Journal of General Virology最新文献

{"title":"Multiple introductions of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses into the High Arctic: Svalbard and Jan Mayen, 2022-2025.","authors":"Silje Granstad, Ragnhild Tønnessen, Bjørnar Ytrehus, Sebastien Descamps, Børge Moe, Hallvard Strøm, Geir Wing Gabrielsen, Sveinn Are Hanssen, Egil Rønning, Ole-Herman Tronerud, Maarten J J E Loonen, Britt Gjerset, Hans Kristian Mjelde, Knut Madslien, Johan Åkerstedt, Cathrine Arnason Bøe","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002305","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Between 2022 and 2025, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of clade 2.3.4.4b, including four distinct H5 Eurasian (EA) genotypes, were detected in wild birds and mammals in the Svalbard Archipelago and on the island of Jan Mayen. We describe their epidemiology and genomic characteristics to improve understanding of HPAIV occurrence and transmission in the High Arctic. The initial cases in 2022 occurred during summer and involved a glaucous gull (<i>Larus hyperboreus</i>) and great skuas (<i>Stercorarius skua</i>) on Svalbard and Jan Mayen, representing the first detections of HPAIVs in the High Arctic. Three HPAIV genotypes were identified: EA-2020-C (H5N1), EA-2021-AB (H5N1) and EA-2021-I (H5N5). In 2023, HPAIVs were detected in a broader range of bird species and retrospectively in an Atlantic walrus (<i>Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus</i>) as reported by another research group. Genotypes identified in 2023 were EA-2020-C (H5N1), EA-2021-I (H5N5) and EA-2022-BB (H5N1). No cases were reported in 2024. In 2025, EA-2021-I (H5N5) was detected in Arctic foxes (<i>Vulpes lagopus</i>) on Svalbard, without preceding detections in wild birds. The foxes exhibited neurological symptoms and necropsy of one individual revealed the presence of feathers in its stomach. All sequenced viruses from the Arctic foxes uniquely carried the combination of PB2-E627K and PB1-H115Q, previously associated with mammalian adaptation. The detection of multiple genotypes indicates repeated and independent introductions of HPAIVs into these regions. The co-circulation of genetically distinct virus strains in areas of high bird density further suggests that Arctic breeding grounds may facilitate local viral amplification, reassortment and subsequent dissemination along migratory flyways, including transcontinental spread.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481042/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148793956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and characterization of two phages infecting <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> and their effectiveness in treating BALB/c mice lung infections.","authors":"Zeshan Zeshan, Shafia Maryam, Aqsa Jabeen, Sadia Faheem, Rehan Zafar Paracha, Fazal Adnan, Muhammad Faraz Bhatti, Hussnain Ahmed Janjua","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002307","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> has raised significant concern due to its high rates of morbidity and mortality, coupled with its increasing resistance to multiple antibiotics including carbapenems. In this current study, two new lytic phages Srynta and Nolivar were isolated from sewage water, characterized <i>in vitro</i> and their therapeutic potential was assessed using a mouse model of pneumonia. <i>In vitro</i> results showed that both phages show efficient adsorption to the propagating host, have good lytic activity, short latent period and high burst size. Sequence analysis showed that Srynta and Nolivar phages have linear dsDNA genomes of 45,218 and 41,230 base pairs with G+C content of 38 mol% and 37.9 mol% and contain 88 and 83 coding sequences, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed the icosahedral capsid and contractile tail of the phages and genomic analysis predicted that both phages have myovirus morphology and belong to the class Caudoviricetes. Genomic analysis suggested the therapeutic safety of these phages, as they do not have bacterial virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes or lysogenic genes, suggesting that they are potential candidates for phage therapy. The <i>in vivo</i> study demonstrated a high survival rate in the phage cocktail treatment group compared to the control group. Our findings support the potential application of phage therapy as an alternative therapeutic treatment against lung infections caused by carbapenem-resistant <i>A. baumannii</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13474314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148723418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 interferes with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 expression in infected mature dendritic cells.","authors":"Alexandra Birzer, Christina Drassner, Petra Muehl-Zuerbes, Christine Kuhnt, Adalbert Krawczyk, Andrea K Thoma-Kress, Alexander Steinkasserer, Linda Popella","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002280","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the prototype of the <i>α</i>-herpesvirus family. To propagate within the host organism, HSV-1 has evolved several strategies to subvert the host immune response. Due to the pivotal role of dendritic cells (DCs), bridging innate and adaptive immunity and activating