Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Human biomonitoring of essential and toxic trace elements (heavy metals and metalloids) in urine of children, teenagers, and young adults from a Central European Cohort in the Czech Republic.","authors":"Brij Mohan Sharma, Klára Komprdová, Katarína Lörinczová, Jan Kuta, Petra Přibylová, Martin Scheringer, Ludmila Šebejová, Pavel Piler, Martin Zvonař, Jana Klánová","doi":"10.1038/s41370-024-00724-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00724-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exposure to toxic trace elements, which include metals and metalloids, can induce adverse health effects, including life-threatening diseases. Conversely, essential trace elements are vital for bodily functions, yet their excessive (or inadequate) intake may pose health risks. Therefore, identifying levels and determinants of exposure to trace elements is crucial for safeguarding human health.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present study analyzed urinary concentrations of 14 trace elements (arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, selenium, thallium, and zinc) and their exposure determinants in 711 individuals, spanning from children to young adults from a Central European population from the Czech Republic. Multivariate linear regression and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA were used to investigate exposure determinants. Estimates of 95th percentile concentrations and confidence intervals were carried out to establish reference values (RV₉₅). The study also assessed the percentage of population exceeding health-based guidance values (GVs) to gauge health risks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Young adults showed elevated toxic element concentrations, whereas children exhibited higher concentrations of essential elements. Mercury concentrations were associated with both dental amalgam filling count and seafood intake; arsenic concentrations were associated with seafood, rice, and mushroom consumption. Mushroom consumption also influenced lead concentrations. Sex differences were found for cadmium, zinc, nickel, and cobalt. Between 17.9% and 25% of the participants exceeded recommended GV for arsenic, while 2.4% to 2.8% exceeded GV for cadmium. Only one participant exceeded the GV for mercury, and none exceeded GVs for chromium and thallium. Essential trace elements' GVs were surpassed by 38% to 68.5% participants for zinc, 1.3% to 1.8% for molybdenum, and 0.2% to 0.3% for selenium.</p><p><strong>Impact: </strong>The present study examines trace element exposure in a Central European population from the Czech Republic, unveiling elevated exposure levels of toxic elements in young adults and essential elements in children. It elucidates key determinants of trace element exposure, including dietary and lifestyle indicators as well as dental amalgam fillings. Additionally, the study establishes novel reference values and a comparison with established health-based human biomonitoring guidance values, which are crucial for public health decision-making. This comprehensive biomonitoring study provides essential data to inform public health policies and interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142467132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gestational urinary concentrations of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in relation to preterm birth: the MIREC study","authors":"Jillian Ashley-Martin, Leonora Marro, James Owen, Michael M. Borghese, Tye Arbuckle, Maryse F. Bouchard, Bruce Lanphear, Mark Walker, Warren Foster, Mandy Fisher","doi":"10.1038/s41370-024-00702-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00702-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Few high-quality studies have evaluated associations between urinary glyphosate or its environmental degradate (aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)] and preterm birth (PTB).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>To quantify associations between urinary glyphosate and AMPA and preterm birth in the pan-Canadian Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study and determine if associations differ by fetal sex.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We measured first trimester urinary glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in MIREC participants who were recruited between 2008–2011 from 10 Canadian cities. Of the 1880 participants whose first trimester urine samples were analyzed for glyphosate or AMPA, 1765 delivered a singleton, live birth. Our primary outcome was preterm birth (PTB) defined as births occurring between 20 and &lt;37 weeks. Secondary outcomes were spontaneous preterm births (sPTB) and gestational age. We modelled the hazard of PTB and sPTB using discrete time survival analysis with multivariable logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR). We used multivariable linear regression models to quantify associations between analytes and gestational age. To assess effect modification by fetal sex, we stratified all models and calculated interaction terms. In the logistic regressions models we additionally calculated the relative excess risk due to interaction.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Six percent (<i>n</i> = 106) of the study population delivered preterm, and 4.7% (<i>n</i> = 83) had a spontaneous preterm birth. Median specific-gravity standardized concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA were 0.25 and 0.21 µg/L. Associations between both glyphosate or AMPA and PTB, sPTB, and gestational age centered around the null value. The adjusted ORs of PTB for each doubling of glyphosate and AMPA concentrations were 0.98 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.03) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.92, 1.06) respectively. We observed no evidence of differences by fetal sex.