Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in breast milk and early life exposure for infants in the United States","authors":"Marnie F. Hazlehurst, Chenglin Liu, Guomao Zheng, Meghan Koch, Erika Schreder, Amina Salamova, Sheela Sathyanarayana","doi":"10.1038/s41370-026-00844-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41370-026-00844-z","url":null,"abstract":"Breastfeeding can be a source of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) for infants, but limited information exists on exposure to commonly used chemicals such as melamine and bisphenols in nursing infants in the US. We aimed to measure a suite of EDCs in breast milk and evaluate exposure of nursing infants to these chemicals. We analyzed EDCs in breast milk samples collected from 50 women in Seattle, Washington during 2019, including melamine, cyanuric acid, ammeline, ammelide, bisphenol A (BPA), 4-hydroxyphenyl sulfone (BPS), 4,4′-methylenediphenol, (4,4′-hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphenol, fluorene-9-bisphenol, and triclosan. We examined associations of infant age at sample collection and maternal characteristics with log10-transformed chemical concentrations using linear regression. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of each chemical through breast milk was calculated for infants 0–12 months old using our sample median chemical concentrations. We frequently detected (62–92%) melamine, cyanuric acid, BPA, BPS, and triclosan in breast milk. Median concentrations were 0.48 ng/mL melamine, 0.59 ng/mL cyanuric acid, 0.311 ng/mL BPA, 0.012 ng/mL BPS, and 0.072 ng/mL triclosan. Older infant age (>6 versus <6 months) was associated with lower melamine concentrations (-0.41, 95% CI: −0.80, −0.01). Maternal obesity was associated with higher BPA (0.68, 95% CI: 0.14, 1.23) and maternal overweight with higher triclosan (0.43, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.80). Other associations with participant characteristics were suggestive but not statistically significant. EDIs for infants in the average exposure scenario ranged by infant age from 40.3 to 72.8 ng/kg-bodyweight/day for melamine and 86.5–156 ng/kg-bodyweight/day for BPA. We frequently detected melamine, cyanuric acid, BPA, BPS, and triclosan in breast milk. EDIs through breastfeeding were generally higher than for other exposure pathways (e.g., dermal uptake, dust ingestion or inhalation), and more work is needed to understand potential health effects of chronic infant exposures to even low levels of these ubiquitous chemicals through breast milk. This study adds to the limited research to date on endocrine-disrupting chemicals in breast milk, exposure among nursing infants in the US, and differences by infant and maternal characteristics, to further inform cumulative exposure assessment in infants and regulatory thresholds. Melamine, cyanuric acid, BPA, BPS, and triclosan were detected with high frequency in breast milk samples in our study, and our study suggests that breast milk is an important exposure pathway for these chemicals among nursing infants. Given the importance of breastfeeding for infant health, our study highlights the need to investigate potential health effects of these chronic exposures.","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"36 3","pages":"550-558"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147795271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental health in crisis—who do we want to be?","authors":"Jane E. Clougherty","doi":"10.1038/s41370-026-00877-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41370-026-00877-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"36 3","pages":"423-424"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-026-00877-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147619377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generic formulations: availability and applicability for exposure assessment","authors":"Rosemary T. Zaleski, Andreas Ahrens, Richard A. Becker, Kristin Isaacs, Katherine Phillips","doi":"10.1038/s41370-025-00837-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41370-025-00837-4","url":null,"abstract":"Generic formulations (GFs), representations of the composition of consumer and industrial products based upon function rather than specific substances, can be useful tools for exposure and risk assessors. They provide a way to share the information needed for screening assessments of product safety without disclosing specific product formulations. GFs provide a structure for organizing the product/process type and associated qualitative and quantitative chemical ingredient information. This perspective seeks to explain and highlight how GFs can be useful in exposure and risk evaluation, provides examples of GF information sources, and offers suggestions for further development of GFs. The primary emphasis here is on available information for industrial products, as this space is historically data-poor with respect to publicly available GF information. Publicly accessible GF references were located and mapped to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) harmonized use categories. Authors’ personal knowledge of sources of GFs played a key role because a great deal of GF-related information is embedded within spreadsheets or documents posted on the European Chemical Agency (ECHA) website or websites of commercial enterprises, and these sources may not be readily identified using typical internet or literature search strategies. Industrial GF information was found for 13 of 20 OECD use categories, but only for 20 of 91 OECD product-subcategory combinations. Limitations in findability and disparity in availability across sources support the value of developing common, consistent practices and platforms across stakeholder communities for sharing GFs and other exposure-relevant information. This paper highlights available data, makes the case for systematic development and public availability of GF data, and explains the benefits of having