naïve T cells, they represent an attractive target for HSV-1-triggered immune regulation. Here, we report a novel HSV-1-mediated mechanism of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) dysregulation in human monocyte-derived mature DCs (mDCs). Due to STAT3's antiviral activity, STAT3 was shown to be modulated by viruses to efficiently replicate in several different cell types, however, not in DCs. We show that HSV-1 infection of mDCs leads to diminished total STAT3 expression and STAT3 phosphorylation (pSTAT3), as well as downregulation of <i>STAT3</i> mRNA very early upon infection. Protein downregulation of STAT3 could be verified by label-free mass spectrometric analysis of HSV-1- and HSV-2-infected mDCs. We found that two viral proteins, the tegument protein virion host shutoff (vhs) and the immediate-early protein ICP27, contribute to STAT3 protein downregulation upon HSV-1 infection. However, HSV-1 Δvhs and ΔICP27 deletion strains still inhibited pSTAT3 in infected mDCs, suggesting that different viral proteins impair STAT3 phosphorylation and total STAT3. Moreover, STAT3 protein levels were degraded in a proteasome-dependent but apoptosis-independent manner. Taken together, we demonstrate that HSV-1 downregulates STAT3 in HSV-1-infected human mDCs at the transcript, protein and phosphorylation levels. Downregulation of STAT3 protein depended on vhs and the proteasome, very likely to shape DC function for immune evasion and modulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13470599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148723494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ageing immune system and its battle with viruses.","authors":"Jessica A Gaevert, Carolien E van de Sandt","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002320","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global increase in life expectancy has resulted in a growing proportion of older individuals at increased risk of severe disease outcomes following viral infections. CD8⁺ T cells play a vital role in controlling viral infections and provide protection against severe disease by eliminating virus-infected cells. Furthermore, CD8⁺ T cells recognize conserved internal viral proteins, enabling cross-reactivity and the formation of long-term immunological memory. However, a lifetime of exposures to acute and persistent latent viruses, vaccinations and the age-associated decline in immune functions (immunosenescence and inflammaging) have a profound impact on virus-specific CD8⁺ T cell populations. The age-associated progressive decline of naïve CD8⁺ T cells, reduced T cell receptor (TCR) diversity, the accumulation of highly differentiated memory and/or exhausted CD8⁺ T cells and low-level chronic inflammation directly affect virus-specific immunity. These age-associated changes impair both primary and recall CD8⁺ T cell responses to infections and vaccinations in older individuals. Both ageing and exposure history impact the CD8⁺ T cell correlates of protection, including frequency, phenotype, TCR diversity, polyfunctionality, cytotoxic potential and proliferation capacity. The implications of these changes are discussed in the context of acute (influenza and respiratory syncytial virus), persistent latent (cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and varicella-zoster virus) and novel (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) viruses. An in-depth understanding of how lifelong viral exposures intersect with immunosenescence will elucidate how virus-specific CD8⁺ T cells change with age. These insights will aid vaccine strategies to effectively harness CD8⁺ T cells and induce long-lasting, broadly reactive virus-specific immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13502919/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virus community views on the possible extension of virus taxonomic assignments to a below-species rank.","authors":"Peter Simmonds, R Curtis Hendrickson, Holly R Hughes, Jens H Kuhn, David L Robertson, Sead Sabanadzovic, Arvind Varsani","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002313","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is considering a proposal submitted in July 2025 to create an optional additional taxonomic rank below the level of species. This was designed to increase the precision of taxonomic assignment where clinical or other regulatory distinctions need to be made between viruses assigned to the same species. To understand current classification practice and to gauge opinion on the proposal to formalize a below-species taxon, current ICTV study group members (<i>n</i>=746) representing over 100 Study Groups were invited to complete a survey, from whom 240 completed forms and comments were collected in November 2025. The survey also recorded opinions on the use of designators, such as 'type', 'isolate' and 'subspecies' for below-species assignments and the typographic format of their names, for example, whether to be italicized and/or Latinized.Overall, a 6 : 1 majority favoured the introduction of an optional below-species taxonomic rank managed by the ICTV, and was particularly supported by those working in animal and veterinary virology fields where various forms of community-supported below-species classifications are used. There was also support to formalize and taxonomically assign existing classifications of viruses and define their nomenclature. Names might be formatted using the Latin alphabet but with less support for italicization or for Latinization of the below-species epithet. The survey data and associated comments will be considered in further discussions at the next ICTV Executive Committee meeting in November 2026. We thank all of their survey respondents for their invaluable and expert contributions to this consultative process.