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>In this Canadian pregnancy cohort, neither glyphosate nor AMPA urinary concentrations was associated with PTB or reduced gestational length.</p>","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142267917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in residential soil—Houston, Texas","authors":"Leanne S. Fawkes, Weihsueh A. Chiu, Taehyun Roh, Thomas J. McDonald, Garett T. Sansom","doi":"10.1038/s41370-024-00713-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00713-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human health risk assessment increasingly recognizes the need to integrate participatory-based research, geospatial analysis, and environmental epidemiology, particularly to address contamination concerns in underserved and disadvantaged communities. Here, we demonstrate the combined application of such methods within the Greater Fifth Ward neighborhood in Northeast Houston. In particular, in tandem with community members, we collected soil samples from 193 residential sites using a complete canvassing method from July to November 2021 to characterize contaminant concentrations, focusing on heavy metals and metalloids As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Se, Ag, and Hg measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. Individual heavy metals as well as cumulative cancer and non-cancer risks were calculated for children and adults using the USEPA Regional Soil Screening Levels and benchmarks for specific land uses, such as crop growing. Soils from most sites had low or typical background levels expected in urban areas, but samples from several locations had significantly elevated lead levels (&gt;1200 mg/kg) that warrant additional examination. Geospatial analysis suggested clustering of heavy metal contaminants within one geographic area of the neighborhood. This study highlights how participatory research in underserved environmental justice communities can help characterize current conditions as well as establish priorities for future investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142267919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for widespread human exposure to food contact chemicals","authors":"Birgit Geueke, Lindsey V. Parkinson, Ksenia J. Groh, Christopher D. Kassotis, Maricel V. Maffini, Olwenn V. Martin, Lisa Zimmermann, Martin Scheringer, Jane Muncke","doi":"10.1038/s41370-024-00718-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00718-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Over 1800 food contact chemicals (FCCs) are known to migrate from food contact articles used to store, process, package, and serve foodstuffs. Many of these FCCs have hazard properties of concern, and still others have never been tested for toxicity. Humans are known to be exposed to FCCs via foods, but the full extent of human exposure to all FCCs is unknown.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>To close this important knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic overview of FCCs that have been monitored and detected in human biomonitoring studies according to a previously published protocol.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We first compared the more than 14,000 known FCCs to five biomonitoring programs and three metabolome/exposome databases. In a second step, we prioritized FCCs that have been frequently detected in food contact materials and systematically mapped the available evidence for their presence in humans.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>For 25% of the known FCCs (3601), we found evidence for their presence in humans. This includes 194 FCCs from human biomonitoring programs, with 80 of these having hazard properties of high concern. Of the 3528 FCCs included in metabolome/exposome databases, most are from the Blood Exposome Database. We found evidence for the presence in humans for 63 of the 175 prioritized FCCs included in the systematic evidence map, and 59 of the prioritized FCCs lack hazard data.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Significance</h3><p>Notwithstanding that there are also other sources of exposure for many FCCs, these data will help to prioritize FCCs of concern by linking information on migration and biomonitoring. Our results on FCCs monitored in humans are available as an interactive dashboard (FCChumon) to enable policymakers, public health researchers, and food industry decision-makers to make food contact materials and articles safer, reduce human exposure to hazardous FCCs and improve public health.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Impact statement</h3><p>We present systematically compiled evidence on human exposure to 3601 food contact chemicals (FCCs) and highlight FCCs that are of concern because of their known hazard properties. Further, we identify relevant data gaps for FCCs found in food contact materials and foods. This article improves the understanding of food contact materials’ contribution to chemical exposure for the human population and highlights opportunities for improving public health.