Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology最新文献

{"title":"Relationship between reaction time variability on go/no go tasks and neuropsychological functioning in younger and older adults.","authors":"Naotoshi Kimura, Daisuke Hirano, Hana Yano, Keita Taniguchi, Takamichi Taniguchi","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2024.2319266","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2024.2319266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Early detection of cognitive impairment in older adults is important for the prevention of dementia. Intra-individual variability in reaction time (IIV-RT) during go/no-go tasks can be used for the early detection of cognitive impairment in older adults living in the community. This study aimed to determine the relationship between IIV-RT and cognitive function during go/no-go tasks and the cutoff values for determining the risk of cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 31 older adults without cognitive impairment, 15 community-dwelling older adults with cognitive impairment, and 34 healthy young adults. All participants performed a go/no-go task to assess the IIV-RT. Additionally, older adults underwent neuropsychological testing. Based on the results of the Japanese version of the Montreal Test of Cognitive Abilities (MoCA-J), older adults were divided into those with normal cognition and those with cognitive impairment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were significant differences in the IIV-RT among groups, including a higher IIV in the cognitively impaired group than in young adults and cognitively normal older adults. Moreover, the IIV-RT was correlated with the MoCA-J (<i>r</i> =  -0.531, <i>p</i> < 0.001), Trail Making Test Part A (<i>r</i> = 0.571, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and Verbal Fluency Test scores (<i>r</i> =  -0.442, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Receiver operating curve analysis showed that the area under the curve for IIV-RT was 0.935, and the cutoff value at which the IIV-RT identified cognitive impairment was 25.37%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings indicate that the IIV-RT during go/no-go tasks is a useful early indicator of cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139899996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relevance of neurocognition in chronic pain syndrome: a systematic and methodical approach.","authors":"Janna Schmidt, Michael Fritz, Matthias Weisbrod","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2024.2314732","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2024.2314732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Subjective and objective deficits in neurocognitive domains are well-documented in patients with chronic pain. However, neurocognitive deficits have not been investigated consistently. The main objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of self-rated and objectively assessed cognitive differences between patients with chronic pain (CP) and healthy controls (HC).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The cognitive functioning of 40 CP and 41 HC was assessed using a standardized computer-based test battery, enabling a comparison of subjective and objective neurocognitive factors. To achieve this, the Vienna Test System (VTS) was utilized, incorporating standardized tests from the Cognitive Basic Assessment Battery (COGBAT) with the advantage of objectivity, reliability, validity, efficiency, utility, and standardization. This approach enables the evaluation of cognitive functioning across all pertinent domains.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CP reported cognitive deficits in overall performance as well as specific functions, such as attention, memory, and executive functions. Across all neurocognitive domains, CP showed a poorer performance. Affected subdomains of attention were intensity and selectivity of attention. Lower performance was found also in concentration performance, obtaining and overview, visual orientation performance and reactive stress tolerance. Regarding memory, CP performed worse in figural episodic memory and recognition tasks. In addition, CP exhibited poorer performance in mental flexibility, working memory, planning ability, and inhibition as components of executive functioning, when compared to HC.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CP expressed subjective cognitive deficits and demonstrated impaired neurocognitive performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139972004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional connectivity in rumination: a systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies.","authors":"Emre Mısır, Yasemin Hoşgören Alıcı, Orhan Murat Kocak","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2024.2315312","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2024.2315312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Rumination, defined as intrusive and repetitive thoughts in response to negative emotions, uncertainty, and inconsistency between goal and current situation, is a significant risk factor for depressive disorders. The rumination literature presents diverse findings on functional connectivity and shows heterogeneity in research methods. This systematic review seeks to integrate these findings and provide readers diverse perspectives.