乌干达坎帕拉的空气质量和城市居民的可归因死亡率:使用 BAM 1022 参考仪器对 PM2.5 浓度进行 4 年连续监测的结果。

IF 4.1 3区 医学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Lynn M Atuyambe, Samuel Etajak, Felix Walyawula, Simon Kasasa, Agnes Nyabigambo, William Bazeyo, Heather Wipfli, Jonathan M Samet, Kiros T Berhane
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引用次数: 0

摘要

背景:空气污染是导致非传染性疾病的一个已知风险因素,在全球范围内造成大量过早死亡。城市的快速发展、生物质和固体废物的焚烧、未铺设路面的公路网路段、车辆数量的增加(其中一些车辆的发动机污染严重),都是造成坎帕拉空气质量差的原因:目的:对坎帕拉市空气污染导致的死亡率进行循证估算,重点关注环境细颗粒物(PM2.5):我们采用时间序列设计,利用乌干达坎帕拉市的贝塔衰减监测仪(BAM-1022),以微克/立方米(μg/m3)为单位,前瞻性地收集了每日环境 PM2.5 浓度水平的数据。我们将 PM2.5 数据与从乌干达统计局和坎帕拉卫生部获得的全因死亡率数据相结合。我们使用世界卫生组织的 AirQ+ 工具计算了死亡率的可归因风险估计值:总体而言,2018-2021 年这 4 年间的 PM2.5 年平均浓度为 39 μg/m3。存在季节性变化,雨季月份(3 月至 6 月和 10 月至 12 月)的数值较低。PM2.5 浓度往往在上午(9 时)和晚上(21 时)最高,这可能是由于车辆排放增加以及天气模式(大气温度、相对湿度和风)的影响。周六的污染最严重(4 年来的日平均值为 41.2 微克/立方米)。关于可归因风险,我们发现,在坎帕拉的所有死亡案例中,从2018年到2021年,分别有2777例(19.3%)、2136例(17.9%)、1281例(17.9%)和1063例(19.8%)可归因于长期暴露于空气污染(即暴露于PM2.5浓度高于世卫组织年度指导值5微克/立方米)。在这 4 年中,以世界卫生组织的年度指导值为参考,坎帕拉市共有 7257 人死于空气污染:我们的研究首次估算了坎帕拉市因空气污染导致的死亡人数,并以世界卫生组织 PM2.5 年度指导值 5 μg/m3 为目标。我们的监测数据显示,坎帕拉的细颗粒物空气污染超过了世界卫生组织的空气质量指导值,可能会对健康造成严重不良影响并导致过早死亡。虽然有必要进一步监测,但显然有必要采取控制措施来改善坎帕拉市的空气质量。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

Air quality and attributable mortality among city dwellers in Kampala, Uganda: results from 4 years of continuous PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration monitoring using BAM 1022 reference instrument.

Air quality and attributable mortality among city dwellers in Kampala, Uganda: results from 4 years of continuous PM2.5 concentration monitoring using BAM 1022 reference instrument.

Background: Air pollution is a known risk factor for non-communicable diseases that causes substantial premature death globally. Rapid urban growth, burning of biomass and solid waste, unpaved sections of the road network, rising numbers of vehicles, some with highly polluting engines, contribute to the poor air quality in Kampala.

Objective: To provide evidence-based estimates of air pollution attributable mortality in Kampala city, with focus on ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5).

Methods: We utilized a time series design and prospectively collected data on daily ambient PM2.5 concentration levels in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3) using a Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM-1022) in Kampala city, Uganda. We combined the PM2.5 data with all-cause mortality data obtained from the Uganda Bureau of Statistics and the Ministry of Health in Kampala. We calculated attributable risk estimates for mortality using the WHO AirQ+ tools.

Results: Overall, the annual average concentration for PM2.5 for the period of 4 years, 2018-2021, was 39 μg/m3. There was seasonal variation, with the rainy season months (March-June and October-December) having lower values. PM2.5 concentrations tend to be highest in the morning (09.00 h) and in the evening (21.00 h.) likely due to increased vehicular emissions as well as the influence of weather patterns (atmospheric temperature, relative humidity and wind). Saturday has the most pollution (daily average over 4 years of 41.2 μg/m3). Regarding attributable risk, we found that of all the deaths in Kampala, 2777 (19.3%), 2136 (17.9%), 1281 (17.9%) and 1063 (19.8%) were attributable to long-term exposure to air pollution (i.e., exposure to PM2.5 concentrations above the WHO annual guideline of 5 μg/m3) from 2018 to 2021, respectively. For the 4 years and considering the WHO annual guideline as the reference, there were 7257 air pollution-related deaths in Kampala city.

Impact: Our study is the first to estimate air pollution attributable deaths in Kampala city considering the target as the WHO annual guideline value for PM2.5 of 5 μg/m3. Our monitoring data show that fine particulate matter air pollution in Kampala is above the WHO Air Quality Guideline value, likely resulting in substantial adverse health effects and premature death. While further monitoring is necessary, there is a clear need for control measures to improve air quality in Kampala city.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
8.90
自引率
6.70%
发文量
93
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (JESEE) aims to be the premier and authoritative source of information on advances in exposure science for professionals in a wide range of environmental and public health disciplines. JESEE publishes original peer-reviewed research presenting significant advances in exposure science and exposure analysis, including development and application of the latest technologies for measuring exposures, and innovative computational approaches for translating novel data streams to characterize and predict exposures. The types of papers published in the research section of JESEE are original research articles, translation studies, and correspondence. Reported results should further understanding of the relationship between environmental exposure and human health, describe evaluated novel exposure science tools, or demonstrate potential of exposure science to enable decisions and actions that promote and protect human health.
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