this information available for various user sectors.","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"36 3","pages":"479-489"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-025-00837-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147470801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of on-road mobile monitoring design on ultrafine particle exposure models and cognitive health inferences","authors":"Magali N. Blanco, Annie Doubleday, Adam A. Szpiro, Julian D. Marshall, Paul K. Crane, Lianne Sheppard","doi":"10.1038/s41370-026-00845-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41370-026-00845-y","url":null,"abstract":"On-road mobile monitoring is increasingly used to assess air pollution, but the implications of monitoring and analytic decisions on exposure prediction and health inferences remain unclear. This study evaluated the influence of on-road monitoring approaches in environmental epidemiology, specifically ultrafine particle (UFP) exposures and late-life cognitive function. We used data from a Seattle-based mobile monitoring campaign to develop a reference roadside UFP exposure model based on repeated measurements at 309 roadside locations and examine associations with cognitive function (Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument—Item Response Theory [CASI-IRT]), in the Adult Changes in Thought cohort (N = 5283). To evaluate alternative designs, we subsampled on-road UFP measurements collected along 600 km of roadways, varying location visit frequencies, spatial balancing, and sampling times. New UFP models, some incorporating temporal and plume adjustments, were developed using universal kriging with partial least squares and used to estimate associations between UFP and CASI-IRT, after adjusting for age, year, sex, education, race, and socioeconomic status. Using the reference exposure model in the primary health model, the mean baseline CASI-IRT score increased by 0.007 (95% CI: –0.013, 0.027) per 1900 pt/cm³ increment in PNC. Associations were similar but relatively attenuated for all on-road sampling designs. Route-based sampling (which accounted for logistical field constraints and spatiotemporal correlation in the data) and very short (4- vs 12-visit) campaigns produced more variable health estimates. Applying temporal and plume adjustments had a minimal impact on the inferential results. In analyses where no association was observed between UFP and cognitive function, the on-road monitoring design produced similar but slightly attenuated point estimates. Secondary analyses with a reduced health model, which indicated a statistically significant but potentially confounded association, suggest that on-road design—particularly monitoring beyond weekday business hours—may have greater implications in other contexts. Mobile monitoring is increasingly used to develop air pollution exposure models, yet the influence of monitoring design on health inferences remains unclear. Using extensive ultrafine particle (UFP) data from a monitoring campaign and health measures from a long-standing cohort study, we assess how on-road campaigns can be designed for epidemiologic research. We evaluate the effects of visit number, spatial balance, time selection, temporal adjustment methods, and plume adjustments on exposure and health models, providing guidance for mobile monitoring design in air pollution health research.","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"36 3","pages":"575-584"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-026-00845-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147373757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Narrative review of wildfire smoke interventions: considering the unique vulnerabilities of children and pregnant individuals","authors":"Tessa Wardle, Amal Syed, Leona D. Scanlan, Priyanka Saxena, Rupa Basu, Stephanie Holm, Mark D. Miller","doi":"10.1038/s41370-026-00847-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41370-026-00847-w","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to wildfire smoke is becoming more common due to climate change. The effects of wildfire smoke can be more pronounced in high-risk populations, including children and pregnant individuals. This review summarizes literature on interventions that can help minimize wildfire smoke exposure, with a focus on children and pregnant individuals. We reviewed English-language papers published before September 2024 by searching PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. We limited the review to studies focused on wildfire smoke, but did not limit it to studies focused on children, birth outcomes, or pregnancy. We reviewed 26 studies related to wildfire smoke interventions. Our review of 17 studies on staying indoors and air filtration indicated that staying indoors with added filtration has the potential to offer the best protection from wildfire smoke if certain conditions are met. To protect children and pregnant individuals, air purifiers should be located where they spend most of their time, such as bedrooms, classrooms, doctors’ offices, or workplaces. Outdoor physical activity should be limited during wildfire smoke events, based on four studies on physical exertion. AQI-based activity guidelines can help school districts and healthcare providers make decisions to protect children’s and pregnant people’s health. Based on reviewing eight studies on masking, if people must be outdoors, wearing a well-fitted N95 mask can offer the best protection; protection offered by other mask types can still be better than none. This paper summarizes recent literature on interventions that can help minimize wildfire smoke exposure, with a focus on children and pregnant individuals. In considering public health recommendations for wildfire smoke protection, it is important to provide focused advice for more vulnerable populations while considering the latest relevant research. This is especially important in the face of climate change, with worsening fire seasons