Journal of Experimental Biology最新文献_第2页

Mechanisms underlying thermally induced growth plasticity in juvenile Pacific halibut. 太平洋大比目鱼幼鱼热诱导生长可塑性的分子机制。

IF 2.6 2区生物学

Journal of Experimental Biology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.251013

Josep V Planas, Andrew J Jasonowicz, Anna Simeon, Crystal Simchick, Emma Timmins-Schiffman, Brook L Nunn, Anita C Kroska, Nathan Wolf, Thomas P Hurst

{"title":"Mechanisms underlying thermally induced growth plasticity in juvenile Pacific halibut.","authors":"Josep V Planas, Andrew J Jasonowicz, Anna Simeon, Crystal Simchick, Emma Timmins-Schiffman, Brook L Nunn, Anita C Kroska, Nathan Wolf, Thomas P Hurst","doi":"10.1242/jeb.251013","DOIUrl":"10.1242/jeb.251013","url":null,"abstract":"Growth plasticity in aquatic ectothermic vertebrates is an important factor driving somatic growth variation in natural populations in response to environmental change. In fish, growth plasticity is primarily due to changes in skeletal muscle growth, as this tissue is a major component of the body mass, with water temperature being a primary abiotic factor affecting growth. Investigating skeletal muscle growth plasticity is therefore key for understanding somatic growth variation. The Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) is an important fish species in the North Pacific Ocean ecosystem that has experienced marked changes in size-at-age over the last 100 years. Here, we investigated the molecular basis of growth plasticity in juvenile Pacific halibut acclimated to different temperature regimes under laboratory conditions. By integrating transcriptomic, proteomic and stable isotope analyses of skeletal muscle, we provide evidence for the activation of tiered molecular responses underlying thermally induced growth plasticity. Importantly, we demonstrate that growth plasticity involves plastic molecular responses at the gene, protein and metabolic levels in skeletal muscle that are finely tuned to regulate the synthesis of myofibrillar proteins, among other muscle-related processes. Furthermore, we have identified a set of growth biomarkers that, when tested under field conditions, characterize growth variation among wild individuals. These growth biomarkers, including known and novel growth-related genes, will be useful to elucidate the influence of factors driving somatic growth variation, including changes in size-at-age, in this and other teleost fish species. In summary, this study improves our mechanistic understanding of growth plastic responses to variable temperature regimes in teleost fish and highlights their potential for resilience and/or adaptability in the face of environmental variability.","PeriodicalId":15786,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Metabolic effects of dietary exposure to polystyrene microplastic and nanoplastic in fruit flies. 膳食暴露于聚苯乙烯微塑料和纳米塑料对果蝇的代谢影响。

IF 2.6 2区生物学

Journal of Experimental Biology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.250522

Eric A Riddell, Rachel M Sorensen, Elizabeth McNeill, Boris Jovanović

引用次数: 0

Neurite branching is associated with mixed microtubule polarity in sea anemone neurons. 海葵神经元的神经突分支与混合微管极性有关。

IF 2.6 2区生物学

Journal of Experimental Biology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.251169

Michelle C Stone, Gregory O Kothe, Timothy J Jegla, Melissa M Rolls

{"title":"Neurite branching is associated with mixed microtubule polarity in sea anemone neurons.","authors":"Michelle C Stone, Gregory O Kothe, Timothy J Jegla, Melissa M Rolls","doi":"10.1242/jeb.251169","DOIUrl":"10.1242/jeb.251169","url":null,"abstract":"Bilaterian animals can make polarized neurons with functionally distinct dendrites and axons. A central aspect of this polarity is different arrangements of microtubules; axons have plus-end-out microtubules, whereas dendrites contain minus-end-out microtubules, allowing different sets of proteins and organelles to be trafficked to each. In cnidarians, neurons with multiple plus-end-out axon-like neurites have been described. To determine whether neurons with axo-dendritic polarity might exist in cnidarians, we surveyed neurons in the model sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Microtubule polarity was assessed in mosaic animals expressing EB1-GFP, which binds to growing microtubule plus ends. Neurons were separated into general groups based on morphology. Neurons without any branching had predominantly plus-end-out microtubule polarity. Neurons with at least one neurite branch had significantly more minus-end-out microtubules, and neurons with more than one branch had over 15% minus-end-out microtubules. To identify a population of neurons enriched for branching, we performed a promoter screen. We found that the Shal1 promoter labeled cnidocytes and neurons with branched neurites. In these cells, approximately 30% of microtubules were minus-end-out, which is in the range described for vertebrate dendrites. Finally, we re-examined neurons broadly to identify cells that had both branched and unbranched neurites. When these cells had neurites with different polarities, it was typically the branched one that had mixed microtubules. Thus, in N. vectensis, neurite branching is associated with more mixed microtubule polarity, and our results also suggest that classically polarized neurons may exist in cnidarian animals.","PeriodicalId":15786,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12461691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145033403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mice selectively bred for increased tibia length exhibit accelerated fracture repair. 选择性饲养增加胫骨长度的小鼠表现出骨折修复加速。