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>For this purpose, the literature on functional connectivity in rumination was reviewed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Regional connectivity and network connectivity results were scrutinized according to the presence of depression, research methods, and type of rumination. After screening 492 articles, a total of 36 studies were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that increased connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) was consistently reported. Other important findings include alterations in the connectivity between the DMN and the frontoparietal network and the salience network (SN) and impaired regulatory function of the SN. Region-level connectivity studies consistently show that increased connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex is associated with rumination, which may cause the loss of control of the frontoparietal network over self-referential processes. We have seen that the number of studies examining brooding and reflective rumination as separate dimensions are relatively limited. Although there are overlaps between the connectivity patterns of the two types of rumination in these studies, it can be thought that reflective rumination is more associated with more increased functional connectivity of the prefrontal cortex.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although there are many consistent functional connectivity outcomes associated with trait rumination, less is known about connectivity changes during state rumination. Relatively few studies have taken into account the subjective aspect of this thinking style. In order to better explain the relationship between rumination and depression, rumination induction studies during episode and remission periods of depression are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139722823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deficits in the pupillary response associated with abnormal visuospatial attention allocation in mild traumatic brain injury.","authors":"Mohammed M Alnawmasi, Sieu K Khuu","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2024.2314727","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2024.2314727","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The ability to allocate visual attention is known to be impaired in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). In the present study, we investigated a possible neural correlate of this cognitive deficit by examining the pupil response of patients with mTBI whilst performing a modified Posner visual search task.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Two experiments were conducted in which the target location was either not cued (Experiment 1) or cued (Experiment 2). Additionally, in Experiment 2, the type of cue (endogenous vs exogenous cue) and cue validity were treated as independent variables. In both experiments, search efficiency was varied by changing shape similarity between target and distractor patterns. The reaction time required to judge whether the target was present or absent and pupil dilation metrics, particularly the pupil dilation latency (PDL) and amplitude (PDA), were measured. Thirteen patients with chronic mTBI and 21 age-, sex-, and IQ -matched controls participated in the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In Experiment 1, patients with mTBI displayed a similar PDA for both efficient and inefficient search conditions, while control participants had a significantly larger PDA in inefficient search conditions compared to efficient search conditions. As cognitive load is positively correlated with PDA, our findings suggest that mTBI patients were unable to apply more mental effort whilst performing visual search, particularly if the task is difficult when visual search is inefficient. In Experiment 2, when the target location was cued, patients with mTBI displayed no significant pupil dilation response to the target regardless of the efficiency of the search, nor whether the cue was valid or invalid. These results contrasted with control participants, who were additionally sensitive to the validity of the cue in which PDA was smaller for cue-valid conditions than invalid conditions, particularly for efficient search conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pupillometry provided further evidence of attention allocation deficits following mTBI.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139899995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factor analysis of neuropsychological domains in a preschool clinic.","authors":"Amy K Heffelfinger, Erin T Kaseda, Daniel D Holliday, Lauren E Miller, Jennifer I Koop","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2024.2314777","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2024.2314777","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The clinical practice of preschool neuropsychology assumes that our assessment tools are measuring underlying neuropsychological functions, and that these functions are negatively impacted by early life neurological injury, disease, and disorder. This study hypothesized that general intellectual capacity and specific cognitive skills, both \"broad\" neuropsychological domains and \"specific\" subdomains within those broader clusters, would be differentiable in a preschool-age clinical population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using neuropsychological data from 580 children (6 and 71 months) seen for a clinical neuropsychological evaluation in the Preschool and Infant Neuropsychological Testing (PINT) Clinic, exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were conducted. Results: A one-factor model provided a good fit when considering verbal, nonverbal, and adaptive functions. Consideration of one- versus two-factor solutions for broad neuropsychological domains indicated that a 2-factor solution provided a significantly better fit for the data. Factor 1 was defined by motor, language, and nonverbal reasoning abilities; Factor 2 was defined by inhibitory control and attention. Further consideration of specific neuropsychological functions also supported a 2-factor solution. Factor 1 (\"thinking\") was defined by nonverbal reasoning, receptive language, and