that can expose large swaths of the population to hazardous levels of wildfire smoke for days to weeks at a time.","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"36 3","pages":"559-574"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147373763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using wearable devices to measure personal heat exposure in a preconception cohort","authors":"Emma L. Gause, Andrea S. Kuriyama, Kipruto Kirwa, Keith R. Spangler, Perry Hystad, Gregory A. Wellenius, Lauren A. Wise, Amelia K. Wesselink","doi":"10.1038/s41370-026-00846-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41370-026-00846-x","url":null,"abstract":"Heat is a risk factor for several adverse pregnancy outcomes. Most epidemiologic studies use outdoor air temperature as a proxy for personal heat exposure, but outdoor measures may not reflect personally experienced temperature. We conducted a personal heat monitoring sub-study within a preconception cohort to describe personal heat exposure, evaluate the correlation between personal and outdoor temperatures, and investigate factors that explain observed variation in correlations. Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO) is a web-based preconception cohort study of pregnancy planners. We used wearable monitors to collect up to 1 month of personal temperature and humidity data every 10 min from 152 participants living in the contiguous U.S. in May–October of 2021 and 2023. We calculated personal daily heat metrics, including temperature and heat index, to measure the intensity, frequency, and duration of heat exposure. We compared individual metrics to residence-based outdoor temperatures and estimated Spearman correlation coefficients across and within participants. Finally, we stratified distributions of within-person correlations by time spent outdoors, home air conditioning (AC) use, neighborhood median income, and climate region. Participants resided in 40 states, and most (94%) had access to AC at home. The median daily personal mean temperature was 22.9 °C (IQR: 21.7–24.0). Four percent of participants’ temperature readings exceeded a local extreme heat threshold (>90th county percentile). The correlation between daily mean personal and outdoor temperatures was low in the full cohort (r = 0.33), as was the median within-participant correlation (r = 0.34; IQR: 0.08–0.57). Time spent outdoors and AC use only modestly explained variability in these correlations. In this U.S.-based pregnancy planning cohort, personal temperatures were generally moderate, although some participants experienced brief exposures to extreme heat. Personal and outdoor temperatures were not highly correlated, and variability in within-participant correlations was not appreciably explained by measured factors. In this US-based preconception cohort, metrics of personal heat exposure were not highly correlated with heat exposure metrics derived from outdoor temperature at the residence. Although some participants experienced brief exposures to extreme heat, the results suggest that most participants achieved adequate climate control much of the time. Variation in the correlation between personal and outdoor temperatures was not appreciably explained by hypothesized factors. Even in a population with resources to mitigate heat exposure, some individuals still had short-duration exposures to extremely high temperatures.","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"36 3","pages":"540-549"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147322625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between greenspace exposure before, during, and after pregnancy and autism spectrum disorder in offspring","authors":"Bethsaida Cardona, Hayon Michelle Choi, Kristen Lyall, Jaime E. Hart, Peter James, Marc G. Weisskopf","doi":"10.1038/s41370-025-00834-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41370-025-00834-7","url":null,"abstract":"Greenspace exposure in the period surrounding pregnancy may influence autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk in offspring by reducing risk factors or mitigating effects through various pathways. Current research is limited but suggestive. We explored the association between greenspace exposure during pregnancy and ASD risk, assessing potential periods of susceptibility: 3 months preconception; first, second, and third trimester; and 3 months post-birth. We conducted a nested case-control study within the Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII), a US prospective cohort followed up biennially. Cases were children of NHSII participants who were maternally reported to have ASD (n = 245). Controls were randomly selected from the full cohort and frequency matched to cases by birth year (n = 1526). Greenspace exposure was assessed using the satellite-based normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measured within 270 m and 1230 m radial buffers of the residential address of participants. Temporally matched, time-linked NDVI was used to calculate greenspace exposure for each potential period of susceptibility. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression models were applied to obtain effect estimates. Greenspace exposure during pregnancy was inversely associated with ASD risk when NDVI was measured within a 270 m radial buffer of the residential address. Specifically, an interquartile range (0.144) increase in NDVI during the first trimester decreased the odds of ASD by 25% (odds ratio=0.75, 95% confidence interval: 0.56, 0.99) in a model adjusting for other time periods of exposure. There was no other 3-month exposure period significantly associated with ASD. Adjusting for PM2.5 did not change results. The analysis of NDVI measured within a 1230 m radial buffer showed weaker and inconsistent associations. This study found that greenspace exposure during pregnancy was inversely associated with ASD, with the first trimester being a critical exposure period. Implications for urban and city design provide compelling