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13489588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148793947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rift Valley fever virus infects trophoblast cell lines in an LRP1-dependent manner.","authors":"Rachael E Rush, David A Price, Cynthia M McMillen, David L Donermeyer, Daisy W Leung, Gaya K Amarasinghe, Amy L Hartman","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002300","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne phlebovirus that poses a growing global threat, causing severe disease in humans and livestock, including hepatitis, haemorrhage and encephalitis. Documented cases of vertical transmission in humans and livestock highlight risks during pregnancy. Although RVFV can directly infect the placenta, how it enters trophoblast cells remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), a known RVFV entry factor, in human trophoblast infection. Using JEG-3, JAR and HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cell lines, we demonstrate that RVFV replicates to high titres and LRP1 expression varies across cell types. Competitive inhibition assays using the high-affinity LRP1 ligand murine RAP domain 3 and recombinant LRP1 fragments (cluster proteins) indicate that RVFV requires LRP1 for efficient trophoblast infection. Together, these findings implicate LRP1 as a determinant of RVFV infection at the maternal-fetal interface.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13465766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148725944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of ganciclovir as an anti-human cytomegalovirus drug: historical perspectives and future prospects.","authors":"Natalia Garcia Del Valle, Blair L Strang","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002310","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is widespread within the global human population and is a major cause of human morbidity and mortality. As yet, there is no widely available anti-HCMV vaccine strategy. Therefore, treatment of HCMV disease relies on anti-HCMV drugs, principally the nucleoside analogue pro-drug ganciclovir (GCV). While it is over 40 years since the discovery of GCV as an anti-HCMV compound, the use of GCV in humans is still developing, for example in the treatment of congenital HCMV infection. Here, we provide an overview of often overlooked virological laboratory studies underpinning GCV development. We highlight long-standing, but rarely examined, data on adverse effects that is the basis for caution in using GCV during pregnancy or in children. This includes discussion of recent, contrasting data, suggesting that GCV can be further developed to treat congenital HCMV infection. To better understand how adverse effects may come about, we also review the viral and cellular factors required for GCV function in HCMV-infected and uninfected cells. This leads to a discussion of how adverse effects of GCV may or may not be avoided and future directions involving the use of GCV. Overall, these topics highlight how much molecular information remains to be understood about one of the oldest and most widely used anti-HCMV drugs in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13440595/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148678513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vector-enabled metagenomics reveals the first detection of the geminivirus beet curly top Iran virus in Europe.","authors":"Laura Miozzi, Silvia Rotunno, Fulco Frascati, Monica Marra, Francesco Nugnes, Umberto Bernardo, Daniele Marian, Sofia Bertacca, Massimiliano Ballardini, Gian Paolo Accotto, Anna Maria Vaira, Emanuela Noris","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002271","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Geminiviruses are among the most threatening emerging insect-borne viruses and are responsible for serious outbreaks worldwide. Climate change (i.e. higher temperatures) could further exacerbate their impact on crops, highlighting the need for new diagnostic approaches to manage potentially dangerous situations. vector-enabled metagenomics (VEM) exploits the natural ability of highly mobile insects to accumulate viruses acquired from plants over time and space within an ecosystem; this approach is effective for monitoring the presence of new invasive or indigenous viruses in large areas. Geminiviruses have circular ssDNA genomes that can be readily targeted by rolling circle amplification (RCA). The combination of RCA and VEM largely increases the chances of detecting geminiviruses. This approach enabled us to identify the becurtovirus beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV, <i>Becurtovirus betae</i>) in insects collected in Europe. BCTIV is a major pathogen of sugar beet but can also infect plants of other families; it is transmitted by cicadellids and has so far been