IF 2.6 2区生物学

Journal of Experimental Biology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.250106

Colton M Unger, Nicoletta A Ninkovic, Sarah L Manske, Campbell P Rolian

{"title":"Mice selectively bred for increased tibia length exhibit accelerated fracture repair.","authors":"Colton M Unger, Nicoletta A Ninkovic, Sarah L Manske, Campbell P Rolian","doi":"10.1242/jeb.250106","DOIUrl":"10.1242/jeb.250106","url":null,"abstract":"Bone fracture repair is a unique form of scarless tissue regeneration in mammals that recapitulates many aspects of endochondral ossification seen in developing long bones. For example, transgenic mouse studies have shown that many development-related genes involved in endochondral ossification (EO), which involves transformation of transient cartilaginous tissue into bone, are also redeployed during the bone repair process. While there is an expanding appreciation for the mechanistic overlap between bone development and repair, little is known about the relationship between rates of bone growth and bone repair in natural populations. To examine whether bones that grow faster also heal faster, we employed the Longshanks mouse, which produces 15-20% longer tibiae at skeletal maturity than random-bred Control mice, as a result of increased postnatal EO rates. We generated experimental unstabilized tibial fractures in sex-balanced and age-matched Longshanks and Control mice and monitored their recovery over 6 weeks using longitudinal in vivo micro-computed tomography (µCT) imaging at key milestones in fracture repair. In parallel, we analyzed callus tissue composition and gene expression in a cross-sectional cohort of Longshanks mouse fractures during repair. In this study, we showed that Longshanks mice produce larger fracture calluses at faster rates than Control mice during EO, without compromising callus bone quality. Moreover, we demonstrated that differences in µCT fracture mineralization correlated with an accelerated program of EO in Longshanks mouse calluses, favoring earlier cartilage maturation. These findings highlight a deep evolutionary conservation of EO in both development and repair, and provide evidence for correlated selection responses between organism morphology and repair physiology.","PeriodicalId":15786,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How honeybees perceive and traverse apertures. 蜜蜂如何感知和穿越孔洞。

IF 2.6 2区生物学

Journal of Experimental Biology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.250145

T Jakobi, M Garratt, M Srinivasan, S Ravi

{"title":"How honeybees perceive and traverse apertures.","authors":"T Jakobi, M Garratt, M Srinivasan, S Ravi","doi":"10.1242/jeb.250145","DOIUrl":"10.1242/jeb.250145","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to fly through openings in vegetation allows insects such as bees to access otherwise unreachable food sources. The specific visual strategies employed by flying insects during aperture negotiation tasks remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the visual and geometric parameters of apertures that influence traversing honeybees. We recorded honeybees flying through apertures with varying shapes and sizes using high-speed cameras to examine their spatial distribution patterns and trajectories during passage. Our results reveal that the flight of bees was, on average, along the bilateral center of the edges of the aperture irrespective of the size. When apertures were smaller, bees tended to also fly closer to the vertical center. However, for larger apertures, they traversed at lower vertical positions (closer to the bottom edge). The behaviors suggest that honeybees modulate their flight trajectories in response to spatial constraints, adjusting trajectory relative to aperture dimensions. When entering at off-center horizontal positions, bees tended to access the vertical center of the aperture, indicating altitude selection influenced by the curvature of the edge below. This behavior suggests an acute awareness of the vertical and horizontal spatial constraints and a preference for maintaining a curvature-dependent altitude that optimizes safe passage. Our analysis reveals that honeybees modulate speed and altitude above the ventral edge passing beneath them, maintaining a ventral optic flow magnitude within a preferred range. This relationship suggests a control mechanism where bees rely on visual information in a narrow ventrally directed field to navigate safely through confined spaces.","PeriodicalId":15786,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From nociception in aneural animals to human suffering: toward a comparative biology of pain. 从神经动物的伤害感受到人类的痛苦：走向疼痛的比较生物学。

IF 2.6 2区生物学

Journal of Experimental Biology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.251210