expressive language; Factor 2 (\"processing\") was defined by impulse control, inhibitory control, inattention, visual-motor integration, and visuo-constructional abilities. Motor skills cross-loaded onto both factors. Secondary analyses suggest these models provide the best fit for preschool-aged children with > 70 overall intellectual functioning and no comorbid medical diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In a clinical sample of preschool-age children, neuropsychological assessment data appears to assess a general level of intellectual capacity or functioning. Further differentiation between assessing \"thinking\" (knowledge and reasoning skills) and \"processing\" (cognitive attention and processing of information) can be considered clinically. Next steps include more recent clinical sample replication, consideration of whether neuropsychological profiles are detectable in the preschool-age range and whether the results of early life assessment are predictive of future functioning.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139931387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Voluntary imitation of dynamic facial expressions in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a facial-behavior analysis.","authors":"Esen Yildirim Demİrdöğen, Bahadır Turan, Murat Gülşen, Hikmet Can Çubukçu, Onur Burak Dursun","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2024.2320464","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2024.2320464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The difficulties involved in social interaction among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been shown in many studies. Based on the knowledge that the imitation of facial expressions is a key factor in social interaction and functionality, the focus of prior studies has been on the evaluation of facial expressions in individuals with ADHD. However, little is known about voluntary facial mimicry in individuals with ADHD. In this context, we aimed to evaluate the voluntary-facial-imitation intensity of dynamic facial expressions in children with ADHD.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Forty-one children with ADHD and 53 typically developing children were included in the study. Participants were presented with a video of six basic emotions and neutral facial expressions selected from the EU-Emotion Stimulus Set via a screen. After each emotion, the instruction \"now imitate it\" was given. While the children watched the video, their faces were recorded with a webcam. The intensity of the children's voluntary facial imitations was examined with a computer vision program (Openface) that performs facial analysis on recorded videos.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of facial emotion recognition accuracy. In group comparisons of voluntary facial mimicry, children with ADHD showed a significantly higher imitation intensity after emotional expressions of sadness, surprise and fear. There was no difference between the groups after the emotions of happiness, anger and disgust.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This non-obtrusive, noninvasive, and cost-effective method allowed us to measure the quantitative differences in facial mimicry between children with ADHD and typically developing children. Our results contribute new information to the literature by indicating which emotions can be used in the evaluation of social communication skills, as well as intervention targets for these skills, in children with ADHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139912732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process scores on measures of learning and memory: issue 2.","authors":"Matthew Calamia, Dustin B Hammers","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2024.2307218","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2024.2307218","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139905740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primacy and recency effects in verbal memory are differentially associated with post-mortem frontal cortex p-tau 217 and 202 levels in a mixed sample of community-dwelling older adults.","authors":"Kristina M Gicas, William G Honer, Vladislav A Petyuk, Robert S Wilson, Patricia A Boyle, Sue E Leurgans, Julie A Schneider, Philip L De Jager, David A Bennett","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2023.2232583","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2023.2232583","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Serial position effects in verbal memory are associated with <i>in vivo</i> fluid biomarkers and neuropathological outcomes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To extend the biomarker literature, associations between serial position scores and postmortem levels of brain phosphorylated tau (p-tau) were examined, in the context of Braak stage of neurofibrillary tangle progression.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants were 1091 community-dwelling adults (M_age = 80.2, 68.9% female) from the Rush University Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project who were non-demented at enrollment and followed for a mean of 9.2 years until death. The CERAD Word List Memory test administered at baseline and within 1 year of death was used to calculate serial position (primacy, recency) and total recall scores. Proteomic analyses quantified p-tau 217 and 202 from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex samples. Linear regressions assessed associations between cognitive scores and p-tau with Braak stage as a moderator.