</p><figure></figure>","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142267920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is home where the heat is? comparing residence-based with mobility-based measures of heat exposure in San Diego, California","authors":"Michael D. Garber, Anaïs Teyton, Marta M. Jankowska, Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar, David Rojas-Rueda, Antony Barja-Ingaruca, Tarik Benmarhnia","doi":"10.1038/s41370-024-00715-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00715-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Heat can vary spatially within an urban area. Individual-level heat exposure may thus depend on an individual’s day-to-day travel patterns (also called mobility patterns or activity space), yet heat exposure is commonly measured based on place of residence.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>In this study, we compared measures assessing exposure to two heat indicators using place of residence with those defined considering participants’ day-to-day mobility patterns.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Participants (<i>n</i> = 599; aged 35-80 years old [mean =59 years]) from San Diego County, California wore a GPS device to measure their day-to-day travel over 14-day intervals between 2014-10-17 and 2017-10-06. We measured exposure to two heat indicators (land-surface temperature [LST] and air temperature) using an approach considering their mobility patterns and an approach considering only their place of residence. We compared participant mean and maximum exposure values from each method for each indicator.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The overall mobility-based mean LST exposure (34.7 °C) was almost equivalent to the corresponding residence-based mean (34.8 °C; mean difference in means = −0.09 °C). Similarly, the mean difference between the overall mobility-based mean air temperature exposure (19.2 °C) and the corresponding residence-based mean (19.2 °C) was negligible (−0.02 °C). Meaningful differences emerged, however, when comparing maximums, particularly for LST. The mean mobility-based maximum LST was 40.3 °C compared with a mean residence-based maximum of 35.8 °C, a difference of 4.51 °C. The difference in maximums was considerably smaller for air temperature (mean = 0.40 °C; SD = 1.41 °C) but nevertheless greater than the corresponding difference in means.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Impact</h3><p>As the climate warms, assessment of heat exposure both at and away from home is important for understanding its health impacts. We compared two approaches to estimate exposure to two heat measures (land surface temperature and air temperature). The first approach only considered exposure at home, and the second considered day-to-day travel. Considering the average exposure estimated by each approach, the results were almost identical. Considering the maximum exposure experienced (specific definition in text), the differences between the two approaches were more considerable, especially for land surface temperature.</p>","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of mixture methods in epidemiological studies investigating the health impact of persistent organic pollutants exposures: a scoping review","authors":"Shudi Pan, Zhenjiang Li, Bruna Rubbo, Victoria Quon-Chow, Jiawen Carmen Chen, Brittney O. Baumert, Erika Garcia, Max T. Aung, David V. Conti, Lida Chatzi","doi":"10.1038/s41370-024-00717-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00717-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are environmental chemicals characterized by long half-lives in nature and human bodies, posing significant health risks. The concept of the exposome, encompassing all lifetime environmental exposures, underscores the importance of studying POP as mixtures rather than in isolation. The increasing body of evidence on the health impacts of POP mixtures necessitates the proper application of statistical methods.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>We aimed to summarize studies on the overall effects of POP mixtures, identify patterns in applications of mixture methods—statistical methods for investigating the association of mixtures—and highlight current challenges in synthesizing epidemiologic evidence of POP mixtures on health effects as illustrated through a case study.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We conducted a systematic literature search on PubMed and Embase for epidemiological studies published between January 2011 and April 2023.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>We included 240 studies that met our eligibility criteria. 126 studies focused on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) mixtures only, while 40 analyzed three or more classes of POPs in mixture analyses. We identified 23 unique mixture methods used to estimate the overall effects of POP mixtures, with Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR), a type of response-surface modeling, being the most common. Additionally, 22.9% of studies used a combination of methods, including response-surface modeling, index modeling, dimension reduction, and latent variable models. The most extensively explored health outcome category was body weight and birth sizes (<i>n</i> = 43), and neurological outcomes (<i>n</i> = 41). In the case study of PFAS mixtures and birth weight, 12 studies showed negative associations, while 4 showed null results, and 2 showed positive associations.