Edgar T Walters

{"title":"From nociception in aneural animals to human suffering: toward a comparative biology of pain.","authors":"Edgar T Walters","doi":"10.1242/jeb.251210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.251210","url":null,"abstract":"Pain is a core feature of human life, but systematic comparisons of this biological trait across taxa have been rare. A broadly accepted definition based on human experience emphasizes dual features of pain: a sensory (discriminative) component for sensing and monitoring tissue injury, and an affective (emotional) component to motivate avoidance of tissue distress. Conscious pain is coupled to unconscious nociception (detection of incipient or existing injury). This Review considers nociception and pain across phyla within a comparative framework, addressing basic questions about evolutionary origins, mechanisms and functions of pain. The occurrence of adaptive cellular responses to injury in virtually all organisms and the linking of related processes to nociceptive behavior from the simplest to most complex animals suggest that ancient injury-related mechanisms both in neurons and in non-neuronal cells contribute to pain. Nociceptive sensory neurons are the most investigated pain-related cell type. Common nociceptor functions include warning about imminent injury, monitoring tissue status and driving protective responses. Diverse nociceptors show conservation of receptor molecules detecting noxious stimuli, and of cell signaling pathways that produce nociceptive sensitization. Nociceptors excite central neural circuits (often exhibiting strong inhibitory and sensitizing modulation) that control protective behavior, and which are being mapped systematically in selected species. A deeper understanding of affective pain should come from defining circuit processes and behavioral functions linked to the aversiveness of nociceptive central states. Comparative studies promise continuing insights into the evolution of pain, including the possibility that nociceptive systems developed an unusual readiness to drive pain-related suffering during recent hominin evolution.","PeriodicalId":15786,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":"228 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145280251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Egg load as a physiological factor driving shifts in olfactory preference between protein food and oviposition sites in a synovigenic insect. 同胚昆虫嗅觉偏好在蛋白质食物和产卵地点之间变化的生理因素。

IF 2.6 2区生物学

Journal of Experimental Biology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.250954

Vivek Kempraj, Diana Pérez-Staples, Dong H Cha

{"title":"Egg load as a physiological factor driving shifts in olfactory preference between protein food and oviposition sites in a synovigenic insect.","authors":"Vivek Kempraj, Diana Pérez-Staples, Dong H Cha","doi":"10.1242/jeb.250954","DOIUrl":"10.1242/jeb.250954","url":null,"abstract":"Female synovigenic insects, which develop eggs throughout their lives, such as the fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis, alternate between seeking protein-rich food for reproductive development and oviposition sites to maintain optimal fitness. We investigated the factors influencing this shift in olfactory preference using two odor choices: protein (torula yeast, TY) and oviposition site (guava juice, GJ). The experiment consisted of three sequential steps: (1) gravid flies made an initial odor choice between TY and GJ odors; (2) flies that chose GJ in the first choice were allowed to oviposit in response to GJ odor and then underwent a second two-choice assay; (3) following the second two-choice assay, flies were dissected to quantify egg load. Among the flies that initially preferred the GJ odor, individuals that laid fewer eggs tended to exhibit a continued preference for GJ odor during the second choice, whereas those that laid more eggs shifted their preference to TY odor. Dissections following the second choice revealed that flies with fewer mature eggs remaining in their ovaries post-oviposition exhibited a stronger preference for TY, while those retaining more mature eggs continued to prefer GJ. These findings indicate that mature egg load at a given moment drives olfactory preference shifts in synovigenic insects. In contrast, no consistent relationship was observed between immature egg load and odor preference. Furthermore, electrophysiological analyses demonstrated heightened sensitivity to protein odors in gravid flies with fewer mature eggs, and an opposite trend in those with a higher level of mature eggs, underscoring the critical role of mature egg load in modulating olfactory preference in B. dorsalis females.","PeriodicalId":15786,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Many-to-one mapping in Mantodea: camouflage strategy and phylogeny drive strike variation in prey capture with raptorial forelegs. 螳螂目的多对一映射：伪装策略和系统发育驱动猛禽前腿捕获猎物的打击变化。

IF 2.6 2区生物学

Journal of Experimental Biology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.250626