reasons to increase research in this field. Ours is the first study to report an inverse association between greenspace exposure during pregnancy and autism spectrum disorder risk in offspring that was specific to the first trimester. An interquartile range increase in satellite-based normalized difference vegetation index exposure (0.114) within a 270 m radial buffer of the residential address decreased the odds of ASD by 25% (odds ratio=0.75, 95% confidence interval: 0.56, 0.99). Future research is warranted to confirm these findings in other populations and explore the pathways by which greenspace may mitigate risk. Implications for urban and city design provide compelling reasons to increase research in this field.","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"36 3","pages":"585-593"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-025-00834-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147319414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater quality and hypertension in India: addressing misclassification and predictive accuracy in Biswas et al.","authors":"Tianfei Yu, Jing Yuan, Yang Xiang, Ming Li","doi":"10.1038/s41370-026-00843-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41370-026-00843-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"36 3","pages":"613-614"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146208431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understudied PFAS precursors dominate household dust: insights from a pilot study in Rochester, NY","authors":"Alina M. McIntyre, Julia O. Udesky, Katrina S. Korfmacher, Chunjie Xia, Staci L. Capozzi, Marta Venier, Jennifer L. Ohayon, Laurel A. Schaider, Robin E. Dodson","doi":"10.1038/s41370-026-00841-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41370-026-00841-2","url":null,"abstract":"Indoor exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may contribute substantially to total PFAS exposure, yet few studies characterize indoor concentrations of precursor PFAS. We conducted a pilot study targeting 46 ionic and neutral PFAS in vacuumed dust from 20 low-income owner-occupied homes in Rochester, New York. Forty-three PFAS were detected; polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), and perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were detected in every sample. The highest median concentrations were 6:2 diPAP (755 ng/g), 6:2 FTOH (77.5 ng/g), and 6:2/8:2 diPAP (36.2 ng/g). Median PFAS concentrations differed by housing characteristics, although not significantly, with higher concentrations of PFCAs and lower PAPs in carpeted homes, and higher FOSEs, PFCAs, and PFSAs in homes with more upholstered furniture. Under-studied PFAS, including important precursors, are prevalent in the indoor environment, and their levels are linked to housing characteristics. The ubiquity of PFAS mixtures indoors supports the need for class-based regulation.","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"36 3","pages":"504-510"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146196326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dried blood spot-based monitoring of immune and epigenetic biomarkers in occupational exposure studies","authors":"Evi De Ryck, Eva-Maria Hoornaert, Yanthe Buntinx, Eline Verscheure, Michelle C. Turner, Anjoeka Pronk, Peter HM Hoet, Lode Godderis, Manosij Ghosh","doi":"10.1038/s41370-026-00842-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41370-026-00842-1","url":null,"abstract":"Self-sampling of biomaterials is an important means for continuous remote occupational surveillance. Recently, we presented an overview of different self-sampling methods for occupational research. Dried blood spots (DBS), urine, saliva and oral buccal cells were matrices of choice for rapid, minimally invasive sample collection for analysis of a wide range of biomarkers. We set up pilot studies to optimise a suitable workflow for minimally invasive matrices in different occupational setups. A two-phase pilot study was conducted. In Phase 1, DBS samples were collected from 40 healthy participants according to written and video-recorded protocols. Samples were received intact and without visible damage. We surveyed participants on aspects related to ease of self-sampling and clarity of instructions. In Phase 2, a study of 15 participants, we further refined the protocols to characterise global DNA methylation, oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG), and immunoarrays (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, TNF-α, and CRP) in DBS and dried plasma spots (DPS) and assessed the effect of sample storage duration and shipment (stored immediately, and after one, two, four and six weeks). DBS samples were used to optimise the DNA extraction protocol, which yielded good-quality DNA. We showed the stability for most of the markers up to six weeks. A large number of immune markers could be detected in DBS- and DPS-derived samples, and proteomics was feasible. With this study, we confirmed that minimally invasive techniques for good-quality biological sample collection are available for use in future occupational studies. This study establishes a robust framework for minimally invasive self-sampling in occupational health research, demonstrating the feasibility of dried blood and plasma spots for high-quality analysis of proteomic, immune, and DNA biomarkers. These methods support scalable, remote, and longitudinal biomolecular surveillance across diverse work environments. Evaluating biomarker stability is essential, as room temperature storage can affect data integrity. Our findings confirm robust proteomic profiling, stable DNA methylation markers, and promising immune marker detection, reinforcing the potential of dried blood spots for reliable long-term health monitoring.","PeriodicalId":15684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"36 3","pages":"531-539"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146196369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}