detected only in Iran and Anatolia (Turkey). We also show that two cucurbit species, watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) and zucchini (<i>Cucurbita pepo</i>) are both natural and experimental hosts for BCTIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148669161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broad permissiveness of mammalian nectin-4 orthologs for morbilliviruses: a notable exception in dolphin nectin-4.","authors":"Mizuki Tominaga, Fumio Seki, Hiroki Nagata, Ayumu Hyodo, Yukiko Akahori, Yuki Kitai, Hiroshi Katoh, Makoto Takeda","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002319","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Morbilliviruses utilize signalling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) and nectin-4 as their major cellular receptors and exhibit distinct host specificities despite sharing common receptor usage. While species-specific differences in SLAM have been extensively investigated, the contribution of nectin-4 to morbillivirus host range remains poorly understood because nectin-4 is highly conserved among mammals. Here, we systematically compared the receptor activities of nectin-4 orthologs from human, dolphin, bat, dog and seal for representative morbilliviruses, including measles virus (MV), cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV), canine distemper virus (CDV), phocine distemper virus (PDV) and Myotis bat morbillivirus (MBaMV). Cell-cell fusion, virus infection and plaque assays demonstrated that most nectin-4 orthologs efficiently supported infection by all tested viruses. In contrast, dolphin nectin-4 exhibited markedly reduced receptor activity for MV, PDV and MBaMV, while remaining fully functional for CeMV and CDV. This phenotype was consistently observed with multiple clinical MV isolates. Mutational analyses identified amino acid residue 63 as a key determinant of this receptor specificity. Substitution of glutamic acid at position 63 in dolphin nectin-4 with glycine restored MV receptor activity to a level comparable to that of human nectin-4. These findings demonstrate that nectin-4 is generally a broadly permissive morbillivirus receptor but that specific amino acid differences can substantially influence receptor usage. Our results indicate that receptor compatibility contributes to morbillivirus host range and cross-species transmission while being insufficient on its own to fully explain viral host specificity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13472537/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148760452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GTPase domain of porcine Mx1 protein interacts with the N protein of porcine deltacoronavirus to inhibit viral replication.","authors":"Haikun Shangguan, Jianxiao Wu, Mingwei Li, Zhaoyang Ji, Yongrui Wang, Chunwei Zhang, Hexin Wang, Dailang Zhong, Zhihong Zhou, Xin Zhang, Da Shi, Hongyan Shi, Longjun Guo, Li Feng, Jianfei Chen","doi":"10.1099/jgv.0.002293","DOIUrl":"10.1099/jgv.0.002293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteric pathogen that poses significant economic threats to the swine industry and carries potential zoonotic risk. However, the interactions between PDCoV and host innate immunity, particularly those involving interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), remain poorly understood. Porcine myxovirus resistance protein 1 (pMx1), a well-characterized ISG with broad-spectrum antiviral activity, has not been investigated in the context of PDCoV infection. This study demonstrates that PDCoV infection upregulates endogenous pMx1 expression in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 and IPI-2I) through a type I interferon alpha-dependent pathway. Functional analyses further revealed that pMx1 exerts potent antiviral activity against PDCoV. Mechanistically, we identified a direct interaction between the pMx1 protein and the PDCoV nucleocapsid (N) protein and found the GTPase domain of pMx1 as the critical binding region. This finding was strongly supported by a predicted interaction complex structural model generated using AlphaFold 3, and the GTPase domain was shown to be indispensable for the antiviral function of pMx1. Furthermore, we identified a critical synergistic interaction between the PDCoV N protein and the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase - nonstructural protein 12, a core component of the replication-transcription complex. Co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that pMx1 effectively disrupts this interaction, suggesting that pMx1 may inhibit viral genome replication by impairing the formation or stability of the viral replication complex. Collectively, our study elucidates the mechanism by which the pMx1 protein, as a host antiviral factor, inhibits PDCoV infection. These findings provide novel insights into the innate immune defence against coronaviruses and highlight the pMx1 gene as a promising host-derived antiviral factor with potential applications in antiviral therapeutics and genetic improvement strategies for PDCoV control.</p>","PeriodicalId":15880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Virology","volume":"107 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13446539/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148678508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}