiquitination and degradation of NSP12 by ATO. In short, our findings provide a potential intervention to restrict virus replication and may broaden the scope of therapeutic application for ATO.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"106 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12451633/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144584119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translocating shRNA: a novel approach to RNA interference with Newcastle disease virus as viral vector.","authors":"Wei Chin Koh, Khatijah Yusoff, Adelene Ai-Lian Song, Norazalina Saad, Tiong Kit Tan, Pheik-Sheen Cheow, Suet Lin Chia","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002127","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNA interference is crucial in post-transcriptional gene silencing. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) is particularly effective because it forms fully complementary matches with target mRNA, leading to its degradation. However, shRNA processing relies on nuclear microprocessors like Drosha, posing a challenge for RNA viral vectors that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm. Although there have been reports of Drosha translocating to the cytoplasm upon viral infection, many RNA viruses, including Newcastle disease virus (NDV), remain inadequately studied in this context and, in some cases, fail to induce Drosha translocation for shRNA processing. In this study, we developed a novel approach to translocate an shRNA, expressed by NDV as an RNA viral vector, into the nucleus for Drosha processing. As a proof of concept, a recombinant NDV expressing the shRNA (rAF-shmcherry) with an AU-rich region at its 3' end in the expression cassette was constructed. This shRNA targets a constitutively expressed mCherry gene in a colorectal cancer cell line, SW620-mC. We confirmed the presence of the AU-rich shRNA in the nuclei of the rAF-shmcherry-infected SW620-mC using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The gene-silencing effect of the shRNA was then evaluated at mRNA and protein levels, showing ~90% downregulation of the mCherry transgene at 24 h post-infection and 70% downregulation of mCherry protein in SW620-mC at 48 h post-infection. This study marks the first exploration of NDV as an shRNA viral vector, presenting a promising approach for shRNA translocation that could be applicable to various RNA viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"106 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12248247/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144608508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}