Lohitashwa Garikipati, Brandon E Jackson, Christopher E Oufiero

{"title":"Many-to-one mapping in Mantodea: camouflage strategy and phylogeny drive strike variation in prey capture with raptorial forelegs.","authors":"Lohitashwa Garikipati, Brandon E Jackson, Christopher E Oufiero","doi":"10.1242/jeb.250626","DOIUrl":"10.1242/jeb.250626","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of camouflage has led to many examples of organisms mimicking their environment to remain undetected or unseen. Camouflage likely results in strong selective pressures to resemble the environment as it increases Darwinian fitness in both predators and prey, having the potential to result in ecomorphs, which are morphologies that convergently evolve to function in specific environments. Whether the evolution of camouflage in ambush predators results in ecomorphs can be determined by examining the linear morphology and function of the raptorial forelegs among Mantodea (i.e. praying mantises), as the acquisition of food may vary based upon the microhabitat mimicked. We hypothesize that the evolution of camouflage constrains a species' diet based upon available prey in the habitat mimicked, resulting in the evolution of ecomorphs for prey capture. We analyzed over 200 3D high-speed prey capture attempts among ten species, three families and four camouflage strategies. Using principal component analyses to reduce dimensionality of dependent traits and phylogenetic mixed models, our results suggest that the evolution of camouflage does not result in ecomorphs based on raptorial foreleg linear morphology. We also found that camouflage strategy had a significant effect on one kinematic axis, and relatively strong phylogenetic signal but minimal effect of morphology on strike kinematics. Lastly, we recognize two new quantitatively and qualitatively distinguishable hunting strategies in Mantodea. Our results suggest that phylogeny and camouflage shape the versatility of raptorial forelegs in prey capture, which may allow mantises to diversify in their camouflage strategies to exploit different ecological niches, regardless of phylogeny or morphology.","PeriodicalId":15786,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145033340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Western diet on body composition, locomotor performance and blood biochemical profile in the bank vole. 西餐对银行田鼠体成分、运动性能和血液生化特征的影响。

IF 2.6 2区生物学

Journal of Experimental Biology Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.250698

Alaa Hseiky, Małgorzata M Lipowska, Edyta T Sadowska, Alicja Józkowicz, Witold N Nowak, Paweł Koteja

{"title":"Effect of Western diet on body composition, locomotor performance and blood biochemical profile in the bank vole.","authors":"Alaa Hseiky, Małgorzata M Lipowska, Edyta T Sadowska, Alicja Józkowicz, Witold N Nowak, Paweł Koteja","doi":"10.1242/jeb.250698","DOIUrl":"10.1242/jeb.250698","url":null,"abstract":"The adverse effects of Western diets (WDs), high in both fat and simple sugars, which contribute to obesity and related disorders, have been extensively studied in laboratory rodents, but not in non-laboratory animals, which limits the scope of conclusions. Unlike laboratory mice or rats, non-laboratory rodents that reduce body mass for winter do not become obese when fed a high-fat diet. However, it is not known whether these rodents are also resistant to the adverse effects of WDs. Here, we investigated the effects of WDs on body composition, locomotor performance and blood biochemical profile in such a rodent, the bank vole. Young voles were fed either a standard diet or one of six versions of WD (varying in fat, sucrose and cholesterol content) from the age of 21 days until adulthood, and then several morpho-physiological and biochemical traits were analyzed. Body mass, fat content and blood glucose were not elevated by WDs. Basal metabolic rate, sprint speed, endurance distance and aerobic exercise capacity were also not significantly affected by the diet. However, in the WD groups (especially in those receiving cholesterol-supplemented WD), liver and spleen mass and the concentrations of cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), non-HDL and several liver enzymes were increased, indicating hyperlipidemia and altered liver function. Bank voles appeared to be resistant to diet-induced obesity and diabetes, but not to other adverse effects of WDs, especially cholesterol-supplemented WD. Therefore, the bank vole is a promising model species to study diet-induced liver disease in lean individuals.","PeriodicalId":15786,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145033355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How long limbs reduce the energetic burden on the heart of the giraffe. 多么长的四肢减轻了长颈鹿心脏的能量负担。

IF 2.6 2区生物学

Journal of Experimental Biology Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.251092

Roger S Seymour, Edward P Snelling

{"title":"How long limbs reduce the energetic burden on the heart of the giraffe.","authors":"Roger S Seymour, Edward P Snelling","doi":"10.1242/jeb.251092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.251092","url":null,"abstract":"Adult giraffes have high mean systemic arterial blood pressure (MAP) of 200 - 250 mm Hg at heart level, which is more than twice that of most mammals. The high MAP is associated with their long neck, because gravity creates a hydrostatic pressure gradient along the carotid arteries such that every meter of height requires an additional 77 mm Hg of blood pressure at heart level, and the head can be over 2 m above the heart. The giraffe's MAP remains high regardless of posture or level of activity, so it creates a significant and unrelenting energy burden on the heart. This study quantifies that burden. Because of high MAP, the energy expenditure of the left ventricle is approximately 16% of the resting whole-body metabolic rate of an adult giraffe, compared to 9% in a normal mammal of the same body mass and a shorter neck. A numerical model is presented that varies the vertical position of the heart in a giraffe's body of fixed height and recalculates the energy used by the left ventricle. If the giraffe had evolved its height by extending the neck alone without elongating the limbs, the estimated cost would be 21%. However, the long limbs, which predate the long neck in giraffe evolution, have raised the level of the heart, thus reducing the required MAP and saving energy. The vertical distance between the heart and the erect head of adult giraffes appears to be the maximum ever evolved among terrestrial vertebrates.","PeriodicalId":15786,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145191781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0