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cognitive status proximal to death indicated 34.7% were unimpaired, 26.2% met criteria for MCI, and 39.0% for dementia. Better baseline primacy recall, but not recency recall, was associated with lower p-tau 217 levels across Braak stages. Delayed recall showed a similar pattern as primacy. There was no main effect of immediate recall, but an interaction with Braak stages indicated a negative association with p-tau 217 level only in Braak V-VI. Within 1 year of death, there were no main effects for cognitive scores; however, recency, immediate and delayed recall scores interacted with Braak stage showing better recall was associated with lower p-tau 217 only in Braak V-VI. No associations were observed with p-tau 202.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Primacy recall measured in non-demented adults may be sensitive to emergent tau phosphorylation that occurs in the earliest stages of AD. Serial position scores may complement the routinely used delayed recall score and p-tau biomarkers to detect preclinical AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10787031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9835575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of diagnostic performance of word-list and story recall tests for biomarker-determined Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Davide Bruno, Ainara Jauregi Zinkunegi, Gwendlyn Kollmorgen, Margherita Carboni, Norbert Wild, Cynthia Carlsson, Barbara Bendlin, Ozioma Okonkwo, Nathaniel Chin, Bruce P Hermann, Sanjay Asthana, Kaj Blennow, Rebecca Langhough, Sterling C Johnson, Nunzio Pomara, Henrik Zetterberg, Kimberly D Mueller","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2023.2240060","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2023.2240060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Wordlist and story recall tests are routinely employed in clinical practice for dementia diagnosis. In this study, our aim was to establish how well-standard clinical metrics compared to process scores derived from wordlist and story recall tests in predicting biomarker determined Alzheimer's disease, as defined by CSF ptau/Aβ42 ratio.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 295 participants (mean age = 65 ± 9.) were drawn from the University of Wisconsin - Madison Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC) and Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention (WRAP). Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT; wordlist) and Logical Memory Test (LMT; story) data were used. Bayesian linear regression analyses were carried out with CSF ptau/Aβ42 ratio as outcome. Sensitivity analyses were carried out with logistic regressions to assess diagnosticity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LMT generally outperformed AVLT. Notably, the best predictors were primacy ratio, a process score indexing loss of information learned early during test administration, and recency ratio, which tracks loss of recently learned information. Sensitivity analyses confirmed this conclusion.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study shows that story recall tests may be better than wordlist tests for detection of dementia, especially when employing process scores alongside conventional clinical scores.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10859550/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10332774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of core and process scores on the California Verbal Learning Test-3 for Parkinson's disease and essential tremor patients.","authors":"Karen Torres","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2023.2241653","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2023.2241653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) are two disorders known to lead to executive dysfunction, presumably through distinct pathways to the frontal lobes via the striatum or cerebellum, respectively. Memory functioning in PD and ET patients has been previously suggested to be adversely impacted by executive dysfunction. The aims of this exploratory study were to compare memory performance between and within groups on the California Verbal Learning Test - 3 (CVLT-3) through the analysis of core and process scores and to understand the relationship of these scores with measures of executive functioning.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Seventy PD and 54 ET patients completed comprehensive neuropsychological testing. Independent sample t-tests or Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare between group core and process scores on the CVLT-3. Within-subjects analyses were conducted via Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test due to nonparametric data. Spearman's correlations were conducted to explore the relationship between memory process scores and measures of executive functioning.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ET and PD samples were similar with regard to age, education, gender, and general cognitive functioning. PD patients made more repetition errors (<i>U</i> = 2391.50, <i>p</i> = .01) than ET patients and Normal Memory PD patients made more repetition errors than Low Memory PD patients (<i>U</i>= 711.00, <i>p</i>= .00). Correlational analyses revealed repetition errors were negatively associated with tests of inhibition, set shifting, and working memory (<i>r_s </i>= -.293, -.232). ET patients demonstrated a preference for a serial cluster learning strategy (<i>T</i> = 861.00, <i>p</i> = .005), similar to PD patients (<i>T</i>= 1633.00, <i>p</i> = <.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study revealed presence of higher repetition errors in the PD sample that was demonstrated to have a negative relationship with measures of executive functioning. Implications for investigating process (\"qualitative\") scores in memory performance to determine extent of executive involvement are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10242556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}