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Impact Statement</h3><ul>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>This scoping review consolidates the existing literature on the overall effects of POP mixtures using statistical methods. By providing a comprehensive overview, our study illuminates the present landscape of knowledge in this field and underscores the methodological hurdles prevalent in epidemiological studies focused on POP mixtures. Through this analysis, we aim to steer future research directions, fostering a more nuanced comprehension of the intricate dynamics involved in assessing the health effects of POP mixtures. Our work stands as a significant contribution to the ongoing exploration of the chemical exposome.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000</ul>","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personal air sampling for pesticides in the California San Joaquin Valley","authors":"Deborah H. Bennett, Jane Sellen, Rebecca Moran, Christopher P. Alaimo, Thomas M. Young","doi":"10.1038/s41370-024-00708-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00708-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>California is a leading agricultural state and with that, has significant applications of pesticides. Levels of exposure have been measured to be higher among residents in agricultural areas, but measures of personal inhalation exposure to a wide range of pesticides are lacking. Community members in the San Joaquin Valley have expressed concern over pesticide exposures. Working with community members, a wide range of pesticides in personal air samples were measured.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Adult and school-aged participants were recruited from small agricultural towns in the San Joaquin Valley. Participants wore a backpack sampler for 8–14 h on 1–3 days. Samples were collected on two tubes, one with Tenax-TA resin and the other with XAD-2 resin. In total, 21 pesticides were analyzed using both LC/MS and GC/MS methods.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Thirty-one adult participants and 11 school aged participants were recruited, and sampling occurred on a total of 92 days. Seven adults, 22% of adult participants, and one school child had detectable levels of at least one pesticide. Pesticides detected above the limit of detection were 1,3-dichloropropene, chlorpyrifos, pyrimethanil, burprofezin and penthiopyrad. When these samples were collected, chlorpyrifos was not permitted to be used in California.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Impact statement</h3><ul>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>California, a leading agricultural state, has significant pesticide use, leading to concern about exposures among community members. Thirty-one adult and 11 school aged participants wore personal air sampling backpacks from 1–3 days. Twenty-two percent of adult participants had detectable levels of at least one pesticide. Two pesticides with established toxicity, 1,3-dichloropropene and chlorpyrifos were detected, along with first time measurements of pyrimethanil, burprofezin and penthiopyrad in the United States, which all have potential indications of toxicity. This study suggests the need to expand which pesticides are measured in agricultural communities.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000</ul>","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of geospatial exposure models and approaches for health data integration","authors":"Lara P. Clark, Daniel Zilber, Charles Schmitt, David C. Fargo, David M. Reif, Alison A. Motsinger-Reif, Kyle P. Messier","doi":"10.1038/s41370-024-00712-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00712-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Geospatial methods are common in environmental exposure assessments and increasingly integrated with health data to generate comprehensive models of environmental impacts on public health.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>Our objective is to review geospatial exposure models and approaches for health data integration in environmental health applications.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We conduct a literature review and synthesis.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>First, we discuss key concepts and terminology for geospatial exposure data and models. Second, we provide an overview of workflows in geospatial exposure model development and health data integration. Third, we review modeling approaches, including proximity-based, statistical, and mechanistic approaches, across diverse exposure types, such as air quality, water quality, climate, and socioeconomic factors. For each model type, we provide descriptions, general equations, and example applications for environmental exposure assessment. Fourth, we discuss the approaches used to integrate geospatial exposure data and health data, such as methods to link data sources with disparate spatial and temporal scales. Fifth, we describe the landscape of open-source tools supporting these workflows.</p>","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastic induced urinary tract disease and dysfunction: a scoping review.","authors":"Liam O'Callaghan, Matthew Olsen, Lotti Tajouri, Davinia Beaver, Carly Hudson, Rashed Alghafri, Simon McKirdy, Adrian Goldsworthy","doi":"10.1038/s41370-024-00709-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00709-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In 2019 the World Health Organisation published a report which concluded microplastics in drinking water did not present a threat to human health. Since this time a plethora of research has emerged demonstrating the presence of plastic in various organ systems and their deleterious pathophysiological effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A scoping review was undertaken in line with recommendations from the Johanna Briggs Institute. Five databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, Web of Science and EMBASE) were systematically searched in addition to a further grey literature search.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighteen articles were identified, six of which investigated and characterised the presence of microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) in the human urinary tract. Microplastics were found to be present in kidney, urine and bladder cancer samples. Twelve articles investigated the effect of MNPs on human cell lines associated with the human urinary tract. These articles suggest MNPs have a cytotoxic effect, increase inflammation, decrease cell viability and alter mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signalling pathways.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given the reported presence MNPs in human tissues and organs, these plastics may have potential health implications in bladder disease and dysfunction. As a result, institutions such as the World Health Organisation need to urgently re-evaluate their position on the threat of microplastics to public health.</p><p><strong>Impact statement: </strong>This scoping review highlights the rapidly emerging threat of microplastic contamination within the human urinary tract, challenging the World Health Organisation's assertion that microplastics pose no risk to public health. The documented cytotoxic effects of microplastics, alongside their ability to induce inflammation, reduce cell viability and disrupt signalling pathways, raise significant public health concerns relating to bladder cancer, chronic kidney disease, chronic urinary tract infections and incontinence. As a result, this study emphasises the pressing need for further research and policy development to address the challenges surrounding microplastic contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142107979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using geographic effect measure modification to examine socioeconomic-related surface temperature disparities in New York City.","authors":"Nadav L Sprague, Stephen P Uong, Nora C Kelsall, Ahuva L Jacobowitz, James W Quinn, Katherine M Keyes, Andrew G Rundle","doi":"10.1038/s41370-024-00714-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41370-024-00714-6","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Lower socioeconomic (SES) communities are more likely to be situated in urban heat islands and have higher heat exposures than their higher SES counterparts, and this inequality is expected to intensify due to climate change.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To examine the relationship between surface temperatures and SES in New York City (NYC) by employing a novel analytical approach. Through incorporating modifiable features, this study aims to identify potential locations where mitigation interventions can be implemented to reduce heat disparities associated with SES.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Using the 2013-2017 American Community Survey, U.S Landsat-8 Analysis Ready Data surface temperatures (measured on 8/12/2016), and the NYC Land Cover Dataset at the census tract level (2098 tracts), this study examines the association between two components of tract-level SES (percentage of individuals living below the poverty line and the percentage of individuals without a high school degree) and summer day surface temperature in NYC. First, we examine this association with an unrestricted NYC linear regression, examining the city-wide association between the two SES facets and summer surface temperature, with additional models adjusting for altitude, shoreline, and nature-cover. Then, we assess geographic effect measure modification by employing the same models to three supplemental regression model strategies (borough-restricted and community district-restricted linear regressions, and geographically weighted regression (GWR)) that examined associations within smaller intra-city areas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;All regression strategies identified areas where lower neighborhood SES composition is associated with higher summer day surface temperatures. The unrestricted NYC regressions revealed widespread disparities, while the borough-restricted and community district-restricted regressions identified specific political boundaries within which these disparities existed. The GWR, addressing spatial autocorrelation, identified significant socioeconomic heat disparities in locations such as northwest Bronx, central Brooklyn, and uptown Manhattan. These findings underscore the need for targeted policies and community interventions, including equitable urban planning and cooling strategies, to mitigate heat exposure in vulnerable neighborhoods.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Impact statement: &lt;/strong&gt;This study redefines previous research on urban socioeconomic disparities in heat exposure by investigating both modifiable (nature cover) and non-modifiable (altitude and shoreline) built environment factors affecting local temperatures at the census tract level in New York City. Through a novel analytical approach, the research aims to highlight intervention opportunities to mitigate heat disparities related to socioeconomic status. By examining the association between surface temperatures and socioeconomic status, as well as in","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142046706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}